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{{Short description|European Union and neighbouring states}}
[[File:Westerncultures.map2015.png|thumb|300px|The [[Western world|Western]] and or [[Westernization|westernized]] world.]]

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The '''Eurosphere''' or the '''European Empire'''<ref name=ziel/> is a concept centered around the [[European Union]]'s [[Sphere of influence#Contemporary European Union (1990s–present)|sphere of influence]], a term associated with the public intellectual [[Mark Leonard (director)|Mark Leonard]],<ref>Leonard, M. (2005), ''Why Europe will run the 21st century'', Fourth Estate: London.</ref> [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] academic Jan Zielonka,<ref name=ziel>Zielonka, J. (2006), ''Europe as Empire'', [[Oxford University Press]]: Oxford.</ref> the European Union Director-General for Politico-Military Affairs [[Robert Cooper (diplomat)|Robert Cooper]]<ref>Cooper, R. (2003), ''The Breaking of Nations'', Atlantic Books: London.</ref> and the former [[European Commission]] President [[José Manuel Barroso]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The birth of new rome |url= http://www.globalpowereurope.eu/2007/07/birth-of-new-rome.html |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100612085544/http://www.globalpowereurope.eu/2007/07/birth-of-new-rome.html |archive-date = 12 June 2010 |df= dmy-all}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:EUFA.png|thumb|300px|Cited Eurosphere:
[[File:EUFA.png|thumb|300px|Cited Eurosphere:
{{unbulleted list|style = margin-top:1em;line-height: 1em|'''Dark blue''': [[European Union]]|'''Light blue''': Current enlargement agenda|'''Turquoise''': [[European Neighbourhood Policy|European Neighbourhood]]|'''Brown''': [[African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States|ACP countries]]}}]]
{{unbulleted list|style = margin-top:1em;line-height: 1em|'''Dark blue''': [[European Union]]|'''Light blue''': Current enlargement agenda|'''Turquoise''': [[European Neighbourhood Policy|European Neighbourhood]]|'''Brown''': [[African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States|ACP countries]]}}]]
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Over the past 50 years, the European Union has expanded from 6 [[Inner Six|founding members]] to 27; additionally there are 7 candidate and potential [[Future enlargement of the European Union|candidate countries]] waiting to join: [[Albania]], [[Montenegro]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Serbia]], [[Turkey]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], and [[Ukraine]], which are candidates, and [[Kosovo]], which is a potential candidate. A number of European countries are integrated economically, as part of the [[European Single Market]] and using its single currency, the euro. Through its [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy]], the EU has the capability to speak with one voice on the world stage and has established [[European Union Association Agreement|association and free trade agreements]] with many states. Furthermore, through the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]] and [[Union for the Mediterranean]] it is creating closer ties with countries on its borders; while developing ties with other former European colonies, the [[ACP countries]].


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Countries seeking membership in the EU must undergo a great deal of reform, for example the reforms seen in Turkey, such as [[Capital punishment in Turkey|the abolition of capital punishment]].<ref>[http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/eu-turkey-relations/article-129678 EU-Turkey relations] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706153600/http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/eu-turkey-relations/article-129678 |date=July 6, 2008 }} euractiv.com</ref> The emergence of the Union's global influence, and the draw of membership, has been the subject of a number of academic writings. Mark Leonard describes the area of EU influence as the "Eurosphere".
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The '''Eurosphere''' or the '''European Empire'''<ref name=ziel/> is a concept associated with the public intellectual [[Mark Leonard (director)|Mark Leonard]],<ref>Leonard, M. (2005), ''Why Europe will run the 21st century'', Fourth Estate: London.</ref> [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] academic Jan Zielonka,<ref name=ziel>Zielonka, J. (2006), ''Europe as Empire'', [[Oxford University Press]]: Oxford.</ref> the European Union Director-General for Politico-Military Affairs [[Robert Cooper (diplomat)|Robert Cooper]];<ref>Cooper, R. (2003), ''The Breaking of Nations'', Atlantic Books: London.</ref> and the [[European Commission]] President [[José Manuel Barroso]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The birth of new rome |url= http://www.globalpowereurope.eu/2007/07/birth-of-new-rome.html |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100612085544/http://www.globalpowereurope.eu/2007/07/birth-of-new-rome.html |archivedate = 12 June 2010 |df= dmy-all}}</ref>

