African palm civet: Difference between revisions

African palm civet
	A mounted specimen in Manchester Museum
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Suborder:	Feliformia
Superfamily:	Nandinioidea
Family:	Nandiniidae; Pocock, 1929
Genus:	Nandinia; Gray, 1843
Species:	N. binotata
Binomial name
	Nandinia binotata; (Gray, 1830)
	African palm civet range
Synonyms
	Viverra binotata Gray 1830

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 15:42, 1 August 2024

The African palm civet (Nandinia binotata), also known as the two-spotted palm civet, is a small feliform mammal widely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa. It is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List.^[1]

Characteristics

The African palm civet is grey to dark brown with dark spots on the back. It has short legs, small ears, a lean body, and a long, ringed tail. It has two sets of scent glands on the lower abdomen and between the third and fourth toes on each foot, which secrete a strong-smelling substance used to mark territory and in mating. Adult females reach a body length of 37–61 cm (15–24 in) with a 34–70 cm (13–28 in) long tail and weigh 1.2–2.7 kg (2.6–6.0 lb). Adult males reach 39.8–62.5 cm (15.7–24.6 in) in body length with a 43–76.2 cm (16.9–30.0 in) long tail and weigh 1.3–3 kg (2.9–6.6 lb).^[3]

The African palm civet's ear canal is not divided and cartilaginous at the end.^[4]

Distribution and habitat

The African palm civet ranges throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa from Guinea to South Sudan, south to Angola, and into eastern Zimbabwe. It has been recorded in deciduous forests, lowland rainforests, gallery and riverine forests, savanna woodlands, and logged forests up to an elevation of 2,500 m (8,200 ft).^[1]

In the 1950s, one individual was wild-caught on Bioko Island.^[5] However, it was not recorded on the island during subsequent surveys between 1986 and 2015.^[6] In Guinea's National Park of Upper Niger, it was recorded during surveys conducted in 1996 to 1997.^[7] In Senegal, it was observed in 2000 in Niokolo-Koba National Park, which encompasses mainly open habitat dominated by grasses.^[8] In Gabon's Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, it was recorded in forested areas during a camera-trapping survey in 2012.^[9] In Batéké Plateau National Park, it was recorded only west of the Mpassa River during surveys carried out between June 2014 and May 2015.^[10] In Liberian Upper Guinean forests, it was sighted in Gbarpolu County and Bong County during surveys in 2013.^[11]

In Zanzibar, it was recorded in groundwater forest on Unguja Island in 2003.^[12]

Behaviour and ecology

The African palm civet is a nocturnal, largely arboreal mammal that spends most of the time on large branches, among lianas in the canopy of trees. It eats fruits such as those of the African corkwood tree (Musanga cecropioides), Uapaca, persimmon (Diospyros hoyleana), fig trees (Ficus), papayas (Carica papaya), and bananas (Musa).^[13]

Males have home ranges of 34–153 ha (0.13–0.59 sq mi) and females of 29–70 ha (0.11–0.27 sq mi). The home range of a dominant male includes home ranges of several females.^[13]

Reproduction

In Gabon, females were recorded to give birth in the long wet season and at the onset of the dry season between September and January.^[13] The female usually gives birth after a gestation period of 2–3 months. A litter consists of up to four young that are suckled for around three months. While she has suckling young, the female's mammary glands produce an orange-yellow liquid, which discolours her abdomen and the young civets' fur. This probably discourages males from mating with nursing females.^{[citation needed]} Its generation length is 7.8 years.^[14]

Taxonomy and evolution

In 1830, John Edward Gray first described an African palm civet using the name Viverra binotata based on a zoological specimen obtained from a museum in Leiden.^[15]

In 1843, Gray proposed the genus Nandinia and subordinated Viverra binotata to this genus.^[16]

In 1929, Reginald Innes Pocock proposed the family Nandiniidae, with the genus Nandinia as sole member. He argued that it differs from the Aeluroidea by the structure and shape of its ear canal and mastoid part of the temporal bone.^[4]

Results of morphological and molecular genetic analyses indicate that it differs from viverrids and diverged from the Feliformia about 44.5 million years ago,^[17] It is the most genetically isolated Carnivoran, being the only species within its superfamily as a whole.

Phylogenetic tree

The phylogenetic relationships of African palm civet is shown in the following cladogram:^[17]

Feliformia

	Felidae

	Prionodontidae

Hyaenidae

	Herpestidae

	Eupleridae

Viverridae

Nandiniidae

Nandinia

Threats

The African palm civet is threatened by habitat loss and hunting for bushmeat.^[1] In 2006, an estimated more than 4,300 African palm civets are hunted yearly in the Nigerian part and around 3,300 in the Cameroon part of the Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests.^[18]

