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{{Short description|Jelly popular in Taiwan and Singapore}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2008}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2008}}
{{for|the Southwest Chinese dessert|bingfen}}
[[Image:Aiyu jelly by abon in Taiwan.jpg|thumb|Closeup of Aiyu jelly served with a lime slice and cranberries]]
{{Infobox prepared food
⚫
'''Aiyu jelly''' ([[wikt:愛|愛]][[wikt:玉|玉]][[wikt:冰|冰]]; pinyin: àiyù bīng; or [[wikt:愛|愛]][[wikt:玉|玉]][[wikt:凍|凍]], pinyin: àiyù dòng; [[Min Nan]]: [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]]: ò-giô, from [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] igos), known as '''ice jelly''' in Singapore ([[wikt:文|文]][[wikt:頭|頭]][[wikt:雪|雪]]; pinyin: wéntóu xǔe), is a jelly made from the gel from the seeds of a variety of [[ficus|fig]] ([[Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang|''Ficus pumila'' var. ''awkeotsang'']]) found in [[Taiwan]] and [[East Asia]]n countries of the same climates and [[latitude]]s<ref name=waynes>{{cite web|author=Wayne P. Armstrong|url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph37.htm| title=Asian grass jelly|accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref>. The jelly is not commonly made or found outside of Taiwan and Singapore, though it can be bought fresh in specialty stores in [[Japan]] and canned in [[Chinatown]]s. It is known as ''ò-giô'' in [[Taiwanese Minnan|Taiwanese]] and is used in [[Taiwanese cuisine]].
| name = Aiyu jelly
| image = Aiyu jelly by abon in Taiwan.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Aiyu jelly served with a slice of [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] and candied roselle
| alternate_name = Ice jelly
| country = [[Taiwan]]
| region =
| creator =
| course =
| served =
| main_ingredient = Fig seed gel
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
⚫
'''Aiyu jelly''' ({{zh|t={{linktext|愛玉冰}}|p=àiyùbīng}}; or {{zh|t={{linktext|愛玉凍}}|p=àiyùdòng|labels=no}}; or simply {{zh|t={{linktext|愛玉}}|p=àiyù|labels=no}}), known in [[Amoy Hokkien]] as '''''ogio''''' ({{zh|t={{linktext|薁蕘}}|poj=ò-giô}}),<ref>{{holodict|12372}}</ref> and as '''ice jelly''' in Singapore ({{zh|t={{linktext|文|頭|雪}}|p=wéntóu xuě|links=no}}), is a jelly made from the gel from the seeds of the [[Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang|awkeotsang creeping fig]] found in Taiwan and [[East Asia]]n countries of the same climates and [[latitude]]s.<ref name=waynes>{{cite web|author=Wayne P. Armstrong |url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph37.htm |title=Asian grass jelly |access-date=2008-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219124613/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph37.htm |archive-date=19 February 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The jelly is not commonly made or found outside of Taiwan, Malaysia, and Singapore, though it can be bought fresh in specialty stores in [[Japan]] and canned in [[Chinatown]]s. It is also used in [[Taiwanese cuisine]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wong |first1=Maggie Hiufu |title=40 of the best Taiwanese foods and drinks |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/40-taiwan-food/index.html |work=CNN |date=27 July 2015 }}</ref>

In [[Cantonese]], it is also known as man tau long (文頭郎). It is commonly served with a slice of lime.


==Origin==
==Origin==
[[Image:F pumila.jpg|thumb|right| Dried inside out fruit of F. pumila var awkeotsang, ready for use]]
[[File:F pumila.jpg|thumb|right| Dried inside out fruit of [[Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang|''F. pumila'' var ''awkeotsang'']], ready for use]]
According to oral history, the plant and the jelly were named after the daughter of a Taiwanese tea businessman in the 1800s. The jelling property of the seeds was discovered by the businessman as he drank from a river in [[Chiayi]]. He found a clear yellowish jelly in the water he was drinking and was refreshed upon trying it. Looking above the river he noticed fruits on hanging vines. The fruits contained seeds that exuded a sticky gel when rubbed.
According to oral history, the plant and the jelly were named after the daughter of a Taiwanese tea businessman in the 1800s. The gelling property of the seeds was discovered by the businessman as he drank from a creek in [[Chiayi]]. He found a clear yellowish jelly in the water he was drinking and was refreshed upon trying it. Looking above the creek he noticed fruits on hanging vines. The fruits contained seeds that exuded a sticky gel when rubbed.