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Over the past 50 years, the [[European Union]] has expanded from the 6 [[Inner Six|founding members]] to 27; additionally there are 8 candidate and potential candidate countries waiting to join. A number of Western European countries are integrated economically, as part of the Union's single market or using its single currency, the euro. Through its [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy]], the EU has the capability to speak with one voice on the world stage and has established [[European Union Association Agreement|association and free trade agreements]] with many states. Furthermore, through the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]] and [[Union for the Mediterranean]] it is creating closer ties with countries on its borders; while developing ties with other former European colonies, the [[ACP countries]].

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Countries seeking membership in the EU undergo a great deal of reform, for example the huge reforms seen in Turkey, such as [[Capital punishment in Turkey|the abolition of capital punishment]].<ref>[http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/eu-turkey-relations/article-129678 EU-Turkey relations] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706153600/http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/eu-turkey-relations/article-129678 |date=July 6, 2008 }} euractiv.com</ref> The emergence of the Union's influence, and the draw of membership, has been the subject of a number of academic writings. Mark Leonard describes the area of EU influence as the "Eurosphere".


== Countries within the Eurosphere ==
== Countries within the Eurosphere ==
[[Image:EU neighbourhood initiatives.PNG|thumb|[[European Union|EU]] regional initiatives; [[Future enlargement of the European Union#States and entities on the current agenda|current enlargement agenda]] ([[Stabilisation and Association Process|SAP]] and candidate countries), [[European Neighbourhood Policy|ENP]]; [[Eastern Partnership]], [[Euromediterranean Partnership]] and [[EU-Russia Common Spaces]]]]

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According to Mark Leonard, the Eurosphere includes 109 countries. In Europe, this includes the 27 member states of the EU, applicant countries wishing to join the EU, the [[Western Balkans]], and European [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] countries (including [[Armenia]], [[Belarus]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Moldova]], [[Ukraine]], and transcontinental [[Kazakhstan]]). Curiously he does not mention Western European countries such as [[Norway]] who are already integrated into the EU's single market. Outside Europe, he lists every African country and every Middle Eastern country, as well as the countries forming the eastern border of the Eurosphere such as [[Iran]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Russia]], and [[Central Asia]].<ref>Leonard, M. ''Why Europe will run the 21st century'' (2004, Fourth Estate). '''Appendix: p.145-146'''.</ref>

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Other countries that could be said to be within the Eurosphere might include European countries belonging to the [[European Economic Area]], such as [[Iceland]] or [[Liechtenstein]], states using the [[euro]] as their currency, such as [[San Marino]] and [[Monaco]], or the [[Special member state territories and the European Union|Union's overseas territories]], such as [[Aruba]], [[Bermuda]], or [[Greenland]], as well as the EU's outermost regions in the [[Caribbean]], South Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Southern oceans, such as [[Saint Martin]], [[Martinique]], or [[La Réunion]]. The above-mentioned groups all have strong economic and political links with the EU today.


{{Supranational European Bodies |size=300px |align=right}}
== Quotes ==
{{cquote|The postmodern, European answer to threats is to extend the system of co-operative empire ever wider. "I have no way to defend my borders but to extend them", said Catherine the Great—and the European Union sometimes seems to be saying the same.|30px|30px|[[Robert Cooper (diplomat)|Robert Cooper]]|''2003''}}


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According to Mark Leonard, the Eurosphere includes 109 countries. In [[Europe]], this includes the 27 member states of the EU, applicant countries wishing to join the EU, the [[Western Balkans]] and European [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] countries (including [[Armenia]], [[Belarus]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Moldova]], [[Ukraine]] and transcontinental [[Kazakhstan]]). He does not mention Western European countries such as [[Norway]] who are already integrated into the EU's single market. Outside of Europe, he lists every African country and every Middle Eastern country, as well as the countries forming the eastern border of the Eurosphere such as [[Iran]], [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Russia]].<ref>Leonard, M. ''Why Europe will run the 21st century'' (2004, Fourth Estate). '''Appendix: p.145-146'''.</ref>
{{cquote|But the next wave of European transformation is only just beginning. The European Union is starting to develop an enormous sphere of influence, extending way beyond its borders, that could be called the "Eurosphere". This belt of eighty countries covering the former Soviet Union, the Western Balkans, the Middle East, North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 20 per cent of the world's population.|30px|30px|[[Mark Leonard (director)|Mark Leonard]]|''2005''}}