In Guinea, dead African palm civets were recorded in spring 1997 on bushmeat market in villages located in the vicinity of the National Park of Upper Niger.^[19] Dried heads of African palm civets were found in 2007 at the Bohicon and Dantokpa Markets in southern Benin, suggesting that they are used as fetish in animal rituals.^[20] The attitude of rural people in Ghana towards African palm civets is hostile; they consider them a menace to their food resources and safety of children.^[21] In Gabon, it is among the most frequently found small carnivores for sale in bushmeat markets.^[22] Upper Guinean forests in Liberia are considered a biodiversity hotspot. They have already been fragmented into two blocks. Large tracts are threatened by commercial logging and mining activities, and are converted for agricultural use including large-scale oil palm plantations in concessions obtained by a foreign company.^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gaubert, P.; Bahaa-el-din, L.; Ray, J. & Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Nandinia binotata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41589A45204645. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41589A45204645.en. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Van Rompaey, H.; Ray, J.C. (2013). "Nandinia binotata Two-spotted Palm Civet (African Palm Civet, Tree Civet)". In Kingdon, J.; Hoffmann, M. (eds.). The Mammals of Africa. V. Carnivores, Pangolins, Equids and Rhinoceroses. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 140–144.
^ ^a ^b Pocock, R. I. (1929). "Carnivora". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol. IV (14th ed.). pp. 896–900.
^ Eisentraut, M. (1973). Die Wirbeltierfauna von Fernando Po und Westkamerun. Bonn: Bonner Zoologische Monographien 3.
^ Hoffmann, M.; Cronin, D.T.; Hearn, G.; Butynski, T. M.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "A review of evidence for the presence of Two-spotted Palm Civet Nandinia binotata and four other small carnivores on Bioko, Equatorial Guinea". Small Carnivore Conservation (52 & 53): 13–23.
^ Ziegler, S.; Nikolaus, G.; Hutterer, R. (2002). "High mammalian diversity in the newly established National Park of Upper Niger, Republic of Guinea". Oryx. 36 (1): 73–80. doi:10.1017/s003060530200011x.
^ McGrew, W.C.; Baldwin, P.J.; Marchant, L.F.; Pruetz, J.D.; Tutin, C.E. (2014). "Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and their mammalian sympatriates: Mt. Assirik, Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal". Primates. 55 (4): 525–532. doi:10.1007/s10329-014-0434-2. PMID 24990446. S2CID 16046066.
^ Nakashima, Y. (2015). "Inventorying medium-and large-sized mammals in the African lowland rainforest using camera trapping". Tropics. 23 (4): 151–164. doi:10.3759/tropics.23.151.
^ Hedwig, D.; Kienast, I.; Bonnet, M.; Curran, B. K.; Courage, A.; Boesch, C.; Kühl, H. S.; King, T. (2018). "A camera trap assessment of the forest mammal community within the transitional savannah-forest mosaic of the Batéké Plateau National Park, Gabon". African Journal of Ecology. 56 (4): 777–790. Bibcode:2018AfJEc..56..777H. doi:10.1111/aje.12497.
^ ^a ^b Bene, J. C. K.; Bitty, E. A.; Bohoussou, K. H.; Abedilartey, M.; Gamys, J.; Soribah, P. A. (2013). "Current conservation status of large mammals in Sime Darby Oil Palm Concession in Liberia". Global Journal of Biology, Agriculture & Health Sciences. 2 (2): 93–102.
^ Perkin, A. (2004). "A new range record for the African palm civet Nandinia binotata (Carnivora, Viverridae) from Unguja Island, Zanzibar". African Journal of Ecology. 42 (3): 232–234. Bibcode:2004AfJEc..42..232P. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2004.00499.x.
^ ^a ^b ^c Charles-Dominique, P. (1978). "Écologie et vie sociale de Nandinia binotata (Carnivores, Viverridés): Comparaison avec les prosimiens sympatriques du Gabon". La Terre et la Vie (32): 477–528.
^ Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P.; Rondinini, C. (2013). "Generation length for mammals". Nature Conservation (5): 87–94.
^ Gray, J. E. (1830). "Fam. Felidae. Gen. Viverra". Spicilegia zoologica; or, original figures and short systematic descriptions of new and unfigured animals. London: Treuttel, Würtz. p. 9.
^ Gray, J. E. (1843). "Viverrina. The Nandine". List of the Specimens of Mammalia in the Collection of the British Museum. London: British Museum (Natural History). pp. 47–56.
^ ^a ^b Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J.; Koepfli, K. P.; Johnson, W. E.; Dragoo, J. W.; Wayne, R. K.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 49–63. Bibcode:2010MolPE..56...49E. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033. PMC 7034395. PMID 20138220.
^ Fa, J. E.; Seymour, S.; Dupain, J. E. F.; Amin, R.; Albrechtsen, L.; Macdonald, D. (2006). "Getting to grips with the magnitude of exploitation: bushmeat in the Cross–Sanaga rivers region, Nigeria and Cameroon". Biological Conservation. 129 (4): 497–510. Bibcode:2006BCons.129..497F. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.031.
^ Ziegler, S.; Nikolaus, G.; Hutterer, R. (2002). "High mammalian diversity in the newly established National Park of Upper Niger, Republic of Guinea". Oryx. 36 (1): 73–80. doi:10.1017/s003060530200011x.
^ Djagoun, C. A. M. S.; Gaubert, P. (2009). "Small carnivorans from southern Benin: a preliminary assessment of diversity and hunting pressure". Small Carnivore Conservation (40): 1–10.
^ Campbell, M. (2009). "Proximity in a Ghanaian savanna: Human reactions to the African palm civet Nandinia binotata". Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography. 30 (2): 220–231. Bibcode:2009SJTG...30..220C. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9493.2009.00369.x.
^ Bahaa-el-din, L.; Henschel, P.; Aba’a, R.; Abernethy, K.; Bohm, T.; Bout, N.; Coad, L.; Head, J.; Inoue, E.; Lahm, S.; Lee, M. E.; Maisels, F.; Rabanal, L.; Starkey, M.; Taylor, G.; Vanthomme, A.; Nakashima, Y.; Hunter, L. (2013). "Notes on the distribution and status of small carnivores in Gabon". Small Carnivore Conservation (48): 19–29.

External links

[iucn-1] Gaubert, P.; Bahaa-el-din, L.; Ray, J. & Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Nandinia binotata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41589A45204645. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41589A45204645.en. Retrieved 2 November 2021.

