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{{short description|UK-based provider of DVD-by-mail and streaming video on demand in the UK and Germany}}
{{Short description|UK-based provider of DVD-by-mail and streaming video on demand}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox company
{{Infobox company
| name = Lovefilm International Ltd.
| name = Lovefilm International Ltd.
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| industry = [[Electronic commerce]]
| industry = [[Electronic commerce]]
| fate = Folded into [[Amazon Instant Video]]
| fate = Folded into [[Amazon Instant Video]]
| successor = [[Amazon Instant Video UK]] <br> Amazon Instant Video Germany
| successor = [[Amazon Prime Video|Prime Video]]
| founded = 2002
| founded = 2002
| founders = Graham Bosher<br>[[Alex Chesterman]]<br>Paul Gardner<br>Saul Klein<br>William Reeve<br>
| founders = Graham Bosher<br />[[Alex Chesterman]]<br />Paul Gardner<br />[[Thomas Hoegh]]<br />Saul Klein<br />William Reeve<br />
| defunct = {{start date|df=yes|2017|10|31}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-40925062|title = Lovefilm by Post DVD rental service to close|work = BBC News|date = 14 August 2017}}</ref>
| defunct = {{start date|2012|31|10}}
| hq_location_city = [[London]]
| hq_location_city = [[London]]
| hq_location_country = [[United Kingdom]]
| hq_location_country = [[England]]
| area_served = [[United Kingdom|UK]]
| area_served = [[United Kingdom]]<br />[[Sweden]]<br />[[Norway]]<br />[[Denmark]]<br />[[Germany]]
| key_people = Christopher Cunningham ([[Majority shareholder|MSH]])<br>Jeff Siemanym ([[Chief operating officer|Operations Director]])
| key_people = Christopher Cunningham ([[Majority shareholder|MSH]])<br />Jeff Siemanym ([[Chief operating officer|Operations Director]])
| products = [[DVD-by-mail]]<br>[[video on demand]]
| products = [[DVD-by-mail]]<br />[[video on demand]]
| services = [[PlayStation 3]] – November 2010<br>[[Xbox 360]] – December 2011<br>[[iPad]] – September 2011 and wii
| services = [[PlayStation 3]] – November 2010<br />[[Xbox 360]] – December 2011<br />[[iPad]] – September 2011<br /> [[Wii]] and [[Wii U]] – December 2012
| parent = [[Amazon (company)|Amazon.com]]
| parent = [[Amazon (company)|Amazon.com]]
| divisions = Lovefilm UK
| divisions = Lovefilm UK
| website = https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/bypost/storefront?node=3054240031
| website = [https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/bypost/storefront?node=3054240031 Amazon storefront]
}}
}}


'''LoveFilm''' was a [[United Kingdom]]–based provider of [[DVD-by-mail]] and [[media streaming|streaming]] [[video on demand]] in the [[United Kingdom]], [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Denmark]] and [[Germany]].
'''LoveFilm''' was a [[United Kingdom]]–based provider of [[DVD-by-mail]] and [[media streaming|streaming]] [[video on demand]] in the [[United Kingdom]], [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Denmark]] and [[Germany]].


Acquired by [[Amazon (company)|Amazon.com]] in 2011, the service had reached 2 million subscribers. It also claimed over 70,000 titles, and over 4 million DVD, Blu-ray or game rentals per month in five countries. Through a series of acquisitions, Lovefilm quickly became the leading online DVD rental and streaming outlet in the UK and Europe.
Acquired by [[Amazon (company)|Amazon.com]] in 2011, the service had reached 2 million subscribers. It claimed over 70,000 titles, and over 4 million DVD, Blu-ray or game rentals per month in five countries. Through a series of acquisitions, Lovefilm quickly became the leading online DVD rental and streaming outlet in the UK and Europe.


The company offered a download service alongside postal delivery but this ceased on 23 February 2009.<ref>[http://www.lovefilm.com/help/dyn_faqs.html?editorial_id=9148 "LoveFilm download service now offline"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708035059/http://www.lovefilm.com/help/dyn_faqs.html?editorial_id=9148 |date=8 July 2012 }}. Lovefilm.com.</ref> The company also started a "watch online" service which offered over 4,700 films available to watch as part of a subscription. This online viewing was available for free to subscribers who had opted for one of their unlimited monthly rental plans or the unlimited streaming-only account.
The company offered a download service alongside postal delivery but this ceased on 23 February 2009.<ref>[http://www.lovefilm.com/help/dyn_faqs.html?editorial_id=9148 "LoveFilm download service now offline"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708035059/http://www.lovefilm.com/help/dyn_faqs.html?editorial_id=9148 |date=8 July 2012 }}. Lovefilm.com.</ref> The company also started a "watch online" service which offered over 4,700 films available to watch as part of a subscription. This online viewing was available for free to subscribers who had opted for one of their unlimited monthly rental plans or the unlimited streaming-only account.