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Other countries that could be said to be within the Eurosphere include European countries belonging to the [[European Economic Area]], such as [[Iceland]] or [[Liechtenstein]], states using the [[euro]] as their currency, such as [[Andorra]], [[Monaco]] and [[San Marino]], or the EU's [[Special member state territories and the European Union|Outermost Regions]] (OMR) in the [[Caribbean]], South America and in the Atlantic, such as [[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[La Réunion]], [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]]. In addition, the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT) closely associated with the EU in the Atlantic, Caribbean, Pacific and Southern oceans are generally included in the Eurosphere such as [[Aruba]], [[Bonaire]], [[Curaçao]], [[French Polynesia]], [[Greenland]] and [[Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon]].
{{cquote|What we have is the first non-imperial empire...We have twenty-seven countries that fully decided to work together and to pool their sovereignty. I believe it is a great construction and we should be proud of it.|30px|30px|[[José Manuel Barroso]]|''2007''}}


== See also ==
== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
<!-- * [[Centre for European Reform]] -->
* [[Council of Europe]]
* [[Council of Europe]]
* [[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]]
* [[ECHO (European Commission)]]
* [[ECHO (European Commission)]]
** [[ACP-EU Development Cooperation]]
** [[ACP-EU Development Cooperation]]
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** [[European Union Association Agreement]]
** [[European Union Association Agreement]]
** [[European Economic Area]]
** [[European Economic Area]]
** [[Future Enlargement of the European Union]]
** [[Potential enlargement of the European Union]]
* [[Eurasian Economic Union]]
* [[European integration]]
* [[European integration]]
* [[European Neighbourhood Policy]]
* [[European Neighbourhood Policy]]
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*** [[Mediterranean Union]]
*** [[Mediterranean Union]]
* [[European Union as a potential superpower]]
* [[European Union as a potential superpower]]
* [[Eurovoc]]
* [[EuroVoc]]
* [[Foreign relations of the European Union]]
* [[Foreign relations of the European Union]]
** [[Third-country economic relationships with the European Union|EU economic relationships]]
** [[Third-country economic relationships with the European Union|EU economic relationships]]
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* [[Greater Europe]]
* [[Multi-speed Europe]]
* [[Multi-speed Europe]]
* [[Pro-Europeanism]]
* [[Pro-Europeanism]]
* [[European Federation|United States of Europe]]
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* [[Sphere of influence]]
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* [[United States of Europe]]
* [[Southeast Europe Transport Community]]
* [[Southeast Europe Transport Community]]
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


==References==
==Notes and references==
<references group="note"/>
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last= Ankerl |first= Guy |title= Global communication without universal civilization |year= 2000 |series= INU societal research |volume= Vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western |publisher= INU Press |location= Geneva |isbn= 2-88155-004-5 |pages= }}
* {{cite book|last= Ankerl |first= Guy |title= Global communication without universal civilization |year= 2000 |series= INU societal research |volume= 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western |publisher= INU Press |location= Geneva |isbn= 2-88155-004-5 }}


== External links ==
== External links ==
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* Mahony, Honor (2007-07-11) [http://euobserver.com/9/24458 Barroso says EU is an 'empire'] ''EU Observer''.
* Mahony, Honor (2007-07-11) [http://euobserver.com/9/24458 Barroso says EU is an 'empire'] ''EU Observer''.


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{{European Union topics}}
{{European Union candidates|state=collapsed}}
{{Foreign relations of the European Union 2}}
{{Foreign relations of the European Union 2}}
{{Europe_topics_(small)|state=collapsed}}
{{Europe_topics_(small)|state=collapsed}}
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{{European Union topics}}
{{Western culture}}
{{Western culture}}
{{clear}}
{{clear}}
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[[Category:Foreign relations of the European Union]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the European Union]]
[[Category:Political neologisms]]
[[Category:Political neologisms]]
[[Category:Words coined in the 2000s]]
[[Category:2000s neologisms]]
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[[Category:Spheres of influence]]
[[Category:Western culture]]

Latest revision as of 14:48, 2 August 2024

The Western and or westernized world.