[msw3-2] Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[VanRompaey2013-3] Van Rompaey, H.; Ray, J.C. (2013). "Nandinia binotata Two-spotted Palm Civet (African Palm Civet, Tree Civet)". In Kingdon, J.; Hoffmann, M. (eds.). The Mammals of Africa. V. Carnivores, Pangolins, Equids and Rhinoceroses. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 140–144.

[Pocock1929-4] Pocock, R. I. (1929). "Carnivora". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol. IV (14th ed.). pp. 896–900.

[5] Eisentraut, M. (1973). Die Wirbeltierfauna von Fernando Po und Westkamerun. Bonn: Bonner Zoologische Monographien 3.

[6] Hoffmann, M.; Cronin, D.T.; Hearn, G.; Butynski, T. M.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "A review of evidence for the presence of Two-spotted Palm Civet Nandinia binotata and four other small carnivores on Bioko, Equatorial Guinea". Small Carnivore Conservation (52 & 53): 13–23.

[7] Ziegler, S.; Nikolaus, G.; Hutterer, R. (2002). "High mammalian diversity in the newly established National Park of Upper Niger, Republic of Guinea". Oryx. 36 (1): 73–80. doi:10.1017/s003060530200011x.

[8] McGrew, W.C.; Baldwin, P.J.; Marchant, L.F.; Pruetz, J.D.; Tutin, C.E. (2014). "Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and their mammalian sympatriates: Mt. Assirik, Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal". Primates. 55 (4): 525–532. doi:10.1007/s10329-014-0434-2. PMID 24990446. S2CID 16046066.

[9] Nakashima, Y. (2015). "Inventorying medium-and large-sized mammals in the African lowland rainforest using camera trapping". Tropics. 23 (4): 151–164. doi:10.3759/tropics.23.151.

[10] Hedwig, D.; Kienast, I.; Bonnet, M.; Curran, B. K.; Courage, A.; Boesch, C.; Kühl, H. S.; King, T. (2018). "A camera trap assessment of the forest mammal community within the transitional savannah-forest mosaic of the Batéké Plateau National Park, Gabon". African Journal of Ecology. 56 (4): 777–790. Bibcode:2018AfJEc..56..777H. doi:10.1111/aje.12497.

[Bene2013-11] Bene, J. C. K.; Bitty, E. A.; Bohoussou, K. H.; Abedilartey, M.; Gamys, J.; Soribah, P. A. (2013). "Current conservation status of large mammals in Sime Darby Oil Palm Concession in Liberia". Global Journal of Biology, Agriculture & Health Sciences. 2 (2): 93–102.

[12] Perkin, A. (2004). "A new range record for the African palm civet Nandinia binotata (Carnivora, Viverridae) from Unguja Island, Zanzibar". African Journal of Ecology. 42 (3): 232–234. Bibcode:2004AfJEc..42..232P. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2004.00499.x.

[Charles-Dominique-13] Charles-Dominique, P. (1978). "Écologie et vie sociale de Nandinia binotata (Carnivores, Viverridés): Comparaison avec les prosimiens sympatriques du Gabon". La Terre et la Vie (32): 477–528.

[14] Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P.; Rondinini, C. (2013). "Generation length for mammals". Nature Conservation (5): 87–94.

[15] Gray, J. E. (1830). "Fam. Felidae. Gen. Viverra". Spicilegia zoologica; or, original figures and short systematic descriptions of new and unfigured animals. London: Treuttel, Würtz. p. 9.

[16] Gray, J. E. (1843). "Viverrina. The Nandine". List of the Specimens of Mammalia in the Collection of the British Museum. London: British Museum (Natural History). pp. 47–56.

[MPE-17] Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J.; Koepfli, K. P.; Johnson, W. E.; Dragoo, J. W.; Wayne, R. K.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 49–63. Bibcode:2010MolPE..56...49E. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033. PMC 7034395. PMID 20138220.

[18] Fa, J. E.; Seymour, S.; Dupain, J. E. F.; Amin, R.; Albrechtsen, L.; Macdonald, D. (2006). "Getting to grips with the magnitude of exploitation: bushmeat in the Cross–Sanaga rivers region, Nigeria and Cameroon". Biological Conservation. 129 (4): 497–510. Bibcode:2006BCons.129..497F. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.031.

[19] Ziegler, S.; Nikolaus, G.; Hutterer, R. (2002). "High mammalian diversity in the newly established National Park of Upper Niger, Republic of Guinea". Oryx. 36 (1): 73–80. doi:10.1017/s003060530200011x.

[20] Djagoun, C. A. M. S.; Gaubert, P. (2009). "Small carnivorans from southern Benin: a preliminary assessment of diversity and hunting pressure". Small Carnivore Conservation (40): 1–10.

[21] Campbell, M. (2009). "Proximity in a Ghanaian savanna: Human reactions to the African palm civet Nandinia binotata". Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography. 30 (2): 220–231. Bibcode:2009SJTG...30..220C. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9493.2009.00369.x.