On 26 February 2014, Amazon announced that Lovefilm's streaming service would be folded into its [[Prime Video|Instant Video]] service, and in August 2017, Amazon announced that the ''Lovefilm By Post'' service would end on 31 October 2017, citing a "decreasing demand" for the discs.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-40925062 "Lovefilm by post DVD rental service to close"]. [[BBC News]].</ref>
On 26 February 2014, Amazon announced that Lovefilm's streaming service would be folded into its [[Amazon Prime Video|Instant Video]] service, and in August 2017, Amazon announced that the ''Lovefilm By Post'' service would end on 31 October 2017, citing a "decreasing demand" for the discs.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-40925062 "Lovefilm by post DVD rental service to close"]. [[BBC News]].</ref>


==History==
==History==
Lovefilm grew via 10 mergers, and the acquisition of several other on-line DVD rental companies – the three main ones being Online Rentals Limited (the original company), ScreenSelect and Video Island. Scandinavian Netflix clones Boxman, Brafilm and Digitarian were launched in 2002-2003 at the very same time as their UK-peers.
Lovefilm grew via 10 mergers, and the acquisition of several other on-line DVD rental companies – the three main ones being Online Rentals Limited (the original company), ScreenSelect and Video Island. Scandinavian Netflix clones Boxman, Brafilm and Digitarian were launched in 2002–2003, at the very same time as their UK-peers.


In May 2002, Paul Gardner and Graham Bosher launched Online Rentals Limited (trading as DVDsOnTap), based in [[Harlow]], Essex.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2828707/Starting-Out.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Wendy | last=Grossman | title=Starting Out | date=30 September 2002}}</ref><ref>[http://www.crunchbase.com/company/lovefilm LOVEFiLM | CrunchBase Profile]. Crunchbase.com.</ref>
In May 2002, Paul Gardner and Graham Bosher launched Online Rentals Limited (trading as DVDsOnTap), based in [[Harlow]], Essex.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2828707/Starting-Out.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2828707/Starting-Out.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Wendy | last=Grossman | title=Starting Out | date=30 September 2002}}{{cbignore}}</ref>


In September 2003, William Reeve and [[Alex Chesterman]] launched [[ScreenSelect]], based in [[Acton, London|Acton]] in West London. And in the same month Saul Klein launched Video Island, based in [[Kings Cross, London|Kings Cross]] in central London, with backing from Simon Franks' [[Lionsgate UK|Redbus Films]].<ref>LOVEFiLM History – Amazon to Acquire LOVEFiLM International Limited https://www.amazon.co.uk/ref=as_li_ss_tl?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=19450&linkCode=ur2</ref>
In September 2003, William Reeve and [[Alex Chesterman]] launched [[ScreenSelect]], based in [[Acton, London|Acton]] in [[West London]]. And in the same month Saul Klein launched Video Island, based in [[Kings Cross, London|Kings Cross]] in central London, with backing from Simon Franks' [[Lionsgate UK|Redbus Films]].<ref>LOVEFiLM History – Amazon to Acquire LOVEFiLM International Limited https://www.amazon.co.uk/ref=as_li_ss_tl?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=19450&linkCode=ur2</ref>


In June 2003, Ari Wegter, Lasse Stilvang and Joshua Mortensen launched Digitarian in Denmark while Mattias Miksche and Jonas Svensson started Boxman in Stockholm. These two firms established an alliance which dominated the nascent DVD-by-mail sector in the Nordics. The continental founder group played a critical role in the growth and development of Lovefilm in Scandinavia and Germany until exit to Amazon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2011/01/20/if-amazon-got-lovefilm-at-a-312m-valuation-who-is-buying-the-drinks-tonight-2/|title=If Amazon got LoveFilm at a $312m valuation – who is buying the drinks tonight?|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref>
In June 2003, Ari Wegter, Lasse Stilvang and Joshua Mortensen launched Digitarian in Denmark while Mattias Miksche and Jonas Svensson started Boxman in Stockholm. These two firms established an alliance which dominated the nascent DVD-by-mail sector in the Nordics. The continental founder group played a critical role in the growth and development of Lovefilm in [[Scandinavia]] and [[Germany]] until exit to Amazon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/01/20/if-amazon-got-lovefilm-at-a-312m-valuation-who-is-buying-the-drinks-tonight-2/|title=If Amazon got LoveFilm at a $312m valuation – who is buying the drinks tonight?|website=TechCrunch|date=20 January 2011 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref>


In October 2003, Online Rentals Ltd was bought by Arts Alliance Ventures, a family owned private equity firm. In December 2003, DVDsOnTap rebranded to Lovefilm, appointed Mark Livingstone as CEO, and relocated to much larger premises in the Spire Green Business Park in Harlow, Essex.
In October 2003, Online Rentals Ltd was bought by Arts Alliance Ventures, a private equity firm owned by [[Thomas Hoegh]]. In December 2003, the company was rebranded and relaunched as Lovefilm. At the time, Arts Alliance also owned [[Picturehouse Cinemas]] with a dedicated film audience. The symbiotic relationship between the two sibling companies delivered a low cost-of-acquisition of customers and a higher attendance which, in sum, achieved a reinforcement of Lovefilm's business proposition. The company then appointed Mark Livingstone as CEO, and relocated to much larger premises in the Spire Green Business Park in Harlow, Essex.


ScreenSelect led what became a clutch of mergers across the UK DVD rental industry. In December 2003, this began with the acquisition of In-Movies. In September 2004, ScreenSelect followed up with the merger with Video Island, which combined ScreenSelect's management and brand with Video Island's venture capital.
ScreenSelect led what became a clutch of mergers across the UK DVD rental industry. In December 2003, this began with the acquisition of In-Movies. In September 2004, ScreenSelect followed up with the merger with Video Island, which combined ScreenSelect's management and brand with Video Island's venture capital.


