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{{Use American English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox military unit
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 22d Aero Squadron
|unit_name= 22nd Aero Squadron
| image= 22d Aero Squadron - SPAD 13-Smithsonian.jpg
| image= 22d Aero Squadron - SPAD 13-Smithsonian.jpg
⚫
|caption= 22nd Aero Squadron [[SPAD S.XIII]] "Smith IV", flown by Captain [[Arthur Raymond Brooks]]. Captain Brooks was a [[Flying Ace]], credited with shooting down six enemy aircraft. This aircraft is on permanent display at the [[National Air and Space Museum]], Washington, D.C. <BR>[[File:22d Aero Squadron - SPAD 13.jpg|300px]]<BR>Captain Brooks with "Smith IV", Belrain Aerodrome, France, 1918.
| image_size = 300
⚫
|caption= 22d Aero Squadron [[SPAD S.XIII]] "Smith IV", flown by Captain [[Arthur Raymond Brooks]]. Captain Brooks was a [[Flying Ace]], credited with shooting down six enemy aircraft. This aircraft is on permanent display at the [[National Air and Space Museum]], Washington, D.C. <BR>[[File:22d Aero Squadron - SPAD 13.jpg|300px]]<BR>Captain Brooks with "Smith IV", Belrain Aerodrome, France, 1918.
|dates= 16 June 1917 – 16 June 1919
|dates= 16 June 1917 – 16 June 1919
|country={{flag|United States|1912}}
|country={{flag|United States|1912}}
|allegiance=
|allegiance=
|branch= [[File:US Army Air Roundel.svg|15px]]&nbsp; [[Air Service, United States Army]]
|branch= [[File:Roundel of the United States (1918–1919).svg|15px]]&nbsp; [[United States Army Air Service]]
|type= Squadron
|type= Squadron
|role= Pursuit
|role= Pursuit
Line 39: Line 38:
<!-- Insignia -->
<!-- Insignia -->
|identification_symbol= [[File:22d Aero Squadron - Emblem.jpg|125px]]
|identification_symbol= [[File:22d Aero Squadron - Emblem.jpg|125px]]
|identification_symbol_label= 22d Aero Squadron Emblem
|identification_symbol_label= 22nd Aero Squadron Emblem
<!-- Aircraft -->
<!-- Aircraft -->
|aircraft_attack=
|aircraft_attack=
|aircraft_bomber=
|aircraft_bomber=
|aircraft_electronic=
|aircraft_electronic=
|aircraft_fighter= [[SPAD S.XIII]], 1918&ndash;1919<ref name="Maurer"/>
|aircraft_fighter= [[SPAD S.XIII]], 1918–1919<ref name="Maurer"/>
|aircraft_interceptor=
|aircraft_interceptor=
|aircraft_patrol=
|aircraft_patrol=
|aircraft_recon=
|aircraft_recon=
|aircraft_trainer= [[Curtiss JN-4]], 1917 <ref name="Maurer"/>
|aircraft_trainer= [[Curtiss JN-4]], 1917<ref name="Maurer"/>
|aircraft_transport=
|aircraft_transport=
|aircraft_tanker=
|aircraft_tanker=
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|codes=
|codes=
|commanders=
|commanders=
|operations= [[2d Pursuit Group]]<BR>Western Front, France: 22 August-11 November 1918<ref>Series "H", Section "O", Volume 29, Weekly Statistical Reports of Air Service Activities, October 1918-May 1919. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.</ref>
|operations= [[2nd Pursuit Group]]<BR>Western Front, France: 22 August-11 November 1918<ref>Series "H", Section "O", Volume 29, Weekly Statistical Reports of Air Service Activities, October 1918 – May 1919. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.</ref>
* Sorties: 914
* Sorties: 914
* Combat missions: 115
* Combat missions: 115
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* Wounded: 2
* Wounded: 2
* Missing: 4
* Missing: 4
* Aircraft lost: 16 <ref name="Gorrell"/>
* Aircraft lost: 16<ref name="Gorrell"/>


|victories=
|victories=
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* Total enemy aircraft destroyed: 46<ref name=Gorrell38/>
* Total enemy aircraft destroyed: 46<ref name=Gorrell38/>


Air Aces: 5<ref>[http://www.theaerodrome.com/services/usa/22ps.php 22d Aero Squadron@www.theaerodrome.com]</ref>
Air Aces: 5<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaerodrome.com/services/usa/22ps.php|title=22nd Aero Squadron|website=www.theaerodrome.com}}</ref>
* Lt. [[Jacques Swaab|Jacques M. Swaab]], 10 (3 shared)<ref name="OTF">Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918 Norman Franks, Frank W. Bailey. Grub Street, 1992. ISBN 0- 948817-54-2, {{ISBN|978-0-948817-54-0}}.</ref>
* Lt. [[Jacques Swaab|Jacques M. Swaab]], 10 (3 shared)<ref name="OTF">Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918 Norman Franks, Frank W. Bailey. Grub Street, 1992. ISBN 0- 948817-54-2, {{ISBN|978-0-948817-54-0}}.</ref>
* Lt. [[Clinton Leonard Jones|Clinton L. Jones]] Jr., 8 (3 shared)<ref name="OTF">Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918 Norman Franks, Frank W. Bailey. Grub Street, 1992. ISBN 0- 948817-54-2, {{ISBN|978-0-948817-54-0}}.</ref>
* Lt. [[Clinton Leonard Jones|Clinton L. Jones]] Jr., 8 (3 shared)<ref name="OTF"/>
* Lt. [[James Beane|James D. Beane]], 6 (4 shared)<ref name="OTF">Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918 Norman Franks, Frank W. Bailey. Grub Street, 1992. ISBN 0- 948817-54-2, {{ISBN|978-0-948817-54-0}}.</ref>
* Lt. [[James Beane|James D. Beane]], 6 (4 shared)<ref name="OTF"/>
* Capt. [[Arthur Raymond Brooks|Arthur R. Brooks]], 6 (4 shared)*<br /><small>* Brooks had 1 with the [[139th Aero Squadron]] before joining the 22nd Aero Squadron</small><ref name="OTF">Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918 Norman Franks, Frank W. Bailey. Grub Street, 1992. ISBN 0- 948817-54-2, {{ISBN|978-0-948817-54-0}}.</ref>
* Capt. [[Arthur Raymond Brooks|Arthur R. Brooks]], 6 (4 shared)*<br /><small>* Brooks had 1 with the [[139th Aero Squadron]] before joining the 22nd Aero Squadron</small><ref name="OTF"/>
* Lt. [[Remington Vernam (aviator)|Remington deB Vernam]], 6 (1 shared)**<br /><small>** Vernam had 1 aerial victory with Spa98 of the [[French Air Service]] before joining the 22nd Aero Squadron</small><ref name="OTF">Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918 Norman Franks, Frank W. Bailey. Grub Street, 1992. ISBN 0- 948817-54-2, {{ISBN|978-0-948817-54-0}}.</ref>
* Lt. [[Remington Vernam (aviator)|Remington deB Vernam]], 6 (1 shared)**<br /><small>** Vernam had 1 aerial victory with Spa98 of the [[French Air Service]] before joining the 22nd Aero Squadron</small><ref name="OTF"/>
|awards=
|awards=
}}
}}


The '''22d Aero Squadron''' was a [[Air Service, United States Army|United States Army Air Service]] unit that fought on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] during [[World War I]].
The '''22nd Aero Squadron''' was a [[United States Army Air Service]] unit that fought on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] during [[World War I]].