[22] Bahaa-el-din, L.; Henschel, P.; Aba’a, R.; Abernethy, K.; Bohm, T.; Bout, N.; Coad, L.; Head, J.; Inoue, E.; Lahm, S.; Lee, M. E.; Maisels, F.; Rabanal, L.; Starkey, M.; Taylor, G.; Vanthomme, A.; Nakashima, Y.; Hunter, L. (2013). "Notes on the distribution and status of small carnivores in Gabon". Small Carnivore Conservation (48): 19–29.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Speciesbox
 |name = African palm civet
+|image = Nandinia binotata, Manchester Museum.jpg
-|image = The_carnivores_of_West_Africa_(Nandinia_binotata_white_background).png
+|image_caption = A mounted specimen in [[Manchester Museum]]
 |status = LC
 |status_system = IUCN3.1
-|status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Nandinia binotata'' |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |publisher=[[IUCN]] |author=Gaubert, P. |author2=Bahaa-el-din, L. |author3=Ray, J. |author4=Do Linh San, E. |volume=2015 |page=e.T41589A45204645 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41589A45204645.en |year=2015 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41589/45204645}}</ref>
+|status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Nandinia binotata'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Gaubert, P. |author2=Bahaa-el-din, L. |author3=Ray, J. |author4=Do Linh San, E. |year=2015 |page=e.T41589A45204645 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41589A45204645.en |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref>
 |grandparent_authority = [[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1929
 |parent_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1843
@@ Line 12: / Line 13: @@
 |species = binotata
 |authority = ([[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1830)
-|synonyms = ''Viverra binotata'' <small>Gray 1830</small>
+|synonyms = ''Viverra binotata'' {{small|Gray 1830}}
 |synonyms_ref =<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft|id=14000472}}</ref>
 |range_map = African Palm Civet area.png
@@ Line 19: / Line 20: @@
 }}
-The '''African palm civet''' (''Nandinia binotata''), also known as the '''two-spotted palm civet''', is a small [[feliform]] [[mammal]] widely distributed in [[sub-Saharan Africa]]. It is listed as [[Least Concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name=iucn/>
+The '''African palm civet''' ('''''Nandinia binotata'''''), also known as the '''two-spotted palm civet''', is a small [[Feliformia|feliform]] [[mammal]] widely distributed in [[sub-Saharan Africa]]. It is listed as [[least concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name=iucn/>
 ==Characteristics==
+[[File:The carnivores of West Africa (Nandinia binotata white background).png|thumb|An illustration depicting the African palm civet]]
-The African palm civet is grey to dark brown with dark spots on the back. It has short legs, small ears, a lean body, and a long ringed tail. It has two sets of [[scent gland]]s on the lower [[abdomen]] and between the third and fourth toes on each foot, which secrete a strong smelling substance used to mark territory and in mating. Adult females reach a body length of {{convert|37|-|61|cm|in|abbr=on}} with a {{convert|34|-|70|cm|in|abbr=on}} long tail and weigh {{convert|1.2|-|2.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Adult males reach {{convert|39.8|-|62.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in body length with a {{convert|43|-|76.2|cm|in|abbr=on}} long tail and weigh {{convert|1.3|-|3|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=VanRompaey2013>{{cite book |author=Van Rompaey, H. |author2=Ray, J.C. |year=2013 |chapter=''Nandinia binotata'' Two-spotted Palm Civet (African Palm Civet, Tree Civet) |title=The Mammals of Africa. V. Carnivores, Pangolins, Equids and Rhinoceroses |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |pages=140–144 |editor=Kingdon, J. |editor2=Hoffmann, M.}}</ref>
+The African palm civet is grey to dark brown with dark spots on the back. It has short legs, small ears, a lean body, and a long, ringed tail. It has two sets of [[scent gland]]s on the lower [[abdomen]] and between the third and fourth toes on each foot, which secrete a strong-smelling substance used to mark territory and in mating. Adult females reach a body length of {{cvt|37|-|61|cm|abbr=on}} with a {{cvt|34|-|70|cm|abbr=on}} long tail and weigh {{cvt|1.2|-|2.7|kg|abbr=on}}. Adult males reach {{cvt|39.8|-|62.5|cm|abbr=on}} in body length with a {{cvt|43|-|76.2|cm|abbr=on}} long tail and weigh {{cvt|1.3|-|3|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name=VanRompaey2013>{{cite book |author=Van Rompaey, H. |author2=Ray, J.C. |year=2013 |chapter=''Nandinia binotata'' Two-spotted Palm Civet (African Palm Civet, Tree Civet) |title=The Mammals of Africa. V. Carnivores, Pangolins, Equids and Rhinoceroses |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |pages=140–144 |editor=Kingdon, J. |editor2=Hoffmann, M.}}</ref>
 The African palm civet's [[ear canal]] is not divided and [[cartilaginous]] at the end.<ref name=Pocock1929>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1929 |article=Carnivora |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |edition=14th |volume=IV |pages=896–900 |article-url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.211444/2015.211444.The-Encyclopaedia#page/n1001/mode/2up}}</ref>
 ==Distribution and habitat==
-The African palm civet ranges throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa from [[Guinea]] to [[South Sudan]], south to [[Angola]] and into eastern [[Zimbabwe]]. It has been recorded in [[deciduous forest]]s, lowland [[rainforest]]s, [[gallery forest|gallery]] and [[riverine forest]]s, [[savanna]] woodlands, and logged forests up to an altitude of {{convert|2500|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=iucn/>
+The African palm civet ranges throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa from [[Guinea]] to [[South Sudan]], south to [[Angola]], and into eastern [[Zimbabwe]]. It has been recorded in [[deciduous forest]]s, lowland [[rainforest]]s, [[gallery forest|gallery]] and [[riverine forest]]s, [[savanna]] woodlands, and logged forests up to an elevation of {{cvt|2500|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=iucn/>