The year 2005 saw both Lovefilm and ScreenSelect grow rapidly as fierce rivals – with strong backers, these two firms leaped ahead of their rivals. Lovefilm reached 50,000 subscribers in December 2004, and shortly afterwards acquired the retail chain Choices' online business. By March 2005, it had reached 100,000 customers, and shipped almost 700,000 rentals. In June 2005, Video Island under the ScreenSelect brand acquired DVDs365 (owner of Mailbox Movies, MovieTrak and Qflicks<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.choosedvdrental.co.uk/dvd-rental-guide/news/screen-select-merge-dvds365.html |title=Screen Select merges with DVDs365 |access-date=25 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926230452/http://www.choosedvdrental.co.uk/dvd-rental-guide/news/screen-select-merge-dvds365.html |archive-date=26 September 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>) and a few months later Lovefilm acquired Webflix.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.choosedvdrental.co.uk/dvd-rental-guide/news/love-film-merge-webflix.html |title=LoveFilm joins forces with Webflix |access-date=25 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427005948/http://www.choosedvdrental.co.uk/dvd-rental-guide/news/love-film-merge-webflix.html |archive-date=27 April 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Both rivals acquired a Scandinavian firm; ScreenSelect acquired BraFilm (a Swedish and Norwegian business), and Lovefilm acquired Boxman (operating in Sweden and Denmark). Simon Calver joined as the CEO of Video Island in July 2005.
The year 2005, saw both Lovefilm and ScreenSelect grow rapidly as fierce rivals – with strong backers, these two firms leaped ahead of their rivals. Lovefilm reached 50,000 subscribers in December 2004, and shortly afterwards acquired the retail chain Choices' online business. By March 2005, it had reached 100,000 customers, and shipped almost 700,000 rentals. In June 2005, Video Island under the ScreenSelect brand acquired DVDs365 (owner of Mailbox Movies, MovieTrak and Qflicks<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.choosedvdrental.co.uk/dvd-rental-guide/news/screen-select-merge-dvds365.html |title=Screen Select merges with DVDs365 |access-date=25 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926230452/http://www.choosedvdrental.co.uk/dvd-rental-guide/news/screen-select-merge-dvds365.html |archive-date=26 September 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>) and a few months later Lovefilm acquired Webflix.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.choosedvdrental.co.uk/dvd-rental-guide/news/love-film-merge-webflix.html |title=LoveFilm joins forces with Webflix |access-date=25 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427005948/http://www.choosedvdrental.co.uk/dvd-rental-guide/news/love-film-merge-webflix.html |archive-date=27 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Both rivals acquired a Scandinavian firm; ScreenSelect acquired BraFilm (a Swedish and Norwegian business), and Lovefilm acquired Boxman (operating in Sweden and Denmark). Simon Calver joined as the CEO of Video Island in July 2005.


By 2006, Video Island/ScreenSelect had outgrown Lovefilm, with over 200,000 customers against Lovefilm's 100,000 users. In April 2006, led by Simon Calver, Lovefilm and Screenselect merged using ScreenSelect's management and technology platform, but with the Lovefilm brand, and moved the headquarters to Acton – ScreenSelect's original base. By the end of 2006 the Lovefilm brand had replaced ScreenSelect, Brafilm and Boxman everywhere except Norway – which followed in 2008.
By 2006, Video Island/ScreenSelect had outgrown Lovefilm, with over 200,000 customers against Lovefilm's 100,000 users. In April 2006, led by Simon Calver, Lovefilm and Screenselect merged using ScreenSelect's management and technology platform, but with the Lovefilm brand, and moved the headquarters to Acton – ScreenSelect's original base. By the end of 2006 the Lovefilm brand had replaced ScreenSelect, Brafilm and Boxman everywhere except Norway – which followed in 2008.
[[File:Lovefilm DVD Envelope.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Example of a Lovefilm envelope. The discs are returned to Lovefilm in the same envelopes in which they are sent to customers.]]
[[File:Lovefilm DVD Envelope.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Example of a Lovefilm envelope. The discs are returned to Lovefilm in the same envelopes in which they are sent to customers.]]
In February 2008, Amazon acquired Lovefilm's DVD rental business in the UK and German markets, and in return Amazon became the largest shareholder of Lovefilm.<ref>[http://www.lovefilm.co.uk/corporate/news_item.html?item=5753 LOVEFiLM to Acquire Amazon’s European DVD Rental Business – Amazon to become largest shareholder of LoveFilm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926235113/http://www.lovefilm.co.uk/corporate/news_item.html?item=5753 |date=26 September 2008 }}. Lovefilm.co.uk (24 May 2010).</ref><ref>[http://www.lovefilm.com/corporate/news_item.html?item=6336 LoveFilm website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023204506/https://www.lovefilm.com/corporate/news_item.html?item=6336 |date=23 October 2008 }}. Lovefilm.com (24 May 2010).</ref><ref>Williams, Christopher. (5 February 2008) [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/02/05/amazon_lovefilm/ Amazon buys into LoveFilm]. ''The Register''.</ref>
In February 2008, Lovefilm acquired Amazon's DVD rental business in the UK and German markets, and in return Amazon became the largest shareholder of Lovefilm.<ref>[http://www.lovefilm.co.uk/corporate/news_item.html?item=5753 LOVEFiLM to Acquire Amazon’s European DVD Rental Business – Amazon to become largest shareholder of LoveFilm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926235113/http://www.lovefilm.co.uk/corporate/news_item.html?item=5753 |date=26 September 2008 }}. Lovefilm.co.uk (24 May 2010).</ref><ref>[http://www.lovefilm.com/corporate/news_item.html?item=6336 LoveFilm website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023204506/https://www.lovefilm.com/corporate/news_item.html?item=6336 |date=23 October 2008 }}. Lovefilm.com (24 May 2010).</ref><ref>Williams, Christopher. (5 February 2008) [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/02/05/amazon_lovefilm/ Amazon buys into LoveFilm]. ''The Register''.</ref>