The squadron was assigned as a Day Pursuit (Fighter) Squadron as part of the [[2d Pursuit Group]], [[First United States Army]]. Its mission was to engage and clear enemy aircraft from the skies and provide escort to reconnaissance and bombardment squadrons over enemy territory. It also attacked enemy observation balloons, and perform close air support and tactical bombing attacks of enemy forces along the front lines.<ref name="MaurerwwI">[http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-101013-007.pdf Maurer, Maurer (1978), The US Air Service in World War I, The Office of Air Force History, Headquarters USAF Washington]</ref> After the [[1918 Armistice with Germany]], the squadron returned to the United States in June 1919 and was demobilized.
The squadron was assigned as a Day Pursuit (Fighter) Squadron as part of the [[2nd Pursuit Group]], [[First United States Army]]. Its mission was to engage and clear enemy aircraft from the skies and provide escort to reconnaissance and bombardment squadrons over enemy territory. It also attacked enemy observation balloons, and perform close air support and tactical bombing attacks of enemy forces along the front lines.<ref name="MaurerwwI">{{Cite web |url=http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-101013-007.pdf |title=Maurer, Maurer (1978), The US Air Service in World War I, The Office of Air Force History, Headquarters USAF Washington |access-date=2 September 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927231849/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-101013-007.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the [[1918 Armistice with Germany]], the squadron returned to the United States in June 1919 and was demobilized.


In April 1937 its lineage and history was consolidated with those of the United States Army Air Corps [[22d Observation Squadron]].<ref name="Maurer">{{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II|origyear=1969|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf |edition= reprint|year=1982|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-405-12194-6|oclc=72556|lccn=70605402|pages= }}</ref><ref name="OOB">Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the First World War, Volume 3, Part 3, Center of Military History, United States Army, 1949 (1988 Reprint)</ref>
In April 1937, its lineage and history was consolidated with those of the United States Army Air Corps [[22nd Observation Squadron]].<ref name="Maurer">{{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II|orig-year=1969|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf |edition= reprint|year=1982|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-405-12194-6|oclc=72556|lccn=70605402}}</ref><ref name="OOB">Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the First World War, Volume 3, Part 3, Center of Military History, United States Army, 1949 (1988 Reprint)</ref>


==History==
==History==
===Origins===
===Origins===
The 22d Aero Squadron was organized at [[Kelly Field]], Texas, on 16 June 1917. Initially 150 men, it was later expanded to a size of 200. Once organized, the 22d was sent to [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]], Canada, on 9 August to begin formal training under the auspices of the [[Royal Flying Corps]] at their facilities. In Canada, the squadron trained on the [[Curtiss JN-4]] "Jenny", and detachments attended schools at locations around the Toronto area. The men received instruction on engine and aircraft maintenance.<ref name="Gorrell">Series "E", Volume 9, History of the 22d-24th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.</ref>
The 22nd Aero Squadron was organized at [[Kelly Field]], Texas, on 16 June 1917. Initially 150 men, it was later expanded to a size of 200. Once organized, the 22nd was sent to [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]], Canada, on 9 August to begin formal training under the auspices of the [[Royal Flying Corps]] at their facilities. In Canada, the squadron trained on the [[Curtiss JN-4]] "Jenny", and detachments attended schools at locations around the Toronto area. The men received instruction on engine and aircraft maintenance.<ref name="Gorrell">Series "E", Volume 9, History of the 22nd–24th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.</ref>


On 19 October the squadron finished its initial training and was sent to [[Hicks Field]], near Fort Worth, Texas. Hicks was also designated Field #1 of the [[Camp Taliaferro]] training complex, operated also by the British [[Royal Flying Corps]]. When the squadron arrived, Hicks Field was still under construction; however, flying training in the JN-4 was conducted and 42 flight cadets soloed in the Jenny. Orders were received for overseas movement to France, and the squadron left for the Aviation Concentration Center, Long Island, on 21 January 1918, arriving on the 25th. The squadron boarded the [[RMS Adriatic (1907)|RMS ''Adriatic'']] in New York Harbor on the 31st, arriving in [[Liverpool]], England on 16 February after an uneventful voyage and proceeding to a "Rest Camp", where the pilots were sent to various advanced training schools in England, while the enlisted support personnel were sent to France for training with RFC units on the continent.<ref name="Gorrell"/>
On 19 October the squadron finished its initial training and was sent to [[Hicks Field]], near Fort Worth, Texas. Hicks was also designated Field No. 1 of the [[Camp Taliaferro]] training complex, operated also by the British [[Royal Flying Corps]]. When the squadron arrived, Hicks Field was still under construction; however, flying training in the JN-4 was conducted and 42 flight cadets soloed in the Jenny. Orders were received for overseas movement to France, and the squadron left for the Aviation Concentration Center, Long Island, on 21 January 1918, arriving on the 25th. The squadron boarded the [[RMS Adriatic (1907)|RMS ''Adriatic'']] in New York Harbor on the 31st, arriving in [[Liverpool]], England on 16 February after an uneventful voyage and proceeding to a "Rest Camp", where the pilots were sent to various advanced training schools in England, while the enlisted support personnel were sent to France for training with RFC units on the continent.<ref name="Gorrell"/>


===Training in France===
===Training in France===
[[File:22d Aero Squadron - Issodun.jpg|thumb|left|Training at the 3d Air Instructional Center, Issoudun Airdrome, July 1918]]
[[File:22d Aero Squadron - Issodun.jpg|thumb|left|Training at the 3rd Air Instructional Center, Issoudun Airdrome, July 1918]]
In France, the squadron was divided into Flights and divided among units of the [[Royal Naval Air Service]] that were engaged in day-bombing: "HQ", "A" and "B" Flights to No. 6 Squadron, and "C" Flight to No. 2 Squadron. Later transfers were "A" Flight to No. 4 Aviation Service Depot at [[Guînes]] for instruction and repair work and "B" Flight to No. 3 Squadron, RNAS on the Somme, where one man was captured by the Germans in a ground attack during the [[Spring Offensive|German drive of March 21]]. The segments received much experience in German bombing, sea-raids, and shelling by the famous "Ludendorf" gun. During the British retreat, camps were hurriedly broken up and re-pitched at a succession of locations.<ref name="Gorrell"/><ref name="Brooks">[http://www.gunjones.com/History_of_US22nd_Aero_Sq.pdf A HISTORY OF THE 22nd AERO SQUADRON ~ "SHOOTING STARS"]</ref> During the training outside of Belrain ,France John G. Agar was famous for demanding all his food raw. After world renowned writer wrote about John G. Agar's eating habits he was receiving much letter's per day, so much so they also moved him squadrons.
In France, the squadron was divided into Flights and divided among units of the [[Royal Naval Air Service]] that were engaged in day-bombing: "HQ", "A" and "B" Flights to No. 6 Squadron, and "C" Flight to No. 2 Squadron. Later transfers were "A" Flight to No. 4 Aviation Service Depot at [[Guînes]] for instruction and repair work and "B" Flight to No. 3 Squadron, RNAS on the Somme, where one man was captured by the Germans in a ground attack during the [[German spring offensive|German drive of 21 March]]. The segments received much experience in German bombing, sea-raids, and shelling by the famous "Ludendorf" gun. During the British retreat, camps were hurriedly broken up and re-pitched at a succession of locations.<ref name="Gorrell"/><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gunjones.com/History_of_US22nd_Aero_Sq.pdf|title=A HISTORY OF THE 22nd AERO SQUADRON ~ "SHOOTING STARS"}}</ref> During the training outside of Belrain, France John G. Agar was famous for demanding all his food raw. After world renowned writer wrote about John G. Agar's eating habits he was receiving much letter's per day, so much so they also moved him squadrons.