-In [[Senegal]], it was observed in 2000 in [[Niokolo-Koba National Park]], which encompasses mainly open habitat dominated by [[grasses]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=McGrew, W.C. |author2=Baldwin, P.J. |author3=Marchant, L.F. |author4=Pruetz, J.D. |author5=Tutin, C.E. |year=2014 |title=Chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') and their mammalian sympatriates: Mt. Assirik, Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal |journal=Primates |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=525–532 |doi=10.1007/s10329-014-0434-2|pmid=24990446 |s2cid=16046066 }}</ref> In [[Guinea]]'s [[National Park of Upper Niger]], it was recorded during surveys conducted in 1996 to 1997.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ziegler |first1=S. |last2=Nikolaus |first2=G. |last3=Hutterer |first3=R. |date=2002 |title=High mammalian diversity in the newly established National Park of Upper Niger, Republic of Guinea |journal=Oryx |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=73–80 |doi= 10.1017/s003060530200011x|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231894098|doi-access=free }}</ref> In [[Liberia]]n [[Upper Guinean forests]], it was sighted in [[Gbarpolu County]] and [[Bong County]] during surveys in 2013.<ref name=Bene2013>{{cite journal |author=Bene, J. C. K. |author2= Bitty, E. A. |author3=Bohoussou, K. H. |author4=Abedilartey, M. |author5=Gamys, J. |author6=Soribah, P. A. |year=2013 |title=Current conservation status of large mammals in Sime Darby Oil Palm Concession in Liberia |journal=Global Journal of Biology, Agriculture & Health Sciences |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=93–102 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266133991}}</ref> In the 1950s, one individual was wild-caught on [[Bioko]] Island.<ref>{{cite book |author=Eisentraut, M. |year=1973 |title=Die Wirbeltierfauna von Fernando Po und Westkamerun |publisher=Bonner Zoologische Monographien 3 |location=Bonn}}</ref> However, it was not recorded on the island during subsequent surveys between 1986 and 2015.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hoffmann, M. |author2=Cronin, D.T. |author3=Hearn, G. |author4=Butynski, T. M. |author5=Do Linh San, E. |year=2015 |title=A review of evidence for the presence of Two-spotted Palm Civet ''Nandinia binotata'' and four other small carnivores on Bioko, Equatorial Guinea |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=52 & 53 |pages=13–23 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289211003}}</ref>
+In the 1950s, one individual was wild-caught on [[Bioko]] Island.<ref>{{cite book |author=Eisentraut, M. |year=1973 |title=Die Wirbeltierfauna von Fernando Po und Westkamerun |publisher=Bonner Zoologische Monographien 3 |location=Bonn}}</ref> However, it was not recorded on the island during subsequent surveys between 1986 and 2015.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hoffmann, M. |author2=Cronin, D.T. |author3=Hearn, G. |author4=Butynski, T. M. |author5=Do Linh San, E. |year=2015 |title=A review of evidence for the presence of Two-spotted Palm Civet ''Nandinia binotata'' and four other small carnivores on Bioko, Equatorial Guinea |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=52 & 53 |pages=13–23 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289211003}}</ref>
+In Guinea's [[National Park of Upper Niger]], it was recorded during surveys conducted in 1996 to 1997.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ziegler|first1=S.|last2=Nikolaus|first2=G.|last3=Hutterer|first3=R.|date=2002|title=High mammalian diversity in the newly established National Park of Upper Niger, Republic of Guinea |journal=Oryx |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=73–80 |doi=10.1017/s003060530200011x |doi-access=free}}</ref>
+In [[Senegal]], it was observed in 2000 in [[Niokolo-Koba National Park]], which encompasses mainly open habitat dominated by [[grasses]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=McGrew, W.C.|author2=Baldwin, P.J. |author3=Marchant, L.F. |author4=Pruetz, J.D.|author5=Tutin, C.E.|year=2014|title=Chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') and their mammalian sympatriates: Mt. Assirik, Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal |journal=Primates |volume=55|issue=4|pages=525–532|doi=10.1007/s10329-014-0434-2 |pmid=24990446 |s2cid=16046066}}</ref>
+In [[Gabon]]'s [[Moukalaba-Doudou National Park]], it was recorded in forested areas during a [[camera-trap]]ping survey in 2012.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Nakashima, Y.|year=2015|title=Inventorying medium-and large-sized mammals in the African lowland rainforest using camera trapping |journal=Tropics |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=151–164 |doi=10.3759/tropics.23.151 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In [[Batéké Plateau National Park]], it was recorded only west of the [[Mpassa River]] during surveys carried out between June 2014 and May 2015.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hedwig, D.|author2=Kienast, I.|author3=Bonnet, M. |author4=Curran, B. K. |author5=Courage, A. |author6=Boesch, C.|author7=Kühl, H. S.|author8=King, T. |year=2018|title=A camera trap assessment of the forest mammal community within the transitional savannah-forest mosaic of the Batéké Plateau National Park, Gabon |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=56 |issue=4|pages=777–790 |doi=10.1111/aje.12497 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2018AfJEc..56..777H }}</ref>
+In [[Liberia]]n [[Upper Guinean forests]], it was sighted in [[Gbarpolu County]] and [[Bong County]] during surveys in 2013.<ref name="Bene2013">{{cite journal|author=Bene, J. C. K.|author2=Bitty, E. A.|author3=Bohoussou, K. H. |author4=Abedilartey, M.|author5=Gamys, J. |author6=Soribah, P. A.|year=2013|title=Current conservation status of large mammals in Sime Darby Oil Palm Concession in Liberia |journal=Global Journal of Biology, Agriculture & Health Sciences |volume=2 |issue=2|pages=93–102 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266133991}}</ref>
