Turkwel River: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|River flowing on the border of Kenya and Uganda}} |
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[[File:Turkwel River Outside Lodwar Town in Turkana County Kenya.JPG|thumb|Dry riverbed of the Turkwel river, just outside [[Lodwar]] town in [[Turkana County]], Kenya]] |
[[File:Turkwel River Outside Lodwar Town in Turkana County Kenya.JPG|thumb|Dry riverbed of the Turkwel river, just outside [[Lodwar]] town in [[Turkana County]], Kenya]] |
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[[File:Turkwel River and Lake Turkana (17343415454).jpg|thumb|Seen entering [[Lake Turkana]]]] |
[[File:Turkwel River and Lake Turkana (17343415454).jpg|thumb|Seen entering [[Lake Turkana]]]] |
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The '''Turkwel River'''<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881FBC793774E0440003BA962ED3|Turkwel (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> (sometimes spelled '''Turkwell River'''<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881FBC783774E0440003BA962ED3|Turkwell (Variant)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref>) is a river flowing from [[Mount Elgon]] on the border of [[Kenya]] and [[Uganda]] to [[Lake Turkana]]. The river is called the Suam River from its source to the border at [[ |
The '''Turkwel River'''<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881FBC793774E0440003BA962ED3|Turkwel (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> (sometimes spelled '''Turkwell River'''<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881FBC783774E0440003BA962ED3|Turkwell (Variant)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref>) is a river flowing from [[Mount Elgon]] on the border of [[Kenya]] and [[Uganda]] to [[Lake Turkana]]. The river is called the Suam River from its source to the border at [[Turkana County]] of Kenya. The name Turkwel is derived from the [[Turkana language|Turkana]] name for the river, ''Tir-kol'', which means a river that "withstands the wilderness". The Turkwel begins on the lush green slopes of [[Mount Elgon]] and the [[Cherangani Hills]], then traverses the [[Southern Turkana Plains]], crosses the [[Loturerei Desert]] near [[Lodwar]] and empties into the world's largest desert lake, [[Lake Turkana]].<ref name="Adams">{{Cite journal|author=Adams, W. M.|date=1989|title=Dam construction and the degradation of floodplain forest on the Turkwel River, Kenya|journal=Land Degradation & Development |publisher=Wiley |volume=1 |number=3|pages=189–198|doi=10.1002/ldr.3400010303}}</ref> The river's flow is seasonally varied, and flash floods in the rainy season also occur at times.<ref name="Adams" /> |
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The controversial [[Turkwel Dam]] was built by the Kenyan government from 1986 to 1991 with the help of France. The plan was to harness the waters of the Turkwel. The project was initially supposed to cost [[Kenyan shilling|KSh.]]4 billion |
The controversial [[Turkwel Dam]] was built by the [[Government of Kenya|Kenyan government]] from 1986 to 1991 with the help of [[France]]. The plan was to harness the waters of the Turkwel. The project was initially supposed to cost [[Kenyan shilling|KSh.]] 4 billion, but ended up costing more than KSh. 20 billion. The dam partially filled the Turkwel Gorge<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881FBC743774E0440003BA962ED3|Turkwel Gorge (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> and created the Turkwel Gorge Reservoir.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Kotut, Kiplagat |author2=Njuguna, Stephen G |author3=Muthuri, Francis M. |author4=Krienitz, Lothar |name-list-style=amp | date=1999 | title=The physico-chemical conditions of Turkwel Gorge Reservoir, a new man made lake in Northern Kenya | journal=Limnologica – Ecology and Management of Inland Waters | volume=29 | number=4 | pages=377–392 | doi=10.1016/S0075-9511(99)80046-2| doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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== Anthropology == |
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[[File:Hominin KNM-WT 22944 G-J.png|thumb|Hominin hand remains from South Turkwel.]] |