Besides Amazon and Arts Alliance Ventures, venture capital firms [[Benchmark Capital#Balderton Capital|Balderton Capital]], [[DFJ Esprit]], [[Index Ventures]] and [[Octopus Ventures]] also had stakes in Lovefilm.<ref>[http://www.lovefilm.com/corporate/who.html#investors LoveFilm investors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808005557/http://www.lovefilm.com/corporate/who.html#investors |date=8 August 2010 }}. Lovefilm.com (25 May 2010).</ref>
Besides Amazon and Arts Alliance Ventures, venture capital firms [[Benchmark Capital#Balderton Capital|Balderton Capital]], [[DFJ Esprit]], [[Index Ventures]] and [[Octopus Ventures]] also had stakes in Lovefilm.<ref>[http://www.lovefilm.com/corporate/who.html#investors LoveFilm investors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808005557/http://www.lovefilm.com/corporate/who.html#investors |date=8 August 2010 }}. Lovefilm.com (25 May 2010).</ref>
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In 2010, Lovefilm released their [[PlayStation 3]] online streaming service.
In 2010, Lovefilm released their [[PlayStation 3]] online streaming service.


On 20 January 2011 it was announced that Amazon, which previously owned 32% of Lovefilm, would take full control of the company in an acquisition deal worth a reported £200m.<ref>[http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Business/Amazon-Is-To-Take-Full-Control-Of-DVD-And-Game-Rental-By-Post-Firm-LoveFilm/Article/201101315901025?f=rss Amazon To Buy UK Rental Firm Lovefilm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123222322/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Business/Amazon-Is-To-Take-Full-Control-Of-DVD-And-Game-Rental-By-Post-Firm-Lovefilm/Article/201101315901025?f=rss |date=23 January 2011 }}. News.sky.com (20 January 2011).</ref><ref>[http://www.growingbusiness.co.uk/lovefilm-bought-by-amazon.html LoveFilm bought by Amazon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213055109/http://www.growingbusiness.co.uk/lovefilm-bought-by-amazon.html |date=13 December 2011 }}. Growing Business.</ref>
On 20 January 2011, it was announced that Amazon, which previously owned 32% of Lovefilm, would take full control of the company in an acquisition deal worth a reported £200 million.<ref>[http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Business/Amazon-Is-To-Take-Full-Control-Of-DVD-And-Game-Rental-By-Post-Firm-LoveFilm/Article/201101315901025?f=rss Amazon To Buy UK Rental Firm Lovefilm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123222322/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Business/Amazon-Is-To-Take-Full-Control-Of-DVD-And-Game-Rental-By-Post-Firm-Lovefilm/Article/201101315901025?f=rss |date=23 January 2011 }}. News.sky.com (20 January 2011).</ref><ref>[http://www.growingbusiness.co.uk/lovefilm-bought-by-amazon.html LoveFilm bought by Amazon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213055109/http://www.growingbusiness.co.uk/lovefilm-bought-by-amazon.html |date=13 December 2011 }}. Growing Business.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/01/20/if-amazon-got-lovefilm-at-a-312m-valuation-who-is-buying-the-drinks-tonight-2/ |title=If Amazon got LoveFilm at a $312m valuation – who is buying the drinks tonight?|first=Mike |last=Butcher |date=January 20, 2011 |website=}}</ref>


In September 2011, a Lovefilm app for the iPad was released to allow streaming films on iPad devices.
In September 2011, a Lovefilm app for the iPad was released to allow streaming films on iPad devices.
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On 30 May 2012, Lovefilm partnered with NBC Universal to bring Universal films to their service, and also announced that they would be bringing HD Streaming to their services.
On 30 May 2012, Lovefilm partnered with NBC Universal to bring Universal films to their service, and also announced that they would be bringing HD Streaming to their services.


In October 2012, Amazon launched the [[Kindle Fire HD]] in the UK and Germany, which included Lovefilm integrated into the Amazon Videos application, much in the same way [[Amazon Instant Video]] is integrated in the United States. Subsequent streaming application launches, including the [[Wii U]] in December 2012 and a revamped PS3 application in May 2013, demonstrated a markedly similar – and considerably improved on Lovefilm's previous offerings – UI design shared with Amazon Instant Video.
In October 2012, Amazon launched the [[Kindle Fire HD]] in the UK and Germany, which included Lovefilm integrated into the Amazon Videos application, much in the same way [[Amazon Instant Video]] is integrated in the United States. Subsequent streaming application launches, including the [[Wii U]] in December 2012, and a revamped PS3 application in May 2013, demonstrated a markedly similar – and considerably improved on Lovefilm's previous offerings – UI design shared with Amazon Instant Video.