+In [[Zanzibar]], it was recorded in [[groundwater]] forest on [[Unguja Island]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A new range record for the African palm civet ''Nandinia binotata'' (Carnivora, Viverridae) from Unguja Island, Zanzibar |author=Perkin, A. |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=42 |year=2004 |issue=3 |pages=232–234 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2004.00499.x|bibcode=2004AfJEc..42..232P }}</ref>
-In [[Gabon]]’s [[Moukalaba-Doudou National Park]], it was recorded in forested areas during a [[camera-trap]]ping survey in 2012.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nakashima, Y. |year=2015 |title=Inventorying medium-and large-sized mammals in the African lowland rainforest using camera trapping |journal=Tropics |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=151–164|doi=10.3759/tropics.23.151 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In [[Batéké Plateau National Park]], it was recorded only west of the [[Mpassa River]] during surveys carried out between June 2014 and May 2015.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hedwig, D. |author2=Kienast, I. |author3=Bonnet, M. |author4=Curran, B. K. |author5=Courage, A. |author6=Boesch, C. |author7=Kühl, H. S. |author8=King, T. |year= 2018 |title=A camera trap assessment of the forest mammal community within the transitional savannah‐forest mosaic of the Batéké Plateau National Park, Gabon |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=777–790 |doi=10.1111/aje.12497|doi-access=free }}</ref>
-In [[Zanzibar]], it was recorded in [[groundwater]] forest on [[Unguja Island]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A new range record for the African palm civet ''Nandinia binotata'' (Carnivora, Viverridae) from Unguja Island, Zanzibar |author=Perkin, A. |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=42 |year=2004 |issue=3 |pages=232–234|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2004.00499.x }}</ref>
 ==Behaviour and ecology==
-The African palm civet is a [[nocturnal]], largely [[arboreal]] mammal that spends most of the time on large branches, among [[liana]]s in the canopy of trees. It [[Frugivore|eats fruits]] such as those of the African corkwood tree (''[[Musanga cecropioides]]''), ''[[Uapaca]]'', [[persimmon]] (''Diospyros hoyleana''), [[fig trees]] (''Ficus''), [[papaya]]s (''Carica papaya'') and [[banana]]s (''Musa'').<ref name=Charles-Dominique>{{cite journal |author=Charles-Dominique, P. |year=1978 |title=Écologie et vie sociale de ''Nandinia binotata'' (Carnivores, Viverridés): Comparaison avec les prosimiens sympatriques du Gabon |journal=La Terre et la Vie |issue=32 |pages=477–528}}</ref><!--
+The African palm civet is a [[nocturnal]], largely [[arboreal]] mammal that spends most of the time on large branches, among [[liana]]s in the canopy of trees. It [[Frugivore|eats fruits]] such as those of the African corkwood tree (''[[Musanga cecropioides]]''), ''[[Uapaca]]'', [[persimmon]] (''Diospyros hoyleana''), [[fig trees]] (''Ficus''), [[papaya]]s (''Carica papaya''), and [[banana]]s (''Musa'').<ref name=Charles-Dominique>{{cite journal |last=Charles-Dominique |first=P. |year=1978 |title=Écologie et vie sociale de ''Nandinia binotata'' (Carnivores, Viverridés): Comparaison avec les prosimiens sympatriques du Gabon |journal=La Terre et la Vie |issue=32 |pages=477–528}}</ref><!--
 It has been known to congregate in groups of as many as 15 animals if food is abundant.{{cn|date=October 2018}} -->
@@ Line 42: / Line 46: @@
 ===Reproduction===
-In Gabon, females were recorded to give birth in the long wet season and at the onset of the dry season between September and January.<ref name=Charles-Dominique/> The female usually gives birth after a [[gestation]] period of 2–3 months. A litter consists of up to four young that are suckled for around three months. While she has suckling young the female's mammary glands produce an orange-yellow liquid which discolours her abdomen and the young civets' fur. This probably discourages males from mating with nursing females.{{cn|date=October 2018}}
+In Gabon, females were recorded to give birth in the long wet season and at the onset of the dry season between September and January.<ref name=Charles-Dominique/> The female usually gives birth after a [[gestation]] period of 2–3 months. A litter consists of up to four young that are suckled for around three months. While she has suckling young, the female's mammary glands produce an orange-yellow liquid, which discolours her abdomen and the young civets' fur. This probably discourages males from mating with nursing females.{{cn|date=October 2018}}
 Its [[Generation time|generation length]] is 7.8 years.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Generation length for mammals |author=Pacifici, M. |author2=Santini, L. |author3=Di Marco, M. |author4=Baisero, D. |author5=Francucci, L. |author6=Grottolo Marasini, G. |author7=Visconti, P. |author8=Rondinini, C. |journal=Nature Conservation |year=2013 |issue=5 |pages=87–94}}</ref>
 ==Taxonomy and evolution==
-In 1830, [[John Edward Gray]] first [[scientific description|described]] an African palm civet using the name ''Viverra binotata'' based on a [[zoological specimen]] obtained from a museum in [[Leiden]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Gray, J. E. |year=1830 |title=Spicilegia zoologica; or, original figures and short systematic descriptions of new and unfigured animals |location=London |publisher=Treüttel, Würtz |chapter=Fam. Felidae. Gen. Viverra |page=9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUYAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA9}}</ref>