On 24 June 1918, the flights were reassembled at Guînes Aerodrome and then went to the American 3d Air Instructional Center at [[Issoudun Aerodrome]], where the Squadron remained until 7 July, when the pilots received their final combat training. It then moved to the Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at [[Orly Field]], near Paris. At Orly the enlisted strength was reduced to 176 men, who were detailed to work in the several departments in the Park. At Orly, the squadron was classified as a Pursuit (Fighter) Squadron and was assigned to the [[2d Pursuit Group]], [[1st Pursuit Wing]], First American Army, AEF, joining the [[13th Aero Squadron|13th]], [[49th Aero Squadron|49th]] and [[139th Aero Squadron]]s.<ref name="Gorrell"/><ref name="Brooks"/>
On 24 June 1918, the flights were reassembled at Guînes Aerodrome and then went to the American 3rd Air Instructional Center at [[Issoudun Aerodrome]], where the squadron remained until 7 July, when the pilots received their final combat training. It then moved to the Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at [[Orly Field]], near Paris. At Orly the enlisted strength was reduced to 176 men, who were detailed to work in the several departments in the Park. At Orly, the squadron was classified as a pursuit (fighter) squadron and was assigned to the [[2nd Pursuit Group]], [[1st Pursuit Wing]], First American Army, AEF, joining the [[13th Aero Squadron|13th]], [[49th Aero Squadron|49th]] and [[139th Aero Squadron]]s.<ref name="Gorrell"/><ref name="Brooks"/>


From Orly, the 22d then moved to their first combat airfield in the "Zone of Advance", [[Toul-Croix_de_Metz_Airfield|Croix de Metz Aerodrome]] , near [[Toul]]. There the squadron received its combat aircraft and pilots, [[SPAD XIII]]'s from the 1st Air Depot at [[Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome]], equipped with 220&nbsp;hp Hispano engines. It received its full complement of 25 aircraft and pilots by 26 August.<ref name="Gorrell"/><ref name="Brooks"/>
From Orly, the 22nd then moved to their first combat airfield in the "Zone of Advance", [[Toul-Croix de Metz Airfield|Croix de Metz Aerodrome]], near [[Toul]]. There the squadron received its combat aircraft and pilots, [[SPAD XIII]]'s from the 1st Air Depot at [[Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome]], equipped with 220&nbsp;hp Hispano engines. It received its full complement of 25 aircraft and pilots by 26 August.<ref name="Gorrell"/><ref name="Brooks"/>


===Combat in France===
===Combat in France===
[[File:22d Aero Squadron - SPAD 13-4.jpg|thumb|New 22d Aero Squadron (Pursuit) SPAD XIII, Gengault Aerodrome, August 1918]]
[[File:22d Aero Squadron - SPAD 13-4.jpg|thumb|New 22nd Aero Squadron (Pursuit) SPAD XIII, Gengault Aerodrome, August 1918]]
The 22d Aero Squadron flew its first combat patrol on 21 August 1918 in preparation for the [[St. Mihiel offensive]]. As the date of the attack grew nearer, the flying over the sector increased. The squadron achieved its first aerial victory on 2 September with the shooting down of a German [[Rumpler]] in the region of [[Arracourt]] by Lt Brooks. The next victory came two days later on the 4th when Lieutenants Brooks, Tyndall and Jones attacked a [[Fokker]] that had attacked Allied balloons. From this point contact and combat with enemy aircraft was frequent, along with German [[anti-aircraft artillery]] fire (Archies) causing damage to several squadron planes.<ref name="Gorrell"/>
The 22nd Aero Squadron flew its first combat patrol on 21 August 1918 in preparation for the [[St. Mihiel offensive]]. As the date of the attack grew nearer, the flying over the sector increased. The squadron achieved its first aerial victory on 2 September with the shooting down of a German [[Rumpler]] in the region of [[Arracourt]] by Lt Brooks. The next victory came two days later on the 4th when Lieutenants Brooks, Tyndall and Jones attacked a [[Fokker]] that had attacked Allied balloons. From this point contact and combat with enemy aircraft was frequent, along with German [[anti-aircraft artillery]] fire (Archies) causing damage to several squadron planes.<ref name="Gorrell"/>


