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{{Short description|Species of snake}}
<gallery>
{{speciesbox
[[File:Bothrops caribbaeus.jpg|thumb|Bothrops caribbaeus - (Fer-de-lance). Endemic to St. Lucia, in the Caribbean.]]
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| name = Saint Lucia lancehead
[[File:Bothrops caribbaeus.jpg|Bothrops caribbaeus]]
| image = Bothrops caribbaeus.jpg
</gallery>
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| genus = Bothrops
{{Taxobox
⚫
| species = caribbaeus
⚫
| name = '''Saint Lucia lancehead'''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Daltry, J.C. |author2=Powell, R. |date=2019 |title=''Bothrops caribbaeus'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T50956889A50956898 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T50956889A50956898.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
| subphylum = [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]]
| classis = [[Reptile|Reptilia]]
| authority = ([[Samuel Garman|Garman]], 1887)
| ordo = [[Squamata]]
| subordo = [[Serpentes]]
| familia = [[Viperidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Crotalinae]]
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| genus = ''[[Bothrops]]''
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| species = '''''B. caribbaeus'''''
| binomial = ''Bothrops caribbaeus''
| binomial_authority = ([[Samuel Garman|Garman]], 1887)
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
*''Coluber lanceolatus'' <br><small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1789</small> (part)
*''Coluber lanceolatus'' <br><small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1789</small> (part)
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*''Bothrops caribbeus'' <br><small>&ndash; [[James Draper Lazell, Jr.|Lazell]], 1964</small>
*''Bothrops caribbeus'' <br><small>&ndash; [[James Draper Lazell, Jr.|Lazell]], 1964</small>
*''Bothrops lanceolatus caribbaeus'' <br><small>&ndash; [[Fernando Sandner-Montilla|Sandner-Montilla]], 1990</small>
*''Bothrops lanceolatus caribbaeus'' <br><small>&ndash; [[Fernando Sandner-Montilla|Sandner-Montilla]], 1990</small>
*''Bothrops caribbaea'' <br><small>&ndash; [[Albert Schwartz|Schwartz]] & [[Robert W. Henderson|Henderson]], 1991</small>
*''Bothrops caribbaea'' <br><small>&ndash; [[Albert Schwartz (zoologist)|Schwartz]] & [[Robert W. Henderson|Henderson]], 1991</small>
}}
}}
The '''Saint Lucia lancehead''' or '''Saint Lucia pit viper''' '''''(Bothrops caribbaeus)''''' is a [[species]] of [[venomous snake]] which is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[West Indies]].<ref name=Malhotra>{{citation |last1=Malhotra |first1=Anita |last2=Thorpe |first2=Roger S. |title=Reptiles & Amphibians of the Eastern Caribbean |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan Education Ltd.]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-333-69141-5 |pages=95–96}}.</ref>
The '''Saint Lucia lancehead''' or '''Saint Lucia pit viper''' ('''''Bothrops caribbaeus''''') is an [[endangered]] [[species]] of [[pit viper]] [[endemic]] to the island of [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Lesser Antilles]].<ref name=Malhotra>{{citation |last1=Malhotra |first1=Anita |last2=Thorpe |first2=Roger S. |title=Reptiles & Amphibians of the Eastern Caribbean |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan Education Ltd.]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-333-69141-5 |pages=95–96}}.</ref>

==Geographic range==
It is found only on the island of [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] [[Lesser Antilles]].<ref name=Malhotra/>


==Description==
==Description==
It can reach a total length in excess of {{convert|1.3|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Malhotra /> It is gray to gray-brown, with an irregular temporal stripe, and gray or brown markings that are distinct mid-dorsally and fade towards its sides.<ref name=Malhotra />
The Saint Lucia lancehead can reach a total length in excess of {{convert|1.3|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Malhotra /> It is gray to gray-brown, with an irregular temporal stripe, and gray or brown markings that are distinct mid-dorsally and fade towards its sides.<ref name=Malhotra />


==Distribution and habitat==
==Conservation status==
The snake is threatened and today limited to two areas of the island.<ref>{{citation |title=Saving the snakes of St Lucia |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/feb/05/stlucia-endangeredspecies |newspaper=[[The Guardian Weekly]] |accessdate=February 17, 2012 |date=February 5, 2012 }}.</ref>
It is found only on Saint Lucia.<ref name=Malhotra/> Along with ''[[Bothrops lanceolatus]]'' and ''[[Bothrops atrox|B. atrox]]'', it is one of three ''Bothrops'' species found in the [[Caribbean]]. The snake is threatened and today limited to two areas of the island.<ref>{{citation |title=Saving the snakes of St Lucia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/feb/05/stlucia-endangeredspecies |newspaper=[[The Guardian Weekly]] |accessdate=February 17, 2012 |date=February 5, 2012 }}.</ref> The only location outside of St. Lucia where these snakes are kept is the [[Kentucky Reptile Zoo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wymt.com/content/news/Kentucky-Reptile-Zoo-breeds-rare-island-viper-390973861.html|title=Kentucky Reptile Zoo breeds rare island viper|date=22 August 2016 }}</ref>