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In 1999, fossils reported from south of the river were assigned to ''[[Australopithecus]]'' sp. based on similarities with ''[[Australopithecus afarensis|A. afarensis]]'', although they were not the same. They were discovered by a multinational team in 1990 and brought to the National Museums of Kenya. These fossils include a [[metacarpal]], [[capitate]], [[hamate]], [[lunate]], [[pedal phalanx]], [[Mandible|mandibular]] fragment, and [[Tooth|dental]] remains. They lacked the [[Suspensory behavior|suspension]] and [[climbing]] capabilities in the [[hand]] and [[wrist]] of contemporaries, but had heavily muscled forearms that were adept at certain [[ape]]<nowiki/>like types of [[Precision grip|precision gripping]] based on the suggested rotary capacity. These were assigned KNM-WT 22944 G through J, and they are 3.5 mya old from the [[Nachukui Formation]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Ward |first1=C.V. |title=South Turkwel: A new Pliocene hominid site in Kenya |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248498902627 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=36 |pages=69–95 |year=1999 |doi=10.1006/jhev.1998.0262 |last2=Leakey |first2=M.G. |last3=Brown |first3=B. |last4=Brown |first4=F. |last5=Harris |first5=J. |last6=Walker |first6=A.|issue=1 |pmid=9924134 }}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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[[Category:Tributaries of Lake Turkana]] |
[[Category:Tributaries of Lake Turkana]] |
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[[Category:West Pokot County]] |
[[Category:West Pokot County]] |
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[[Category:Rivers of Uganda]] |
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Latest revision as of 13:04, 2 August 2024
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The Turkwel River[1] (sometimes spelled Turkwell River[2]) is a river flowing from Mount Elgon on the border of Kenya and Uganda to Lake Turkana. The river is called the Suam River from its source to the border at Turkana County of Kenya. The name Turkwel is derived from the Turkana name for the river, Tir-kol, which means a river that "withstands the wilderness". The Turkwel begins on the lush green slopes of Mount Elgon and the Cherangani Hills, then traverses the Southern Turkana Plains, crosses the Loturerei Desert near Lodwar and empties into the world's largest desert lake, Lake Turkana.[3] The river's flow is seasonally varied, and flash floods in the rainy season also occur at times.[3]
The controversial Turkwel Dam was built by the Kenyan government from 1986 to 1991 with the help of France. The plan was to harness the waters of the Turkwel. The project was initially supposed to cost KSh. 4 billion, but ended up costing more than KSh. 20 billion. The dam partially filled the Turkwel Gorge[4] and created the Turkwel Gorge Reservoir.[5]
Anthropology
[edit]
In 1999, fossils reported from south of the river were assigned to Australopithecus sp. based on similarities with A. afarensis, although they were not the same. They were discovered by a multinational team in 1990 and brought to the National Museums of Kenya. These fossils include a metacarpal, capitate, hamate, lunate, pedal phalanx, mandibular fragment, and dental remains. They lacked the suspension and climbing capabilities in the hand and wrist of contemporaries, but had heavily muscled forearms that were adept at certain apelike types of precision gripping based on the suggested rotary capacity. These were assigned KNM-WT 22944 G through J, and they are 3.5 mya old from the Nachukui Formation.[6]
References
[edit]- ^ Turkwel (Approved) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
- ^ Turkwell (Variant) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
- ^ a b Adams, W. M. (1989). "Dam construction and the degradation of floodplain forest on the Turkwel River, Kenya". Land Degradation & Development. 1 (3). Wiley: 189–198. doi:10.1002/ldr.3400010303.
- ^ Turkwel Gorge (Approved) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
- ^ Kotut, Kiplagat; Njuguna, Stephen G; Muthuri, Francis M. & Krienitz, Lothar (1999). "The physico-chemical conditions of Turkwel Gorge Reservoir, a new man made lake in Northern Kenya". Limnologica – Ecology and Management of Inland Waters. 29 (4): 377–392. doi:10.1016/S0075-9511(99)80046-2.
- ^ Ward, C.V.; Leakey, M.G.; Brown, B.; Brown, F.; Harris, J.; Walker, A. (1999), "South Turkwel: A new Pliocene hominid site in Kenya", Journal of Human Evolution, 36 (1): 69–95, doi:10.1006/jhev.1998.0262, PMID 9924134
3°06′17″N 36°05′51″E / 3.10472°N 36.09750°E
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