On 10 June 2013, Lovefilm announced that it would shut down its service in Scandinavia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/10/amazons-lovefilm-pulls-its-subscription-dvd-and-streaming-service-out-of-scandinavia/|title=Amazon’s LOVEFiLM Pulls Its Subscription DVD And Streaming Service Out Of Scandinavia|first=Ryan|last=Lawler|publisher=}}</ref>
On 10 June 2013, Lovefilm announced that it would shut down its service in Scandinavia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/10/amazons-lovefilm-pulls-its-subscription-dvd-and-streaming-service-out-of-scandinavia/|title=Amazon's LOVEFiLM Pulls Its Subscription DVD And Streaming Service Out of Scandinavia|first=Ryan|last=Lawler|date=10 June 2013 }}</ref>


Up until July 2013, Lovefilm offered a video game rental service to customers. In July 2013, it issued a statement letting both new and existing customers know that this service would no longer be offered beginning 8 August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lovefilm.com/help/dyn_faqs.html?faq_cat=games_queries&editorial_id=51326|title=Amazon LOVEFiLM by Post - DVD Rental - Movies and TV Shows on DVD and Blu-ray|publisher=}}</ref>
Up until July 2013, Lovefilm offered a video game rental service to customers. In July 2013, it issued a statement letting both new and existing customers know that this service would no longer be offered beginning 8 August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lovefilm.com/help/dyn_faqs.html?faq_cat=games_queries&editorial_id=51326|title=Amazon LOVEFiLM by Post – DVD Rental – Movies and TV Shows on DVD and Blu-ray}}</ref>


On 21 February 2014, it was announced that the Lovefilm [[video-on-demand]] service would be discontinued on 26 February 2014 and folded into [[Amazon Instant Video]]. The Lovefilm name will be maintained for the DVD rental business, although this service has been embedded into Amazon as well.<ref name=guardian-primeinstantvideo>{{cite web|title=Amazon takes on Netflix with rebrand of LoveFilm video-on-demand service|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/feb/21/amazon-lovefilm-revamp-film-tv-rental|work=The Guardian|accessdate=21 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mance|first=Henry|title=Amazon finds less passionate name for Lovefilm streaming service|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/11ba5f00-9ae6-11e3-946b-00144feab7de.html?siteedition=uk#axzz2txvwImkn|accessdate=21 February 2014|date=21 February 2014}}</ref>
On 21 February 2014, it was announced that the Lovefilm [[video-on-demand]] service would be discontinued on 26 February 2014, and folded into [[Amazon Instant Video]]. The Lovefilm name would be maintained for the DVD rental business, although this service was embedded into Amazon as well.<ref name=guardian-primeinstantvideo>{{cite news|title=Amazon takes on Netflix with rebrand of LoveFilm video-on-demand service|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/feb/21/amazon-lovefilm-revamp-film-tv-rental|work=The Guardian|date=21 February 2014 |access-date=21 February 2014 |last1=Sweney |first1=Mark }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mance|first=Henry|title=Amazon finds less passionate name for Lovefilm streaming service|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/11ba5f00-9ae6-11e3-946b-00144feab7de.html?siteedition=uk#axzz2txvwImkn|access-date=21 February 2014|date=21 February 2014}}</ref>


On 14 August 2017, Amazon announced it would be terminating the Lovefilm by Post service on 31 October 2017.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-40925062 Lovefilm by post DVD rental service to close] BBC.co.uk.</ref><ref>[https://www.cinemaparadiso.co.uk/news/amazons-lovefilm-dvd-rental-service-to-close Amazon announces the end of DVD-by-post service.] Cinemaparadiso.co.uk.</ref>
On 14 August 2017, Amazon announced it would terminate the Lovefilm by Post service on 31 October 2017.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-40925062 Lovefilm by post DVD rental service to close] BBC.co.uk.</ref><ref>[https://www.cinemaparadiso.co.uk/news/amazons-lovefilm-dvd-rental-service-to-close Amazon announces the end of DVD-by-post service.] Cinemaparadiso.co.uk.</ref>