The Eurosphere or the European Empire[1] is a concept centered around the European Union's sphere of influence, a term associated with the public intellectual Mark Leonard,[2] Oxford University academic Jan Zielonka,[1] the European Union Director-General for Politico-Military Affairs Robert Cooper[3] and the former European Commission President José Manuel Barroso.[4]

Background

[edit]
Cited Eurosphere:

Over the past 50 years, the European Union has expanded from 6 founding members to 27; additionally there are 7 candidate and potential candidate countries waiting to join: Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Ukraine, which are candidates, and Kosovo, which is a potential candidate. A number of European countries are integrated economically, as part of the European Single Market and using its single currency, the euro. Through its High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, the EU has the capability to speak with one voice on the world stage and has established association and free trade agreements with many states. Furthermore, through the European Neighbourhood Policy and Union for the Mediterranean it is creating closer ties with countries on its borders; while developing ties with other former European colonies, the ACP countries.

Countries seeking membership in the EU must undergo a great deal of reform, for example the reforms seen in Turkey, such as the abolition of capital punishment.[5] The emergence of the Union's global influence, and the draw of membership, has been the subject of a number of academic writings. Mark Leonard describes the area of EU influence as the "Eurosphere".

Countries within the Eurosphere

[edit]
European Political CommunitySchengen AreaCouncil of EuropeEuropean UnionEuropean Economic AreaEurozoneEuropean Union Customs UnionEuropean Free Trade AssociationNordic CouncilVisegrád GroupBaltic AssemblyBeneluxGUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic DevelopmentCentral European Free Trade AgreementOpen BalkanOrganization of the Black Sea Economic CooperationUnion StateCommon Travel AreaInternational status and usage of the euro#Sovereign statesSwitzerlandLiechtensteinIcelandNorwaySwedenDenmarkFinlandPolandCzech RepublicHungarySlovakiaBulgariaRomaniaGreeceEstoniaLatviaLithuaniaBelgiumNetherlandsLuxembourgItalyFranceSpainAustriaGermanyPortugalSloveniaMaltaCroatiaCyprusRepublic of IrelandUnited KingdomTurkeyMonacoAndorraSan MarinoVatican CityGeorgia (country)UkraineAzerbaijanMoldovaBosnia and HerzegovinaArmeniaMontenegroNorth MacedoniaAlbaniaSerbiaKosovoRussiaBelarus
An Euler diagram showing the relationships between various multinational European organisations and agreements

According to Mark Leonard, the Eurosphere includes 109 countries. In Europe, this includes the 27 member states of the EU, applicant countries wishing to join the EU, the Western Balkans and European Commonwealth of Independent States countries (including Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and transcontinental Kazakhstan). He does not mention Western European countries such as Norway who are already integrated into the EU's single market. Outside of Europe, he lists every African country and every Middle Eastern country, as well as the countries forming the eastern border of the Eurosphere such as Iran, Azerbaijan and Russia.[6]

Other countries that could be said to be within the Eurosphere include European countries belonging to the European Economic Area, such as Iceland or Liechtenstein, states using the euro as their currency, such as Andorra, Monaco and San Marino, or the EU's Outermost Regions (OMR) in the Caribbean, South America and in the Atlantic, such as French Guiana, Guadeloupe, La Réunion, Martinique and Saint Martin. In addition, the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT) closely associated with the EU in the Atlantic, Caribbean, Pacific and Southern oceans are generally included in the Eurosphere such as Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, French Polynesia, Greenland and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Zielonka, J. (2006), Europe as Empire, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
  2. ^ Leonard, M. (2005), Why Europe will run the 21st century, Fourth Estate: London.
  3. ^ Cooper, R. (2003), The Breaking of Nations, Atlantic Books: London.
  4. ^ "The birth of new rome". Archived from the original on 12 June 2010.
  5. ^ EU-Turkey relations Archived July 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine euractiv.com
  6. ^ Leonard, M. Why Europe will run the 21st century (2004, Fourth Estate). Appendix: p.145-146.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Ankerl, Guy (2000). Global communication without universal civilization. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. ISBN 2-88155-004-5.
[edit]
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