+In 1830, [[John Edward Gray]] first [[scientific description|described]] an African palm civet using the name ''Viverra binotata'' based on a [[zoological specimen]] obtained from a museum in [[Leiden]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Gray, J. E. |year=1830 |title=Spicilegia zoologica; or, original figures and short systematic descriptions of new and unfigured animals |location=London |publisher=Treuttel, Würtz |chapter=Fam. Felidae. Gen. Viverra |page=9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUYAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA9}}</ref>
-In 1843, Gray proposed the [[Genus (biology)|genus]] ''Nandinia'' and subordinated ''Viverra binotata'' to this genus.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gray, J. E. |year=1843 |title=List of the Specimens of Mammalia in the Collection of the British Museum |location=London |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |chapter=Viverrina. The Nandine |pages=47–56 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA54}}</ref>
+In 1843, Gray proposed the [[Genus (biology)|genus]] ''Nandinia'' and subordinated ''Viverra binotata'' to this genus.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gray, J. E. |title=List of the Specimens of Mammalia in the Collection of the British Museum |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |year=1843 |location=London |pages=47–56 |chapter=Viverrina. The Nandine |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53729665}}</ref>
 In 1929, [[Reginald Innes Pocock]] proposed the family '''Nandiniidae''', with the genus ''Nandinia'' as sole member. He argued that it differs from the [[Aeluroidea]] by the structure and shape of its ear canal and [[mastoid part of the temporal bone]].<ref name=Pocock1929/>
-Results of [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] and [[Molecular genetics|molecular genetic]] analyses indicate that it differs from [[viverrids]] and [[genetic divergence |diverged]] from the [[Feliformia]] about 44.5 million years ago.<ref name = MPE>{{Cite journal |title=Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences |first1=E. |last1=Eizirik |first2=W. J. |last2=Murphy |first3=K. P. |last3=Koepfli |first4=W. E. |last4=Johnson |first5=J. W. |last5=Dragoo |first6 = R. K. |last6=Wayne |first7=S. J. |last7=O'Brien |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=2010 |pages=49–63 |volume=56 |issue=1 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033 |pmid=20138220|pmc=7034395 }}</ref>
+Results of [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] and [[Molecular genetics|molecular genetic]] analyses indicate that it differs from [[viverrids]] and [[genetic divergence |diverged]] from the [[Feliformia]] about {{mya|44.5}},<ref name=MPE>{{Cite journal |title=Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences |first1=E. |last1=Eizirik |first2=W. J. |last2=Murphy |first3=K. P. |last3=Koepfli |first4=W. E. |last4=Johnson |first5=J. W. |last5=Dragoo |first6 = R. K. |last6=Wayne |first7=S. J. |last7=O'Brien |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=2010 |pages=49–63 |volume=56 |issue=1 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033 |pmid=20138220|pmc=7034395 |bibcode=2010MolPE..56...49E }}</ref> It is the most genetically isolated [[Carnivora]]n, being the only species within its [[Superfamily (biology)|superfamily]] as a whole.
 ===Phylogenetic tree===
+The phylogenetic relationships of African palm civet is shown in the following cladogram:<ref name = MPE/>
-The phylogenetic relationships of African palm civet is shown in the following cladogram:<ref name = MPE/><ref name=MoW1>{{cite book |editor1=Wilson, D.E. |editor2=Mittermeier, R.A. |year=2009 |title= Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 1: Carnivora |publisher=Lynx Ediciones |location=Barcelona |pages=50–658 |isbn=978-84-96553-49-1}}</ref><ref name="2007Barycka">{{cite journal |last=Barycka |first=E. |title=Evolution and systematics of the feliform Carnivora |journal=Mammalian Biology |volume=72 |issue=5 |year=2007 |pages=257–282 |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2006.10.011}}</ref>
+{{clade
-{{clade |style=font-size:85%;line-height:100%;
-|label1=&nbsp;'''[[Feliformia]]'''&nbsp;
+|label1='''[[Feliformia]]'''
 |1={{clade
-   |1=†'''[[Palaeogalidae]]
+   |1={{clade
-   |2={{clade
+      |1={{clade
+         |1=[[Felidae]]
-      |1=†'''[[Nimravidae]]''' [[File:Dinictis_Knight.jpg|50px]]
+         |2=[[Prionodontidae]]
-      |label2=&nbsp;'''[[Aeluroidea]]'''&nbsp; |sublabel2=&nbsp;{{small|('''Feloidea''' ''sensu lato'')}}&nbsp;
+         }}
       |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
-            |1={{clade
+            |1=[[Hyaenidae]]
-               |1={{clade
+            |2={{clade
-                  |1=†''[[Alagtsavbaatar]]''
+               |1=[[Herpestidae]]
-                  |2=†''[[Asiavorator]]''
+               |2=[[Eupleridae]]
-                  |3=†''[[Shandgolictis]]''
-                  }}
-               |2=[[Feloidea|'''Feloidea''' {{small|(''sensu stricto'')}}]] [[File:Stamp-russia2014-save-russian-cats-(snow_leopard).png|50px]]
                }}
-            |2='''[[Viverroidea]]''' [[File:Malay_Civet_(Viverra_tangalunga)_white_background.jpg|50px]]
             }}
-         |label2=&nbsp;'''Nandiniidae'''&nbsp;
+         |2=[[Viverridae]]
-         |2={{clade
+         }}
+      }}
-            |label1=&nbsp;'''''Nandinia'''''&nbsp;
+   |label2='''Nandiniidae'''
-            |1={{clade
-               |1=†''Nandinia'' sp. (''BAR 475’03'')
+   |2='''''Nandinia'''''
+   }}
-               |label2=&nbsp;'''''Nandinia binotata'''''&nbsp;
+}}
-               |2={{clade
-                  |1=''Nandinia binotata arborea''
-                  |2=''Nandinia binotata binotata''
-                  |3=''Nandinia binotata gerrardi''
-                  |4=''Nandinia binotata intensa''
-                  }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
 ==Threats==
 The African palm civet is threatened by [[habitat loss]] and hunting for [[bushmeat]].<ref name=iucn/>