==Rental services operated for other companies==
==Rental services operated for other companies==
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*WHSmith Movies Direct – from the [[W H Smith|WH Smith]] bookstore chain.<ref>[http://www.whsmith.co.uk/CatalogAndSearch/MoviesDirect.aspx Movies Direct – Online DVD, CD & Games Rental] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202001336/http://www.whsmith.co.uk/CatalogAndSearch/MoviesDirect.aspx |date=2 December 2011 }}. WHSmith (16 March 2010).</ref>
*WHSmith Movies Direct – from the [[W H Smith|WH Smith]] bookstore chain.<ref>[http://www.whsmith.co.uk/CatalogAndSearch/MoviesDirect.aspx Movies Direct – Online DVD, CD & Games Rental] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202001336/http://www.whsmith.co.uk/CatalogAndSearch/MoviesDirect.aspx |date=2 December 2011 }}. WHSmith (16 March 2010).</ref>
*[[Tesco DVD Rental]] – Service for the [[Tesco]] supermarket chain website. On 1 August Lovefilm replaced Tesco DVD Rentals and all customers were switched over and given (at no extra cost) Access to Lovefilms Library on DVD, Access to new features like multiple rental lists, Lovefilm Instant and Games for [[Xbox 360]] and [[PlayStation 3]]
*[[Tesco DVD Rental]] – service for the [[Tesco]] supermarket chain website. On 1 August{{When|date=July 2024|reason=what year?}} Lovefilm replaced Tesco DVD Rentals. All customers were switched over and given (at no extra cost) access to Lovefilms Library on DVD, as well as new features like multiple rental lists, Lovefilm Instant and Games for [[Xbox 360]] and [[PlayStation 3]].
*[[EasyCinema]] – Service in conjunction with the [[Easy Group]].<ref>[https://www.lovefilm.com/help/dyn_faqs.html?faq_cat=help_centre_home&editorial_id=48210 Help – easyCinema Online DVD Rental] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122054053/http://www.lovefilm.com/help/dyn_faqs.html?faq_cat=help_centre_home |date=22 January 2014 }}. Lovefilm (1 August 2012).</ref>
*[[EasyCinema]] – service in conjunction with the [[Easy Group]]<ref>[https://www.lovefilm.com/help/dyn_faqs.html?faq_cat=help_centre_home&editorial_id=48210 Help – easyCinema Online DVD Rental] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122054053/http://www.lovefilm.com/help/dyn_faqs.html?faq_cat=help_centre_home |date=22 January 2014 }}. Lovefilm (1 August 2012).</ref>
*Odeon Direct – Service in conjunction with the [[Odeon Cinemas|Odeon]] cinema chain.<ref>[https://archive.today/20121217154928/https://www.lovefilm.com/help/dyn_faqs.html?editorial_id=48208 Help – Odeon Direct changing to]. Lovefilm (1 August 2012).</ref>
*Odeon Direct – service in conjunction with the [[Odeon Cinemas|Odeon]] cinema chain<ref>[https://archive.today/20121217154928/https://www.lovefilm.com/help/dyn_faqs.html?editorial_id=48208 Help – Odeon Direct changing to]. Lovefilm (1 August 2012).</ref>
*Nectar DVD Rental – Service for the [[Nectar loyalty card]].<ref>[https://www.lovefilm.com/help/dyn_faqs.html?faq_cat=help_centre_home&editorial_id=48209 Help – Nectar DVD Rental changing to] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122054053/http://www.lovefilm.com/help/dyn_faqs.html?faq_cat=help_centre_home |date=22 January 2014 }}. Lovefilm (1 August 2012).</ref>
*Nectar DVD Rental – service for the [[Nectar loyalty card]]<ref>[https://www.lovefilm.com/help/dyn_faqs.html?faq_cat=help_centre_home&editorial_id=48209 Help – Nectar DVD Rental changing to] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122054053/http://www.lovefilm.com/help/dyn_faqs.html?faq_cat=help_centre_home |date=22 January 2014 }}. Lovefilm (1 August 2012).</ref>
*[[CD-WOW!]] – an online retailer.
*[[CD-WOW!]] – an online retailer
*Sofa Cinema – the ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' newspaper sponsors this site.
*Sofa Cinema – site sponsored by the ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' newspaper


==Advertising==
==Advertising==
Line 87: Line 87:


=="Throttling" and dispute of fair usage policy==
=="Throttling" and dispute of fair usage policy==
Lovefilm came in for criticism from users over its claim to offer "unlimited" DVD rentals. Some users reportedly found the company used long delays at the shipping stage to reduce the number of films a month a customer can rent. In 2006, before the merger with ScreenSelect, Lovefilm was subject of complaints to the [[Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)|Advertising Standards Authority]] over the use of the word "unlimited" in their advertising. The ASA upheld the complaint. It was revealed that they practised [[Online DVD rental#"Throttling"|throttling]], where high-volume customers experienced slower shipments from different warehouses and selections from lower in their rental list. They were also less likely to receive replacement shipments on the same day a disc is received.<ref>[http://www.asa.org.uk/asa/adjudications/non_broadcast/Adjudication+Details.htm?Adjudication_id=41603 Advertising Standards Authority adjudication upholding a complaint against LoveFilm. 9 August 2006.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928040749/http://www.asa.org.uk/asa/adjudications/non_broadcast/Adjudication%2BDetails.htm?Adjudication_id=41603 |date=28 September 2007 }}</ref> The company claimed that this "fair usage" policy means all customers get a similar service.
Lovefilm came in for criticism from users over its claim to offer "unlimited" DVD rentals. Some users reportedly found the company used long delays at the shipping stage to reduce the number of films a month a customer can rent. In 2006, before the merger with ScreenSelect, Lovefilm was subject of complaints to the [[Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)|Advertising Standards Authority]] over the use of the word "unlimited" in their advertising. The ASA upheld the complaint. It was revealed that they practised [[Online DVD rental#Throttling|throttling]], where high-volume customers experienced slower shipments from different warehouses and selections from lower in their rental list. They were also less likely to receive replacement shipments on the same day a disc is received.<ref>[http://www.asa.org.uk/asa/adjudications/non_broadcast/Adjudication+Details.htm?Adjudication_id=41603 Advertising Standards Authority adjudication upholding a complaint against LoveFilm. 9 August 2006.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928040749/http://www.asa.org.uk/asa/adjudications/non_broadcast/Adjudication%2BDetails.htm?Adjudication_id=41603 |date=28 September 2007 }}</ref> The company claimed that this "fair usage" policy means all customers get a similar service.