With clear flying weather by 13 September, the air filled with Allied and German aircraft. Flights of the [[11th Aero Squadron|11th]] and [[20th Aero Squadron|20th]] Squadrons' [[de Havilland DH-4]] bombers were attached to the squadron and the mission of the 22d became escorting the DH-4s to attack ground targets behind the German lines. [[Salmson 2A2]]s from the [[1st Aero Squadron|1st]], [[12th Aero Squadron|12th]] and [[91st Aero Squadron|91st]] Observation Squadrons flew frequent reconnaissance and photographic missions and the 22d's SPADs kept the Germans at a distance. On 14 September, a large air battle took place between the 22d and German aircraft near [[Verdun]]. The 22d was to meet a Salmson over [[Mars-la-Tour]] about 3:00&nbsp;pm with orders to clear the skies of German aircraft to allow the Salmson to take photos over the area. However, no Salmson was in sight and twelve enemy aircraft attacked the 22d. During the ensuing combat no squadron aircraft were lost, but several pilots returned with heavily damaged aircraft.<ref name="Gorrell"/>
With clear flying weather by 13 September, the air filled with Allied and German aircraft. Flights of the [[11th Aero Squadron|11th]] and [[20th Aero Squadron|20th]] Squadrons' [[de Havilland DH-4]] bombers were attached to the squadron and the mission of the 22nd became escorting the DH-4s to attack ground targets behind the German lines. [[Salmson 2A2]]s from the [[1st Aero Squadron|1st]], [[12th Aero Squadron|12th]] and [[91st Aero Squadron|91st]] Observation Squadrons flew frequent reconnaissance and photographic missions and the 22nd's SPADs kept the Germans at a distance. On 14 September, a large air battle took place between the 22nd and German aircraft near [[Verdun]]. The 22nd was to meet a Salmson over [[Mars-la-Tour]] about 3:00&nbsp;pm with orders to clear the skies of German aircraft to allow the Salmson to take photos over the area. However, no Salmson was in sight and twelve enemy aircraft attacked the 22nd. During the ensuing combat no squadron aircraft were lost, but several pilots returned with heavily damaged aircraft.<ref name="Gorrell"/>
[[File:22d Aero Squadron - SPAD 13-3.jpg|thumb|left|22d Aero Squadron aircraft at Belrain Aerodrome, France]]
[[File:22d Aero Squadron - SPAD 13-3.jpg|thumb|left|22nd Aero Squadron aircraft at Belrain Aerodrome, France]]
On 22 September, the squadron moved to [[Belrain Aerodrome]]. At Toul, the quarters had been comfortable and convenient with adequate transportation for leaves to such places as Nancy or Toul. But for the next month, the main satisfaction of being an aviator, living outside the muck of battle after the day's fighting, was taken away. Billets in Prie-la-Brulee and [[Belrain]] were offered, supplemented by shacks on the field.<ref name="Gorrell"/>
On 22 September, the squadron moved to [[Belrain Aerodrome]]. At Toul, the quarters had been comfortable and convenient with adequate transportation for leaves to such places as Nancy or Toul. But for the next month, the main satisfaction of being an aviator, living outside the muck of battle after the day's fighting, was taken away. Billets in Prie-la-Brulee and [[Belrain]] were offered, supplemented by shacks on the field.<ref name="Gorrell"/>
[[File:22d Aero Squadron - SPAD 13-2.jpg|thumb|Captain Arthur Raymond Brooks with his SPAD S.XIII, making a forced landing after engine trouble at Belrain Aerodrome, France]]
[[File:22d Aero Squadron - SPAD 13-2.jpg|thumb|Captain Arthur Raymond Brooks with his SPAD S.XIII, making a forced landing after engine trouble at Belrain Aerodrome, France]]
On 26 September, Lieuts. Hudson, Doolin and Agar were in a patrol of four of the Squadron's planes that were set upon by 13 Fokkers. After a horrible plane crash on 26 of September John G. Agar was the last of the patrol four and had to walk 19 miles back to camp. After considerable maneuvering they reached the Allied lines safely and brought down one of the enemy in the running fight. On the same patrol, Lieut. Beane became separated from the others and shot down a Fokker that had just shot down another SPAD. Although in turn attacked by two more of the enemy, Lieut. Beane succeeded in eluding the offenders. Two days later, on the 28th, a "glorious dog-fight" took place over [[Montfaucon-d'Argonne]] with six victories for the Squadron's pilots and none for the Germans. Three biplanes and about a dozen case planes were sighted in excellent position below the
On 26 September, Lieuts. Hudson, Doolin and Agar were in a patrol of four of the Squadron's planes that were set upon by 13 Fokkers. After a horrible plane crash on 26 September John G. Agar was the last of the patrol four and had to walk 19 miles back to camp. After considerable maneuvering they reached the Allied lines safely and brought down one of the enemy in the running fight. On the same patrol, Lieut. Beane became separated from the others and shot down a Fokker that had just shot down another SPAD. Although in turn attacked by two more of the enemy, Lieut. Beane succeeded in eluding the offenders. Two days later, on the 28th, a "glorious dog-fight" took place over [[Montfaucon-d'Argonne]] with six victories for the Squadron's pilots and none for the Germans. Three biplanes and about a dozen case planes were sighted in excellent position below the
groups of seven, resulting in 13 combats.<ref name="Gorrell"/>
groups of seven, resulting in 13 combats.<ref name="Gorrell"/>


That was the kind of work done by the 22d Aero Squadron, although it was not always so concentrated. The last patrol, led by Captain Bridgeman, went over the lines and bombed [[Stenay]] on 6 November. The next day, the squadron moved "up" to keep up with the advance of First Army and moved to [[Souilly Aerodrome]], however, owing to bad weather, no combat patrols were sent out before the Armistice on 11 November.<ref name="Gorrell"/>
That was the kind of work done by the 22nd Aero Squadron, although it was not always so concentrated. The last patrol, led by Captain Bridgeman, went over the lines and bombed [[Stenay]] on 6 November. The next day, the squadron moved "up" to keep up with the advance of First Army and moved to [[Souilly Aerodrome]], however, owing to bad weather, no combat patrols were sent out before the Armistice on 11 November.<ref name="Gorrell"/>


===Demobilization===
===Demobilization===
[[File:22d Aero Squadron SPAD S.XIII.jpg|thumb|left|Post-Armistice photo of squadron aircraft 15 in the snow at Souilly Aerodrome, France.]]
[[File:22d Aero Squadron SPAD S.XIII.jpg|thumb|left|Post-Armistice photo of squadron aircraft 15 in the snow at Souilly Aerodrome, France.]]
The record of the Squadron from 6 August to 11 November is quite remarkable. In spite of
The record of the squadron from 6 August to 11 November is quite remarkable. In spite of
a late start, the "Shooting Stars" accounted for 43 official victories, against 34 of its nearest rival, the [[139th Aero Squadron]] "Mercurios". Casualties were 12, including 4 known killed, two prisoners and six "missing in action". During 72 days of flying operations the Squadron conducted 956 sorties and 82 combats and achieved 43 (possibly 46) official victories. Several [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]]es were awarded and recommendations were made for the [[Medal of Honor]].<ref name="Gorrell"/>
a late start, the "Shooting Stars" accounted for 43 official victories, against 34 of its nearest rival, the [[139th Aero Squadron]] "Mercurios". Casualties were 12, including 4 known killed, two prisoners and six "missing in action". During 72 days of flying operations the squadron conducted 956 sorties and 82 combats and achieved 43 (possibly 46) official victories. Several [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]]es were awarded and recommendations were made for the [[Medal of Honor]].<ref name="Gorrell"/>


The AEF was very slow in returning its forces to the United States. The squadron remained at Souilly Aerodrome until 29 January 1919 when it moved to the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Aerodrome_-_Map.jpg Grand aerodrome], France, west of Neufchateau, to help construct a new airfield. On 18 April 1919 orders were received from First Army for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, [[Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome]] to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and it was relieved of duty with the AEF. The squadron's SPAD aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at [[Orly Air Base|Orly Aerodrome]] to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the Squadron.
The AEF was very slow in returning its forces to the United States. The squadron remained at Souilly Aerodrome until 29 January 1919, when it moved to the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Aerodrome_-_Map.jpg Grand aerodrome], France, west of Neufchateau, to help construct a new airfield. On 18 April 1919, orders were received from First Army for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, [[Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome]] to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and it was relieved of duty with the AEF. The squadron's SPAD aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at [[Orly Air Base|Orly Aerodrome]] to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.
<ref name="Gorrell"/><ref name="Demob">Series "D", Weekly Statistical Reports of Air Service Activities, October 1918-May 1919. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.</ref>
<ref name="Gorrell"/><ref name="Demob">Series "D", Weekly Statistical Reports of Air Service Activities, October 1918 – May 1919. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.</ref>


Personnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the Commanding General, Services of Supply and ordered to report to the staging camp at LeMans, France. There, they awaited scheduling to report to one of the Base Ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization. On 22 May, the squadron moved to its port of embarkation, [[Brest, France|Brest]].<ref name="Gorrell"/>
Personnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to the staging camp at LeMans, France. There, they awaited scheduling to report to one of the base ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization. On 22 May, the squadron moved to its port of embarkation, [[Brest, France|Brest]].<ref name="Gorrell"/>


The 22d Aero Squadron (Pursuit), returned to New York City on 14 June, its personnel were demobilized and returned to civilian life, and the squadron was inactivated at [[Hazelhurst Field]], Long Island, on 17 June 1919.<ref name="Gorrell"/>
The 22nd Aero Squadron (Pursuit), returned to New York City on 14 June, its personnel were demobilized and returned to civilian life, and the squadron was inactivated at [[Hazelhurst Field]], Long Island, on 17 June 1919.<ref name="Gorrell"/>