Upon this discovery, he gathered some of the fruits and served them at home with honeyed lemon juice or sweetened beverages. Finding the jelly-containing beverage delicious and thirst-quenching, the enterprising businessman delegated the task of selling it to his beautiful 15-year-old daughter, Aiyu. The snack was very well-received and became highly popular. So, the businessman eventually named the jelly and the vines after his daughter.<ref name=PBL>{{cite web|author=Global Project Based Learning Forum and Exhibition|title=Precious Plants Around Us (2006)|url=http://210.71.15.162/pbl/pbl330/pbl330/conclusion.htm|accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref>.
Upon this discovery, he gathered some of the fruits and served them at home with honeyed lemon juice or sweetened beverages. Finding the jelly-containing beverage delicious and thirst-quenching, the enterprising businessman delegated the task of selling it to his 15-year-old daughter, Aiyu. The snack was very well received and became highly popular. So, the businessman eventually named the jelly and the vines after his daughter.{{fact|date=October 2020}}


However, the [[Austronesian]] origin of the Chinese name hints at a different origin.
The [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] name for the food is ''igos''.


==Harvesting==
==Harvesting==
Fruits of the plant resemble large fig fruits the size of small [[mango]]s and are harvested from September through January just before the fruit ripens to a dark purple. The fruits are then halved and turned inside out to dry over the course of several days. The dry fruits can be sold as is, or dried aiyu seeds (愛玉子, pinyin: aiyu zi) can then be pulled off the skin and sold separately.<ref name=PBL/>
Fruits of the [[Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang|creeping fig]] plant resemble large fig fruits the size of small [[mango]]s. The figs grow from flowers pollinated by the ''[[Wiebesia pumilae]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=You-ling |last2=Huang |first2=Mei-li |last3=Wu |first3=Wen-shan |last4=Wang |first4=Ai-fang |last5=Bao |first5=Tiantian |last6=Zheng |first6=Cui-fang |last7=Chou |first7=Lien-siang |last8=Tzeng |first8=Hsy-yu |last9=Tu |first9=Shu-wen |title=The floral scent of Ficus pumila var. pumila and its effect on the choosing behavior of pollinating wasps of Wiebesia pumilae |journal=Acta Ecologica Sinica |date=1 October 2016 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=321–326 |doi=10.1016/j.chnaes.2016.06.008 }}</ref> and are harvested from September through January just before the fruit ripens to a dark purple. The fruits are then halved and turned inside out to dry over the course of several days. The dry fruits can be sold as is, or dried aiyu seeds ({{zh|t=愛玉子|p=aiyu zi|links=no}}) can then be pulled off the skin and sold separately.{{fact|date=October 2020}}


==Jelly making==
==Jelly making==
[[Image:Aiyu jelly by brappy! in Taipei.jpg|thumb|''Aiyu'' jelly displayed with ice and lemon halves]]
[[File:Aiyu jelly by brappy! in Taipei.jpg|thumb|''Aiyu'' jelly displayed with ice and lime halves]]
The aiyu seeds are placed in a cotton cloth bag, and the bag and its contents are submerged in cold water and rubbed. A slimy gel will be extracted from the bag of aiyu seeds as it is squeezed and massaged. This is known as "washing aiyu" in Chinese (洗愛玉). After several minutes of massaging and washing, no more of the yellowish tea-coloured gel will be extracted, and the contents of the bag are discarded. The washed gel is then allowed to set into a jelly either in a cool location or in the refrigerator. One must keep in mind certain things when making aiyu jelly or else the gel may not set:
The aiyu seeds are placed in a cotton cloth bag, and the bag and its contents are submerged in cold water and rubbed. A slimy gel will be extracted from the bag of aiyu seeds as it is squeezed and massaged. This is known as "washing aiyu" in Chinese (洗愛玉). After several minutes of massaging and washing, no more of the yellowish tea-coloured gel will be extracted, and the contents of the bag are discarded. The washed gel is then allowed to set into a jelly either in a cool location or in the refrigerator. One must keep in mind certain things when making aiyu jelly or else the gel may not set:
#There must not be any grease in the container or water used to wash or set the gel,
#There must not be any grease in the container or water used to wash or set the gel,
Line 21: Line 40:
#Distilled water must not be used since the gelling depends on the presence of minerals in the water,
#Distilled water must not be used since the gelling depends on the presence of minerals in the water,
#During washing, the seeds must not be rubbed so hard as to rupture their shells.
#During washing, the seeds must not be rubbed so hard as to rupture their shells.
Water will slowly seep out of the jelly some time after it sets, and it will turn back to a liquid over the course of several days.<ref name=PBL/>
Water will [[Syneresis (chemistry)|slowly seep]] out of the jelly some time after it sets, and it will turn back to a liquid over the course of several days.{{fact|date=October 2020}}

⚫
The jelly is usually served with [[honey]] and [[lemon juice]] but can also be included in other sweetened beverages or shaved ice and is particularly popular as a cool drink in hot summers.