==Dispute with Universal Pictures==
==Dispute with Universal Pictures==
In late November 2009, [[Lovefilm]] stopped adding new DVDs from the distributor [[Universal Pictures|Universal Pictures (UK)]] to the rental area of their site. This made a number of films unavailable to users, including ''[[Public Enemies (2009 film)|Public Enemies]]'', ''[[The Invention of Lying]]'', ''[[Brüno]]'', ''[[Funny People]]'', ''[[Inglourious Basterds]]'' and ''[[Kick-Ass (film)|Kick-Ass]]''. The dispute was resolved in May 2012 and Lovefilm offered for rental and for streaming post-2009 films distributed by Universal Pictures.<ref>{{cite news |first=Tim |last=Bradshaw |title=LoveFilm and Universal end rights dispute |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6452787e-aa6a-11e1-899d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1zCqkq9fR |date=30 May 2012 |work=Financial Times |accessdate=6 June 2012 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
In late November 2009, Lovefilm stopped adding new DVDs from the distributor [[Universal Pictures|Universal Pictures (UK)]] to the rental area of their site. This made a number of films unavailable to users, including ''[[Public Enemies (2009 film)|Public Enemies]]'', ''[[The Invention of Lying]]'', ''[[Brüno]]'', ''[[Funny People]]'', ''[[Inglourious Basterds]]'' and ''[[Kick-Ass (film)|Kick-Ass]]''. The dispute was resolved in May 2012, and Lovefilm offered for rental and for streaming post-2009 films distributed by Universal Pictures.<ref>{{cite news |first=Tim |last=Bradshaw |title=LoveFilm and Universal end rights dispute |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6452787e-aa6a-11e1-899d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1zCqkq9fR |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211231217/https://www.ft.com/content/6452787e-aa6a-11e1-899d-00144feabdc0#axzz1zCqkq9fR |archive-date=11 December 2022 |url-status=live |date=30 May 2012 |work=Financial Times |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Netflix]], founded in 1997, had launched their UK online streaming service to compete with Lovefilm.
* [[Netflix]], founded in 1997, launched their UK online streaming service to compete with Lovefilm.
https://techcrunch.com/2011/01/20/if-amazon-got-lovefilm-at-a-312m-valuation-who-is-buying-the-drinks-tonight-2/


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==

Latest revision as of 01:52, 4 August 2024

Lovefilm International Ltd.
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryElectronic commerce
Founded2002
FoundersGraham Bosher
Alex Chesterman
Paul Gardner
Thomas Hoegh
Saul Klein
William Reeve
Defunct31 October 2017 (2017-10-31)[1]
FateFolded into Amazon Instant Video
SuccessorPrime Video
Headquarters
London
,
England
Area served
United Kingdom
Sweden
Norway
Denmark
Germany
Key people
Christopher Cunningham (MSH)
Jeff Siemanym (Operations Director)
ProductsDVD-by-mail
video on demand
ServicesPlayStation 3 – November 2010
Xbox 360 – December 2011
iPad – September 2011
Wii and Wii U – December 2012
ParentAmazon.com
DivisionsLovefilm UK
WebsiteAmazon storefront

LoveFilm was a United Kingdom–based provider of DVD-by-mail and streaming video on demand in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Germany.

Acquired by Amazon.com in 2011, the service had reached 2 million subscribers. It claimed over 70,000 titles, and over 4 million DVD, Blu-ray or game rentals per month in five countries. Through a series of acquisitions, Lovefilm quickly became the leading online DVD rental and streaming outlet in the UK and Europe.

The company offered a download service alongside postal delivery but this ceased on 23 February 2009.[2] The company also started a "watch online" service which offered over 4,700 films available to watch as part of a subscription. This online viewing was available for free to subscribers who had opted for one of their unlimited monthly rental plans or the unlimited streaming-only account.

On 26 February 2014, Amazon announced that Lovefilm's streaming service would be folded into its Instant Video service, and in August 2017, Amazon announced that the Lovefilm By Post service would end on 31 October 2017, citing a "decreasing demand" for the discs.[3]

History

[edit]

Lovefilm grew via 10 mergers, and the acquisition of several other on-line DVD rental companies – the three main ones being Online Rentals Limited (the original company), ScreenSelect and Video Island. Scandinavian Netflix clones Boxman, Brafilm and Digitarian were launched in 2002–2003, at the very same time as their UK-peers.