In April 1937 the inactivated squadron was re-constituted administratively, with its lineage and history being consolidated with those of the [[United States Army Air Corps]] 22d Observation Squadron. The current [[United States Air Force]] unit that holds its lineage and history is the [[22d Intelligence Squadron]], assigned to the [[707th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group]], [[Fort George G. Meade]], Maryland.<ref>[[:File:22d Intelligence Squadron.pdf]] AFHRA Lineage and Honors History of the 22d INTELLIGENCE SQUADRON (AIA), 23 Jan 1997.</ref>
In April 1937, the inactivated squadron was re-constituted administratively, with its lineage and history being consolidated with those of the [[United States Army Air Corps]] 22nd Observation Squadron. The current [[United States Air Force]] unit that holds its lineage and history is the [[22nd Intelligence Squadron]], assigned to the [[707th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group]], [[Fort George G. Meade]], Maryland.<ref>[[:File:22d Intelligence Squadron.pdf]] AFHRA Lineage and Honors History of the 22nd INTELLIGENCE SQUADRON (AIA), 23 January 1997.</ref>


===Lineage===
===Lineage===
* Organized as '''17th Aero Squadron''' on 16 June 1917
* Organized as '''17th Aero Squadron''' on 16 June 1917
: Re-designated as: '''22d Aero Squadron''' on 20 June 1917
: Re-designated as: '''22nd Aero Squadron''' on 20 June 1917
: Re-designated as: '''22d Aero Squadron (Pursuit)''' on 16 August 1918
: Re-designated as: '''22nd Aero Squadron (Pursuit)''' on 16 August 1918
: Demobilized on 17 June 1919<ref name="Maurer"/>
: Demobilized on 17 June 1919<ref name="Maurer"/>


Line 138: Line 137:
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
* Post Headquarters, Kelly Field, 16 June 1917 &ndash; 21 January 1918
* Post Headquarters, Kelly Field, 16 June 1917 – 21 January 1918
: Attached to the Royal Flying Corps for training, 9 August 1917&ndash; 21 January 1918
: Attached to the Royal Flying Corps for training, 9 August 1917 – 21 January 1918
* Aviation Concentration Center, 25 January 1918
* Aviation Concentration Center, 25 January 1918
*
*
* Air Service Headquarters, AEF, British Isles, 16 January 1918
* Air Service Headquarters, AEF, British Isles, 16 January 1918
: Attached to the Royal Flying Corps for training, 24 January &ndash; 19 July 1918
: Attached to the Royal Flying Corps for training, 24 January – 19 July 1918
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
* 3d Air Instructional Center, 26 June 1918
* 3rd Air Instructional Center, 26 June 1918
* Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1, 7 July 1918
* Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1, 7 July 1918
* [[2d Pursuit Group]], 16 August 1918
* [[2nd Pursuit Group]], 16 August 1918
* First Army Air Service, 11 December 1918
* First Army Air Service, 11 December 1918
* 1st Air Depot, 10 April 1919
* 1st Air Depot, 10 April 1919
* Commanding General, Services of Supply, April &ndash; 22 May 1919
* Commanding General, Services of Supply, – 22 April May 1919
* John G. Agar, Wine Server, Services of Supply, April &ndash; 22 May 1919
* John G. Agar, Wine Server, Services of Supply, – 22 April May 1919
* Post Headquarters, Hazelhurst Field, 15&ndash;17 June 1919<ref name="Gorrell"/><ref name="Maurer"/>
* Post Headquarters, Hazelhurst Field, 15–17 June 1919<ref name="Gorrell"/><ref name="Maurer"/>
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}


Line 174: Line 173:
* [[Issoudun Aerodrome]], France, 26 June 1918
* [[Issoudun Aerodrome]], France, 26 June 1918
* [[Orly Airport]], Paris, France, 7 July 1918
* [[Orly Airport]], Paris, France, 7 July 1918
* [[Toul-Croix_de_Metz_Airfield|Croix de Metz Aerodrome]], France, 16 August 1918
* [[Toul-Croix de Metz Airfield|Croix de Metz Aerodrome]], France, 16 August 1918
* [[Belrain Aerodrome]], France, 22 September 1918
* [[Belrain Aerodrome]], France, 22 September 1918
* [[Souilly Aerodrome]], France, 7 November 1918
* [[Souilly Aerodrome]], France, 7 November 1918
Line 181: Line 180:
* [[Le Mans]], France, 2 May 1919
* [[Le Mans]], France, 2 May 1919
* Port of [[Brest, France]], 20 May 1919
* Port of [[Brest, France]], 20 May 1919
:: Return transport, [[SS St. Louis (1894)|SS ''Louisville'']], 22 May &ndash;15 June 1919
:: Return transport, [[SS St. Louis (1894)|SS ''Louisville'']], 22 May −15 June 1919
* [[Hazelhurst Field]], [[New York (state)|New York]], 15&ndash;17 June 1919<ref name="Gorrell"/><ref name="Maurer"/>
* [[Hazelhurst Field]], [[New York (state)|New York]], 15–17 June 1919<ref name="Gorrell"/><ref name="Maurer"/>
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}