== Chemistry ==
⚫
The jelly is usually served with [[honey]] and [[lemon juice]] but can also be included in other sweetened beverages or shaved ice and is particularly popular as a cool drink in hot summers. Since the gel does not dissolve in hot water, aiyu is sometimes used as an ingredient in [[hot pot]].
The [[Thickening agent|gelling agent]] in aiyu seeds is [[pectin]]. Pectines are located in the transparent layer on the surface of seeds and not the inside of seeds, which is why they are extracted by washing and rubbing instead of grinding to a powder.<ref name="Liang et al 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Liang |first1=Rui-hong |last2=Chen |first2=Jun |last3=Liu |first3=Wei |last4=Liu |first4=Cheng-mei |last5=Yu |first5=Wen |last6=Yuan |first6=Min |last7=Zhou |first7=Xiao-qing |title=Extraction, characterization and spontaneous gel-forming property of pectin from creeping fig (Ficus pumila Linn.) seeds |journal=Carbohydrate Polymers |date=January 2012 |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=76–83 |doi=10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.07.013 |pmid=34663033 }}</ref> The main component of the water extract was found to be LMP (low methoxy pectin), as opposed to high metoxy pectins prevalent in commercially used sources such as apples or citrus peels.<ref name="Liang et al 2012" /> LMP gels in presence of [[Valence (chemistry)|divalent]] [[Cation|cations]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Durand |first1=D. |last2=Bertrand |first2=C. |last3=Clark |first3=A.H. |last4=Lips |first4=A. |title=Calcium-induced gelation of low methoxy pectin solutions — thermodynamic and rheological considerations |journal=International Journal of Biological Macromolecules |date=February 1990 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=14–18 |doi=10.1016/0141-8130(90)90076-m |pmid=2083236 }}</ref> which are found in sufficient amount in water (when undistilled), thus causing a creation of jelly.<ref name="Liang et al 2012" />


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
* [[Taiwanese cuisine]]
* [[List of Taiwanese desserts and snacks]]
* [[Night markets in Taiwan]]
*[[Climbing fig tofu]]
*[[Grass jelly]]
*[[Grass jelly]]
*[[Gelatin dessert]]
*[[Gelatin dessert]]
*''[[O-aew]]'', a variant of ''aiyu'' jelly found in Phuket, Thailand
*[[Bingfen]]


==References==
==References==
<div class="references-small">{{reflist|2}}</div>
{{reflist|2}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o90yORsc3PI Video of a family making Aiyu jelly]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o90yORsc3PI Video of a family making Aiyu jelly]
*[http://www.lilyfruit.com.tw/data_29/book_01.php The harvest of the fruit its processing and its nutritional content]
*[http://www.lilyfruit.com.tw/data_29/book_01.php The harvest of the fruit its processing and its nutritional content]
*[http://blog.coa.gov.tw/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=1124&blogId=3 Precise making of the jelly]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091216190016/http://blog.coa.gov.tw/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=1124&blogId=3 Precise making of the jelly]


{{Taiwanese cuisine}}
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[[Category:Ficus]]
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[[Category:Gels]]
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[[Category:Taiwanese cuisine]]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Aiyu Jelly}}
[[es:Gelatina de aiyu]]
⚫
[[Category:Fig dishes]]
[[ja:アイギョクシ]]
[[zh:愛玉子]]
[[Category:Edible gels]]
⚫
[[Category:Taiwanese desserts]]

Latest revision as of 04:01, 3 August 2024

For the Southwest Chinese dessert, see bingfen.
Aiyu jelly
Aiyu jelly served with a slice of lime and candied roselle
Alternative namesIce jelly
Place of originTaiwan
Main ingredientsFig seed gel

Aiyu jelly (Chinese: 愛玉冰; pinyin: àiyùbīng; or 愛玉凍; àiyùdòng; or simply 愛玉; àiyù), known in Amoy Hokkien as ogio (Chinese: 薁蕘; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ò-giô),[1] and as ice jelly in Singapore (Chinese: 文頭雪; pinyin: wéntóu xuě), is a jelly made from the gel from the seeds of the awkeotsang creeping fig found in Taiwan and East Asian countries of the same climates and latitudes.[2] The jelly is not commonly made or found outside of Taiwan, Malaysia, and Singapore, though it can be bought fresh in specialty stores in Japan and canned in Chinatowns. It is also used in Taiwanese cuisine.[3]

In Cantonese, it is also known as man tau long (文頭郎). It is commonly served with a slice of lime.