-In 2006, it was estimated that more than 4,300 African palm civets are hunted yearly in the Nigerian part and around 3,300 in the Cameroon part of the [[Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fa, J. E. |author2=Seymour, S. |author3=Dupain, J. E. F. |author4=Amin, R. |author5=Albrechtsen, L. |author6=Macdonald, D. |year=2006 |title=Getting to grips with the magnitude of exploitation: bushmeat in the Cross–Sanaga rivers region, Nigeria and Cameroon |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=129 |issue=4 |pages=497–510 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223445717|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.031 }}</ref>
+In 2006, an estimated more than 4,300 African palm civets are hunted yearly in the Nigerian part and around 3,300 in the Cameroon part of the [[Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fa, J. E. |author2=Seymour, S. |author3=Dupain, J. E. F. |author4=Amin, R. |author5=Albrechtsen, L. |author6=Macdonald, D. |year=2006 |title=Getting to grips with the magnitude of exploitation: bushmeat in the Cross–Sanaga rivers region, Nigeria and Cameroon |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=129 |issue=4 |pages=497–510 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223445717|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.031 |bibcode=2006BCons.129..497F }}</ref>
 In Guinea, dead African palm civets were recorded in spring 1997 on bushmeat market in villages located in the vicinity of the [[National Park of Upper Niger]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ziegler, S. |author2=Nikolaus, G. |author3=Hutterer, R. |year=2002 |title=High mammalian diversity in the newly established National Park of Upper Niger, Republic of Guinea |journal=Oryx |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=73–80 |doi=10.1017/s003060530200011x|doi-access=free }}</ref> Dried heads of African palm civets were found in 2007 at the [[Bohicon]] and [[Dantokpa Market]]s in southern Benin, suggesting that they are used as fetish in animal [[ritual]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Djagoun, C. A. M. S. |author2=Gaubert, P. |year=2009 |title=Small carnivorans from southern Benin: a preliminary assessment of diversity and hunting pressure |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=40 |pages=1–10 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228762921}}</ref>
-The attitude of rural people in Ghana towards African palm civets is hostile; they consider them a menace to their food resources and safety of children.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Campbell, M. |year= 2009 |title=Proximity in a Ghanaian savanna: Human reactions to the African palm civet ''Nandinia binotata'' |journal=Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography |issue=2 |volume=30 |pages= 220–231 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9493.2009.00369.x}}</ref> In Gabon, it is among the most frequently found small carnivores for sale in bushmeat markets.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bahaa-el-din, L. |author2=Henschel, P. |author3=Aba’a, R. |author4=Abernethy, K. |author5=Bohm, T. |author6=Bout, N. |author7=Coad, L. |author8=Head, J. |author9=Inoue, E. |author10=Lahm, S. |author11=Lee, M. E. |author12=Maisels, F. |author13=Rabanal, L. |author14=Starkey, M. |author15=Taylor, G. |author16=Vanthomme, A. |author17=Nakashima, Y. |author18=Hunter, L. |year=2013 |title=Notes on the distribution and status of small carnivores in Gabon |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=48 |pages=19–29}}</ref> Upper Guinean forests in Liberia are considered a [[biodiversity hotspot]]. They have already been fragmented into two blocks. Large tracts are threatened by commercial [[logging]] and [[mining]] activities, and are converted for agricultural use including large-scale [[oil palm]] [[plantation]]s in [[Concession (contract)|concession]]s obtained by a foreign company.<ref name=Bene2013/>
+The attitude of rural people in Ghana towards African palm civets is hostile; they consider them a menace to their food resources and safety of children.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Campbell, M. |year= 2009 |title=Proximity in a Ghanaian savanna: Human reactions to the African palm civet ''Nandinia binotata'' |journal=Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography |issue=2 |volume=30 |pages= 220–231 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9493.2009.00369.x|doi-access=free |bibcode= 2009SJTG...30..220C }}</ref> In Gabon, it is among the most frequently found small carnivores for sale in bushmeat markets.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bahaa-el-din, L. |author2=Henschel, P. |author3=Aba’a, R. |author4=Abernethy, K. |author5=Bohm, T. |author6=Bout, N. |author7=Coad, L. |author8=Head, J. |author9=Inoue, E. |author10=Lahm, S. |author11=Lee, M. E. |author12=Maisels, F. |author13=Rabanal, L. |author14=Starkey, M. |author15=Taylor, G. |author16=Vanthomme, A. |author17=Nakashima, Y. |author18=Hunter, L. |year=2013 |title=Notes on the distribution and status of small carnivores in Gabon |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=48 |pages=19–29}}</ref> Upper Guinean forests in Liberia are considered a [[biodiversity hotspot]]. They have already been fragmented into two blocks. Large tracts are threatened by commercial [[logging]] and [[mining]] activities, and are converted for agricultural use including large-scale [[oil palm]] [[plantation]]s in [[Concession (contract)|concession]]s obtained by a foreign company.<ref name=Bene2013/>
 ==References==
@@ Line 102: / Line 98: @@
 {{Commons category|Nandinia binotata}}
-{{Carnivora|F.}}
+{{Carnivora|Fe.}}
+{{Feliformia|F.|state=collapsed}}
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q513081}}

Taxon identifiers
Nandinia binotata	Wikidata: Q513081 Wikispecies: Nandinia binotata ADW: Nandinia_binotata ARKive: nandinia-binotata BOLD: 73262 CoL: 45LRZ EoL: 328048 EPPO: NANDBI GBIF: 2433489 iNaturalist: 41582 IRMNG: 10594942 ITIS: 621980 IUCN: 41589 MDD: 1006027 MSW: 14000472 NCBI: 71115 Observation.org: 85688 Open Tree of Life: 1088403 Paleobiology Database: 232070
Paradoxurus binotatus	Wikidata: Q109647403 GBIF: 9361581