===Combat sectors and campaigns===
===Combat sectors and campaigns===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! Streamer !! Sector/Campaign !! Dates !! Notes
! Streamer !! Sector/Campaign !! Dates !! Notes
|-
|-
| [[File:Streamer SOMME DEFENSIVE-2 1918 ARMY.png|250px]]
| [[File:Streamer SOMME DEFENSIVE-2 1918 ARMY.png|250px]]
| [[Somme Defensive Campaign]]
| [[Somme Defensive Campaign]]
| 21 March &ndash; 6 April 1918
| 21 March – 6 April 1918
| <ref name="USWD">United States War Department (1920), Battle Participation of Organizations of the American Expeditionary Forces in France, Belgium and Italy, 1917&ndash;1919, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1920</ref>
| <ref name="USWD">United States War Department (1920), Battle Participation of Organizations of the American Expeditionary Forces in France, Belgium and Italy, 1917–1919, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1920</ref>
|-
|-
|
|
| Amiens Sector
| Amiens Sector
| 7 April &ndash;24 June 1918
| 7 April −24 June 1918
| <ref name="USWD"/>
| <ref name="USWD"/>
|-
|-
|
|
| Toul Sector
| Toul Sector
| 21 August &ndash; 11 September 1918
| 21 August – 11 September 1918
| <ref name="USWD"/>
| <ref name="USWD"/>
|-
|-
| [[File:Streamer ST. MIHIEL 1918 ARMY.png|250px]]
| [[File:Streamer ST. MIHIEL 1918 ARMY.png|250px]]
| [[St. Mihiel Offensive Campaign]]
| [[St. Mihiel Offensive Campaign]]
| 12&ndash;16 September 1918
| 12–16 September 1918
| <ref name="USWD"/>
| <ref name="USWD"/>
|-
|-
| [[File:Streamer MEUSE-ARGONNE 1918 ARMY.png|250px]]
| [[File:Streamer MEUSE-ARGONNE 1918 ARMY.png|250px]]
| [[Meuse-Argonne Offensive Campaign]]
| [[Meuse-Argonne Offensive Campaign]]
| 26 September &ndash; 11 November 1918
| 26 September – 11 November 1918
| <ref name="USWD"/>
| <ref name="USWD"/>
|}
|}
Line 219: Line 217:
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
* Lt. John G. Agar, ('''Died 21 OCT 1919 after aerodrome crash on 20 OCT 1918''')
* Lt. John G. Agar, ('''Died 21 October 1918 after aerodrome crash on 20 October 1918''')
* Lt. [[James Dudley Beane]], DSC, air ace (6 aerial victories) ('''MIA - 30 OCT 1918''')
* Lt. [[James Dudley Beane]], DSC, air ace (6 aerial victories) ('''MIA – 30 October 1918''')
* Lt. James B. Biggs, ('''Killed in Aerial Accident 27 OCT 1918''')
* Lt. James B. Biggs, ('''Killed in Aerial Accident 27 October 1918''')
* Cpt. Ray C. Bridgman, SSC, (4 aerial victories)
* Cpt. Ray C. Bridgman, SSC, (4 aerial victories)
::(1st aerial victory with the 139th Aero Squadron)
::(1st aerial victory with the 139th Aero Squadron)
* Cpt. [[Arthur Raymond Brooks]], DSC, air ace (6 aerial victories) C Flight Commander and then Commanding Officer
* Cpt. [[Arthur Raymond Brooks]], DSC, air ace (6 aerial victories) C Flight Commander and then Commanding Officer
::(1st aerial victory with the 139th Aero Squadron)
::(1st aerial victory with the 139th Aero Squadron)
::LAST SURVIVING OF ALL AMERICAN WWI ACES<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/24/obituaries/a-raymond-brooks-is-dead-at-95-the-last-us-ace-of-world-war-i.html</ref>
::LAST SURVIVING OF ALL AMERICAN WWI ACES<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/24/obituaries/a-raymond-brooks-is-dead-at-95-the-last-us-ace-of-world-war-i.html|title=A. Raymond Brooks Is Dead at 95; The Last U.S. Ace of World War I|first=Glenn|last=Fowler|work=The New York Times |date=24 July 1991|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
::Brooks' SPAD XIII C.1 "Smith IV" is on display in the Smithsonian<ref>http://sova.si.edu/record/NASM.1989.0104</ref>
::Brooks' SPAD XIII C.1 "Smith IV" is on display in the Smithsonian<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sova.si.edu//record/NASM.1989.0104|title=Arthur Raymond Brooks Collection · SOVA|website=sova.si.edu}}</ref>
* Lt. Howard R. Clapp, ('''MIA - since 3 NOV 1918''')
* Lt. Howard R. Clapp, ('''MIA – since 3 November 1918''')
* Lt. John C. Crissey, SSC, (2 aerial victories)
* Lt. John C. Crissey, SSC, (2 aerial victories)
* Lt. Bernard Doolin, (1 aerial victory)
* Lt. Bernard Doolin, (1 aerial victory)
* Lt. Edward B. Gibson, ('''KIA on 3 NOV 1918''')
* Lt. Edward B. Gibson, ('''KIA on 3 November 1918''')
* Lt. Greveys Grylls, (1 aerial victory)
* Lt. Greveys Grylls, (1 aerial victory)
* Lt. Phillip E. Hassinger, (2 aerial victories) ('''MIA - since 14 SEP 1918''')
* Lt. Phillip E. Hassinger, (2 aerial victories) ('''MIA – since 14 September 1918''')(KIA/BNR<ref>[http://www.theaerodrome.com/forum/showthread.php?t=74498 The Aerodome]</ref>)
* Lt. Henry Hudson, (3 aerial victories)
* Lt. Henry Hudson, (3 aerial victories)
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
* Lt. [[Clinton Leonard Jones]], DSC (2x), air ace (8 aerial victories)
* Lt. [[Clinton Leonard Jones]], DSC (2x), air ace (8 aerial victories)
* Lt. Arthur C. Kimber, ('''KIA - 26 SEP 1918''')
* Lt. Arthur C. Kimber, ('''KIA – 26 September 1918''')
* Lt. William M. LaForce, (1 aerial victory)
* Lt. William M. LaForce, (1 aerial victory)
* Lt. Raymond J. Little, SSC, (3 aerial victories)
* Lt. Raymond J. Little, SSC, (3 aerial victories)
* Lt. Vaughn McCormick, (2 aerial victories with 139th Aero Squadron), A Flight Commander
* Lt. Vaughn McCormick, (2 aerial victories with 139th Aero Squadron), A Flight Commander ('''KIA returning to Aerodrome- first fatality of the 22nd Aero Squadron''')
⚫
* Lt. Harmon C. Rorison, DSC, (3 aerial victories), ('''WIA – 3 November 1918'''). After War joined the Kosciusko Squadron of the Polish Flying Corps in Warsaw, Poland
::('''KIA returning to Aerodrome- first fatality of the 22nd Aero Squadron''')
⚫
* Lt. Joh G. Agar, (22 areo squadron) Father of John George Agar jr. ('''Died 21 October 1918 after aerodrome crash on 20 October 1918''')
⚫
* Lt. Harmon C. Rorison, DSC, (3 aerial victories), ('''WIA - 3 NOV 1918'''). After War joined the Kosciusko Squadron of the Polish Flying Corps in Warsaw, Poland
⚫
* Lt. Joh G. Agar, (22 areo squadron) Father of John George Agar jr. ('''Died 21 OCT 1918 after aerodrome crash on 20 OCT 1918''')
* Lt. John A. Sperry, (4 aerial victories), B Flight Commander, ('''Captured POW 10/4/18''')
* Lt. John A. Sperry, (4 aerial victories), B Flight Commander, ('''Captured POW 10/4/18''')
* Lt. [[Jacques Michael Swaab]], DSC, SSC (2x), air ace (10 aerial victories), ('''WIA - 18 AUG 1918''')
* Lt. [[Jacques Michael Swaab]], DSC, SSC (2x), air ace (10 aerial victories), ('''WIA – 18 August 1918''')
* Lt. George Tiffany, ('''POW - captured on 3 NOV 1918 but escaped and made it back to the unit 10 NOV 1918''')
* Lt. George Tiffany, ('''POW – captured on 3 November 1918 but escaped and made it back to the unit 10 November 1918''')
* Lt. Alvin H. Treadwell, DSC, SSC, (3 aerial victories) ('''KIA''')
* Lt. Alvin H. Treadwell, DSC, SSC, (3 aerial victories) ('''KIA''')
* Cpt. Frank B. Tyndall, SSC, (4 aerial victories)
* Cpt. Frank B. Tyndall, SSC, (4 aerial victories)
* Lt. [[Remington D. B. Vernam]], DSC, air ace (5 aerial victories) ('''WIA & POW - 20 OCT 1918, Died of Wounds 1 DEC 1918''')
* Lt. [[Remington D. B. Vernam]], DSC, air ace (5 aerial victories) ('''WIA & POW – 20 October 1918, Died of Wounds 1 December 1918''')
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
<small> DSC: [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]]; SSC: [[Citation Star|Silver Star Citation]]; KIA: [[Killed in Action]]; MIA</small>
<small> DSC: [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]]; SSC: [[Citation Star|Silver Star Citation]]; KIA: [[Killed in Action]]; MIA</small>