== Venom ==
Accidents with this pit viper are extremely rare, with only one report. The victim had local pain and edema, and after a week had developed left facial hemiplegia with facial paralysis and local bleeding, extensive swelling, edema in the abdomen and chest, necrosis and cerebral ischemia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Luna|first1=K. P. O.|last2=da Silva|first2=M. B.|last3=Pereira|first3=V. R. A.|date=2011|title=Clinical and immunological aspects of envenomations by Bothrops snakes|journal=Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=130–141|doi=10.1590/S1678-91992011000200003|issn=1678-9199|doi-access=free}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=60em}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=60em}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* [[Samuel Garman|Garman, S.]] 1887. On West Indian Reptiles in the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, at Cambridge, Mass. <br>Proc. American Philos. Soc. Philadelphia '''24''': 278-286. ("''Trigonocephalus caribbæus, sp n.''", p. 285.)
* [[Samuel Garman|Garman, S.]] 1887. On West Indian Reptiles in the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, at Cambridge, Mass. <br>Proc. American Philos. Soc. Philadelphia '''24''': 278–286. ("''Trigonocephalus caribbæus, sp n.''", p.&nbsp;285.)
⚫
* Breach, K. (2009). Quantifying the Interactions Between Humans and Endemic Pit vipers (''Bothrops caribbaeus'') in Saint Lucia (MSc thesis, Imperial College London). http://www.iccs.org.uk/wp-content/thesis/consci/2009/Breach.docx

⚫
* Breach, K. (2009). Quantifying the Interactions Between Humans and Endemic Pit vipers (Bothrops caribbaeus) in Saint Lucia (MSc thesis, Imperial College London). http://www.iccs.org.uk/wp-content/thesis/consci/2009/Breach.docx


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.eol.org/pages/453982 Bothrops caribbaeus] at the [[Encyclopedia of Life]]
*[http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Bothrops&species=caribbaeus Bothrops caribbaeus] at the Reptile Database
*[http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Bothrops&species=caribbaeus Bothrops caribbaeus] at the Reptile Database


{{Taxonbar|from=Q2384373}}
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{{snake-stub}}


[[Category:Bothrops]]
[[Category:Bothrops]]
[[Category:Reptiles of the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Snakes of the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Fauna of Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Saint Lucia]]
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[[Category:Animals described in 1887]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of Saint Lucia]]
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[[Category:Reptiles described in 1887]]


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{{snake-stub}}

Latest revision as of 11:15, 1 August 2024

Saint Lucia lancehead
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Viperidae
Genus: Bothrops
Species:
B. caribbaeus
Binomial name
Bothrops caribbaeus
(Garman, 1887)
Synonyms

The Saint Lucia lancehead or Saint Lucia pit viper (Bothrops caribbaeus) is an endangered species of pit viper endemic to the island of Saint Lucia in the Lesser Antilles.[2]

Description

[edit]

The Saint Lucia lancehead can reach a total length in excess of 1.3 m (4.3 ft).[2] It is gray to gray-brown, with an irregular temporal stripe, and gray or brown markings that are distinct mid-dorsally and fade towards its sides.[2]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

It is found only on Saint Lucia.[2] Along with Bothrops lanceolatus and B. atrox, it is one of three Bothrops species found in the Caribbean. The snake is threatened and today limited to two areas of the island.[3] The only location outside of St. Lucia where these snakes are kept is the Kentucky Reptile Zoo.[4]

Venom

[edit]

Accidents with this pit viper are extremely rare, with only one report. The victim had local pain and edema, and after a week had developed left facial hemiplegia with facial paralysis and local bleeding, extensive swelling, edema in the abdomen and chest, necrosis and cerebral ischemia.[5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Daltry, J.C.; Powell, R. (2019). "Bothrops caribbaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T50956889A50956898. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T50956889A50956898.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d Malhotra, Anita; Thorpe, Roger S. (1999), Reptiles & Amphibians of the Eastern Caribbean, Macmillan Education Ltd., pp. 95–96, ISBN 0-333-69141-5.
  3. ^ "Saving the snakes of St Lucia", The Guardian Weekly, February 5, 2012, retrieved February 17, 2012.
  4. ^ "Kentucky Reptile Zoo breeds rare island viper". 22 August 2016.
  5. ^ Luna, K. P. O.; da Silva, M. B.; Pereira, V. R. A. (2011). "Clinical and immunological aspects of envenomations by Bothrops snakes". Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 17 (2): 130–141. doi:10.1590/S1678-91992011000200003. ISSN 1678-9199.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Garman, S. 1887. On West Indian Reptiles in the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, at Cambridge, Mass.
    Proc. American Philos. Soc. Philadelphia 24: 278–286. ("Trigonocephalus caribbæus, sp n.", p. 285.)
  • Breach, K. (2009). Quantifying the Interactions Between Humans and Endemic Pit vipers (Bothrops caribbaeus) in Saint Lucia (MSc thesis, Imperial College London). http://www.iccs.org.uk/wp-content/thesis/consci/2009/Breach.docx
[edit]


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