Origin

[edit]
Dried inside out fruit of F. pumila var awkeotsang, ready for use

According to oral history, the plant and the jelly were named after the daughter of a Taiwanese tea businessman in the 1800s. The gelling property of the seeds was discovered by the businessman as he drank from a creek in Chiayi. He found a clear yellowish jelly in the water he was drinking and was refreshed upon trying it. Looking above the creek he noticed fruits on hanging vines. The fruits contained seeds that exuded a sticky gel when rubbed.

Upon this discovery, he gathered some of the fruits and served them at home with honeyed lemon juice or sweetened beverages. Finding the jelly-containing beverage delicious and thirst-quenching, the enterprising businessman delegated the task of selling it to his 15-year-old daughter, Aiyu. The snack was very well received and became highly popular. So, the businessman eventually named the jelly and the vines after his daughter.[citation needed]

The Austronesian name for the food is igos.

Harvesting

[edit]

Fruits of the creeping fig plant resemble large fig fruits the size of small mangos. The figs grow from flowers pollinated by the Wiebesia pumilae.[4] and are harvested from September through January just before the fruit ripens to a dark purple. The fruits are then halved and turned inside out to dry over the course of several days. The dry fruits can be sold as is, or dried aiyu seeds (Chinese: 愛玉子; pinyin: aiyu zi) can then be pulled off the skin and sold separately.[citation needed]

Jelly making

[edit]
Aiyu jelly displayed with ice and lime halves

The aiyu seeds are placed in a cotton cloth bag, and the bag and its contents are submerged in cold water and rubbed. A slimy gel will be extracted from the bag of aiyu seeds as it is squeezed and massaged. This is known as "washing aiyu" in Chinese (洗愛玉). After several minutes of massaging and washing, no more of the yellowish tea-coloured gel will be extracted, and the contents of the bag are discarded. The washed gel is then allowed to set into a jelly either in a cool location or in the refrigerator. One must keep in mind certain things when making aiyu jelly or else the gel may not set:

  1. There must not be any grease in the container or water used to wash or set the gel,
  2. Sugar must not be added to the aiyu prior to the setting of the gel,
  3. Distilled water must not be used since the gelling depends on the presence of minerals in the water,
  4. During washing, the seeds must not be rubbed so hard as to rupture their shells.

Water will slowly seep out of the jelly some time after it sets, and it will turn back to a liquid over the course of several days.[citation needed]

The jelly is usually served with honey and lemon juice but can also be included in other sweetened beverages or shaved ice and is particularly popular as a cool drink in hot summers.

Chemistry

[edit]

The gelling agent in aiyu seeds is pectin. Pectines are located in the transparent layer on the surface of seeds and not the inside of seeds, which is why they are extracted by washing and rubbing instead of grinding to a powder.[5] The main component of the water extract was found to be LMP (low methoxy pectin), as opposed to high metoxy pectins prevalent in commercially used sources such as apples or citrus peels.[5] LMP gels in presence of divalent cations,[6] which are found in sufficient amount in water (when undistilled), thus causing a creation of jelly.[5]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Entry #12372". 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan]. (in Chinese and Hokkien). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011.
  2. ^ Wayne P. Armstrong. "Asian grass jelly". Archived from the original on 19 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
  3. ^ Wong, Maggie Hiufu (27 July 2015). "40 of the best Taiwanese foods and drinks". CNN.
  4. ^ Chen, You-ling; Huang, Mei-li; Wu, Wen-shan; Wang, Ai-fang; Bao, Tiantian; Zheng, Cui-fang; Chou, Lien-siang; Tzeng, Hsy-yu; Tu, Shu-wen (1 October 2016). "The floral scent of Ficus pumila var. pumila and its effect on the choosing behavior of pollinating wasps of Wiebesia pumilae". Acta Ecologica Sinica. 36 (5): 321–326. doi:10.1016/j.chnaes.2016.06.008.
  5. ^ a b c Liang, Rui-hong; Chen, Jun; Liu, Wei; Liu, Cheng-mei; Yu, Wen; Yuan, Min; Zhou, Xiao-qing (January 2012). "Extraction, characterization and spontaneous gel-forming property of pectin from creeping fig (Ficus pumila Linn.) seeds". Carbohydrate Polymers. 87 (1): 76–83. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.07.013. PMID 34663033.
  6. ^ Durand, D.; Bertrand, C.; Clark, A.H.; Lips, A. (February 1990). "Calcium-induced gelation of low methoxy pectin solutions — thermodynamic and rheological considerations". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 12 (1): 14–18. doi:10.1016/0141-8130(90)90076-m. PMID 2083236.
[edit]
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