<small>[[Missing in Action]]</small><ref>[http://projects.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/search.php?term=22d+Aero+Squadron Military Times Hall of Valor Search, 22d Aero Squadron]</ref>
<small>[[Missing in Action]]</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://projects.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/search.php?term=22nd+Aero+Squadron|title=Military Times Hall of Valor Search, 22nd Aero Squadron}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

{{Portal|United States Air Force|Military of the United States|World War I}}
* [[Organization of the Air Service of the American Expeditionary Force]]
* [[Organization of the Air Service of the American Expeditionary Force]]
* [[List of American Aero Squadrons]]
* [[List of American aero squadrons]]


==References==
==References==
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}
{{Reflist}}Note 13 URL link broken!{{refbegin}}
{{Reflist}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
The U.S. 22nd Aero Pursuit Squadron 2nd Pursuit Group, 1918 ~ http://www.gunjones.com/histUS22.html
The U.S. 22nd Aero Pursuit Squadron 2nd Pursuit Group, 1918 ~ [http://www.gunjones.com/histUS22.html The historical U.S. 22nd Pursuit Squadron, 2nd Pursuit Group 1918]
{{US Air Force navbox}}
{{US Air Force navbox}}
{{Wwi-air}}
{{Wwi-air}}


[[Category:20th-century military history of the United States]]
[[Category:Fighter squadrons of the Air Service, United States Army]]
[[Category:Aviation units and formations of the United States in World War I|022]]
[[Category:Squadrons of the United States Army Air Service in World War I|022]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1917]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1917]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1919]]

Latest revision as of 21:18, 1 August 2024

22nd Aero Squadron
22nd Aero Squadron SPAD S.XIII "Smith IV", flown by Captain Arthur Raymond Brooks. Captain Brooks was a Flying Ace, credited with shooting down six enemy aircraft. This aircraft is on permanent display at the National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C.

Captain Brooks with "Smith IV", Belrain Aerodrome, France, 1918.
Active16 June 1917 – 16 June 1919
Country United States
Branch  United States Army Air Service
TypeSquadron
RolePursuit
Part ofAmerican Expeditionary Forces (AEF)
Nickname(s)"Shooting Stars"
Engagements
World War I
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Capt. Raymond C. Bridgeman[1]
Lt. George W. Lindsay
Lt. Henry K. Davis[2]
Lt. Arthur R. Brooks[2]
Insignia
22nd Aero Squadron Emblem
Aircraft flown
FighterSPAD S.XIII, 1918–1919[3]
TrainerCurtiss JN-4, 1917[3]
Service record
Operations

2nd Pursuit Group
Western Front, France: 22 August-11 November 1918[4]

  • Sorties: 914
  • Combat missions: 115
  • Enemy combats: 95
  • Killed: 5
  • Wounded: 2
  • Missing: 4
  • Aircraft lost: 16[2]
Victories
  • Enemy aircraft shot down: 44[5]
  • Enemy balloons shot down: 2[5]
  • Total enemy aircraft destroyed: 46[5]

    • Air Aces: 5[6]

    The 22nd Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.

    The squadron was assigned as a Day Pursuit (Fighter) Squadron as part of the 2nd Pursuit Group, First United States Army. Its mission was to engage and clear enemy aircraft from the skies and provide escort to reconnaissance and bombardment squadrons over enemy territory. It also attacked enemy observation balloons, and perform close air support and tactical bombing attacks of enemy forces along the front lines.[7] After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron returned to the United States in June 1919 and was demobilized.

    In April 1937, its lineage and history was consolidated with those of the United States Army Air Corps 22nd Observation Squadron.[3][8]

    History

    [edit]

    Origins

    [edit]

    The 22nd Aero Squadron was organized at Kelly Field, Texas, on 16 June 1917. Initially 150 men, it was later expanded to a size of 200. Once organized, the 22nd was sent to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on 9 August to begin formal training under the auspices of the Royal Flying Corps at their facilities. In Canada, the squadron trained on the Curtiss JN-4 "Jenny", and detachments attended schools at locations around the Toronto area. The men received instruction on engine and aircraft maintenance.[2]

    On 19 October the squadron finished its initial training and was sent to Hicks Field, near Fort Worth, Texas. Hicks was also designated Field No. 1 of the Camp Taliaferro training complex, operated also by the British Royal Flying Corps. When the squadron arrived, Hicks Field was still under construction; however, flying training in the JN-4 was conducted and 42 flight cadets soloed in the Jenny. Orders were received for overseas movement to France, and the squadron left for the Aviation Concentration Center, Long Island, on 21 January 1918, arriving on the 25th. The squadron boarded the RMS Adriatic in New York Harbor on the 31st, arriving in Liverpool, England on 16 February after an uneventful voyage and proceeding to a "Rest Camp", where the pilots were sent to various advanced training schools in England, while the enlisted support personnel were sent to France for training with RFC units on the continent.[2]

    Training in France

    [edit]
    Training at the 3rd Air Instructional Center, Issoudun Airdrome, July 1918

    In France, the squadron was divided into Flights and divided among units of the Royal Naval Air Service that were engaged in day-bombing: "HQ", "A" and "B" Flights to No. 6 Squadron, and "C" Flight to No. 2 Squadron. Later transfers were "A" Flight to No. 4 Aviation Service Depot at Guînes for instruction and repair work and "B" Flight to No. 3 Squadron, RNAS on the Somme, where one man was captured by the Germans in a ground attack during the German drive of 21 March. The segments received much experience in German bombing, sea-raids, and shelling by the famous "Ludendorf" gun. During the British retreat, camps were hurriedly broken up and re-pitched at a succession of locations.[2][9] During the training outside of Belrain, France John G. Agar was famous for demanding all his food raw. After world renowned writer wrote about John G. Agar's eating habits he was receiving much letter's per day, so much so they also moved him squadrons.

    On 24 June 1918, the flights were reassembled at Guînes Aerodrome and then went to the American 3rd Air Instructional Center at Issoudun Aerodrome, where the squadron remained until 7 July, when the pilots received their final combat training. It then moved to the Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Field, near Paris. At Orly the enlisted strength was reduced to 176 men, who were detailed to work in the several departments in the Park. At Orly, the squadron was classified as a pursuit (fighter) squadron and was assigned to the 2nd Pursuit Group, 1st Pursuit Wing, First American Army, AEF, joining the 13th, 49th and 139th Aero Squadrons.[2][9]

    From Orly, the 22nd then moved to their first combat airfield in the "Zone of Advance", Croix de Metz Aerodrome, near Toul. There the squadron received its combat aircraft and pilots, SPAD XIII's from the 1st Air Depot at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, equipped with 220 hp Hispano engines. It received its full complement of 25 aircraft and pilots by 26 August.[2][9]

    Combat in France

    [edit]
    New 22nd Aero Squadron (Pursuit) SPAD XIII, Gengault Aerodrome, August 1918

    The 22nd Aero Squadron flew its first combat patrol on 21 August 1918 in preparation for the St. Mihiel offensive. As the date of the attack grew nearer, the flying over the sector increased. The squadron achieved its first aerial victory on 2 September with the shooting down of a German Rumpler in the region of Arracourt by Lt Brooks. The next victory came two days later on the 4th when Lieutenants Brooks, Tyndall and Jones attacked a Fokker that had attacked Allied balloons. From this point contact and combat with enemy aircraft was frequent, along with German anti-aircraft artillery fire (Archies) causing damage to several squadron planes.[2]

    With clear flying weather by 13 September, the air filled with Allied and German aircraft. Flights of the 11th and 20th Squadrons' de Havilland DH-4 bombers were attached to the squadron and the mission of the 22nd became escorting the DH-4s to attack ground targets behind the German lines. Salmson 2A2s from the 1st, 12th and 91st Observation Squadrons flew frequent reconnaissance and photographic missions and the 22nd's SPADs kept the Germans at a distance. On 14 September, a large air battle took place between the 22nd and German aircraft near Verdun. The 22nd was to meet a Salmson over Mars-la-Tour about 3:00 pm with orders to clear the skies of German aircraft to allow the Salmson to take photos over the area. However, no Salmson was in sight and twelve enemy aircraft attacked the 22nd. During the ensuing combat no squadron aircraft were lost, but several pilots returned with heavily damaged aircraft.[2]

    22nd Aero Squadron aircraft at Belrain Aerodrome, France

    On 22 September, the squadron moved to Belrain Aerodrome. At Toul, the quarters had been comfortable and convenient with adequate transportation for leaves to such places as Nancy or Toul. But for the next month, the main satisfaction of being an aviator, living outside the muck of battle after the day's fighting, was taken away. Billets in Prie-la-Brulee and Belrain were offered, supplemented by shacks on the field.[2]

    Captain Arthur Raymond Brooks with his SPAD S.XIII, making a forced landing after engine trouble at Belrain Aerodrome, France

    On 26 September, Lieuts. Hudson, Doolin and Agar were in a patrol of four of the Squadron's planes that were set upon by 13 Fokkers. After a horrible plane crash on 26 September John G. Agar was the last of the patrol four and had to walk 19 miles back to camp. After considerable maneuvering they reached the Allied lines safely and brought down one of the enemy in the running fight. On the same patrol, Lieut. Beane became separated from the others and shot down a Fokker that had just shot down another SPAD. Although in turn attacked by two more of the enemy, Lieut. Beane succeeded in eluding the offenders. Two days later, on the 28th, a "glorious dog-fight" took place over Montfaucon-d'Argonne with six victories for the Squadron's pilots and none for the Germans. Three biplanes and about a dozen case planes were sighted in excellent position below the groups of seven, resulting in 13 combats.[2]

    That was the kind of work done by the 22nd Aero Squadron, although it was not always so concentrated. The last patrol, led by Captain Bridgeman, went over the lines and bombed Stenay on 6 November. The next day, the squadron moved "up" to keep up with the advance of First Army and moved to Souilly Aerodrome, however, owing to bad weather, no combat patrols were sent out before the Armistice on 11 November.[2]

    Demobilization

    [edit]
    Post-Armistice photo of squadron aircraft 15 in the snow at Souilly Aerodrome, France.

    The record of the squadron from 6 August to 11 November is quite remarkable. In spite of a late start, the "Shooting Stars" accounted for 43 official victories, against 34 of its nearest rival, the 139th Aero Squadron "Mercurios". Casualties were 12, including 4 known killed, two prisoners and six "missing in action". During 72 days of flying operations the squadron conducted 956 sorties and 82 combats and achieved 43 (possibly 46) official victories. Several Distinguished Service Crosses were awarded and recommendations were made for the Medal of Honor.[2]

    The AEF was very slow in returning its forces to the United States. The squadron remained at Souilly Aerodrome until 29 January 1919, when it moved to the Grand aerodrome, France, west of Neufchateau, to help construct a new airfield. On 18 April 1919, orders were received from First Army for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and it was relieved of duty with the AEF. The squadron's SPAD aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron. [2][10]

    Personnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to the staging camp at LeMans, France. There, they awaited scheduling to report to one of the base ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization. On 22 May, the squadron moved to its port of embarkation, Brest.[2]

    The 22nd Aero Squadron (Pursuit), returned to New York City on 14 June, its personnel were demobilized and returned to civilian life, and the squadron was inactivated at Hazelhurst Field, Long Island, on 17 June 1919.[2]

    In April 1937, the inactivated squadron was re-constituted administratively, with its lineage and history being consolidated with those of the United States Army Air Corps 22nd Observation Squadron. The current United States Air Force unit that holds its lineage and history is the 22nd Intelligence Squadron, assigned to the 707th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland.[11]

    Lineage

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    • Organized as 17th Aero Squadron on 16 June 1917
    Re-designated as: 22nd Aero Squadron on 20 June 1917
    Re-designated as: 22nd Aero Squadron (Pursuit) on 16 August 1918
    Demobilized on 17 June 1919[3]

    Assignments

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    Stations

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    Combat sectors and campaigns

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    Streamer Sector/Campaign Dates Notes
    Somme Defensive Campaign 21 March – 6 April 1918 [12]
    Amiens Sector 7 April −24 June 1918 [12]
    Toul Sector 21 August – 11 September 1918 [12]
    St. Mihiel Offensive Campaign 12–16 September 1918 [12]
    Meuse-Argonne Offensive Campaign 26 September – 11 November 1918 [12]

    Notable personnel

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    DSC: Distinguished Service Cross; SSC: Silver Star Citation; KIA: Killed in Action; MIA

    Missing in Action[16]

    See also

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    References

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    Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

    1. ^ a b c d e f Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918 Norman Franks, Frank W. Bailey. Grub Street, 1992. ISBN 0- 948817-54-2, ISBN 978-0-948817-54-0.
    2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Series "E", Volume 9, History of the 22nd–24th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
    3. ^ a b c d e f Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
    4. ^ Series "H", Section "O", Volume 29, Weekly Statistical Reports of Air Service Activities, October 1918 – May 1919. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
    5. ^ a b c Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, Series M, Volume 38, Compilation of Confirmed Victories and Losses of the AEF Air Service as of 26 May 1919
    6. ^ "22nd Aero Squadron". www.theaerodrome.com.
    7. ^ "Maurer, Maurer (1978), The US Air Service in World War I, The Office of Air Force History, Headquarters USAF Washington" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
    8. ^ Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the First World War, Volume 3, Part 3, Center of Military History, United States Army, 1949 (1988 Reprint)
    9. ^ a b c "A HISTORY OF THE 22nd AERO SQUADRON ~ "SHOOTING STARS"" (PDF).
    10. ^ Series "D", Weekly Statistical Reports of Air Service Activities, October 1918 – May 1919. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
    11. ^ File:22d Intelligence Squadron.pdf AFHRA Lineage and Honors History of the 22nd INTELLIGENCE SQUADRON (AIA), 23 January 1997.
    12. ^ a b c d e United States War Department (1920), Battle Participation of Organizations of the American Expeditionary Forces in France, Belgium and Italy, 1917–1919, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1920
    13. ^ Fowler, Glenn (24 July 1991). "A. Raymond Brooks Is Dead at 95; The Last U.S. Ace of World War I". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
    14. ^ "Arthur Raymond Brooks Collection · SOVA". sova.si.edu.
    15. ^ The Aerodome
    16. ^ "Military Times Hall of Valor Search, 22nd Aero Squadron".[permanent dead link‍]
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    The U.S. 22nd Aero Pursuit Squadron 2nd Pursuit Group, 1918 ~ The historical U.S. 22nd Pursuit Squadron, 2nd Pursuit Group 1918

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