In May 2002, Paul Gardner and Graham Bosher launched Online Rentals Limited (trading as DVDsOnTap), based in Harlow, Essex.[4]

In September 2003, William Reeve and Alex Chesterman launched ScreenSelect, based in Acton in West London. And in the same month Saul Klein launched Video Island, based in Kings Cross in central London, with backing from Simon Franks' Redbus Films.[5]

In June 2003, Ari Wegter, Lasse Stilvang and Joshua Mortensen launched Digitarian in Denmark while Mattias Miksche and Jonas Svensson started Boxman in Stockholm. These two firms established an alliance which dominated the nascent DVD-by-mail sector in the Nordics. The continental founder group played a critical role in the growth and development of Lovefilm in Scandinavia and Germany until exit to Amazon.[6]

In October 2003, Online Rentals Ltd was bought by Arts Alliance Ventures, a private equity firm owned by Thomas Hoegh. In December 2003, the company was rebranded and relaunched as Lovefilm. At the time, Arts Alliance also owned Picturehouse Cinemas with a dedicated film audience. The symbiotic relationship between the two sibling companies delivered a low cost-of-acquisition of customers and a higher attendance which, in sum, achieved a reinforcement of Lovefilm's business proposition. The company then appointed Mark Livingstone as CEO, and relocated to much larger premises in the Spire Green Business Park in Harlow, Essex.

ScreenSelect led what became a clutch of mergers across the UK DVD rental industry. In December 2003, this began with the acquisition of In-Movies. In September 2004, ScreenSelect followed up with the merger with Video Island, which combined ScreenSelect's management and brand with Video Island's venture capital.

The year 2005, saw both Lovefilm and ScreenSelect grow rapidly as fierce rivals – with strong backers, these two firms leaped ahead of their rivals. Lovefilm reached 50,000 subscribers in December 2004, and shortly afterwards acquired the retail chain Choices' online business. By March 2005, it had reached 100,000 customers, and shipped almost 700,000 rentals. In June 2005, Video Island under the ScreenSelect brand acquired DVDs365 (owner of Mailbox Movies, MovieTrak and Qflicks[7]) and a few months later Lovefilm acquired Webflix.[8] Both rivals acquired a Scandinavian firm; ScreenSelect acquired BraFilm (a Swedish and Norwegian business), and Lovefilm acquired Boxman (operating in Sweden and Denmark). Simon Calver joined as the CEO of Video Island in July 2005.

By 2006, Video Island/ScreenSelect had outgrown Lovefilm, with over 200,000 customers against Lovefilm's 100,000 users. In April 2006, led by Simon Calver, Lovefilm and Screenselect merged using ScreenSelect's management and technology platform, but with the Lovefilm brand, and moved the headquarters to Acton – ScreenSelect's original base. By the end of 2006 the Lovefilm brand had replaced ScreenSelect, Brafilm and Boxman everywhere except Norway – which followed in 2008.

Example of a Lovefilm envelope. The discs are returned to Lovefilm in the same envelopes in which they are sent to customers.

In February 2008, Lovefilm acquired Amazon's DVD rental business in the UK and German markets, and in return Amazon became the largest shareholder of Lovefilm.[9][10][11]

Besides Amazon and Arts Alliance Ventures, venture capital firms Balderton Capital, DFJ Esprit, Index Ventures and Octopus Ventures also had stakes in Lovefilm.[12]

In 2010, Lovefilm released their PlayStation 3 online streaming service.

On 20 January 2011, it was announced that Amazon, which previously owned 32% of Lovefilm, would take full control of the company in an acquisition deal worth a reported £200 million.[13][14][15]

In September 2011, a Lovefilm app for the iPad was released to allow streaming films on iPad devices. The Lovefilm app was also released for the Xbox 360 in December 2011.

On 30 May 2012, Lovefilm partnered with NBC Universal to bring Universal films to their service, and also announced that they would be bringing HD Streaming to their services.

In October 2012, Amazon launched the Kindle Fire HD in the UK and Germany, which included Lovefilm integrated into the Amazon Videos application, much in the same way Amazon Instant Video is integrated in the United States. Subsequent streaming application launches, including the Wii U in December 2012, and a revamped PS3 application in May 2013, demonstrated a markedly similar – and considerably improved on Lovefilm's previous offerings – UI design shared with Amazon Instant Video.

On 10 June 2013, Lovefilm announced that it would shut down its service in Scandinavia.[16]

Up until July 2013, Lovefilm offered a video game rental service to customers. In July 2013, it issued a statement letting both new and existing customers know that this service would no longer be offered beginning 8 August 2013.[17]

On 21 February 2014, it was announced that the Lovefilm video-on-demand service would be discontinued on 26 February 2014, and folded into Amazon Instant Video. The Lovefilm name would be maintained for the DVD rental business, although this service was embedded into Amazon as well.[18][19]

On 14 August 2017, Amazon announced it would terminate the Lovefilm by Post service on 31 October 2017.[20][21]

Rental services operated for other companies

[edit]

Besides its own DVD rental and purchase sites, Lovefilm used to run a number of such sites on behalf of other companies. The following is a list of previous white label services operated by Lovefilm:

  • WHSmith Movies Direct – from the WH Smith bookstore chain.[22]
  • Tesco DVD Rental – service for the Tesco supermarket chain website. On 1 August[when?] Lovefilm replaced Tesco DVD Rentals. All customers were switched over and given (at no extra cost) access to Lovefilms Library on DVD, as well as new features like multiple rental lists, Lovefilm Instant and Games for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.
  • EasyCinema – service in conjunction with the Easy Group[23]
  • Odeon Direct – service in conjunction with the Odeon cinema chain[24]
  • Nectar DVD Rental – service for the Nectar loyalty card[25]
  • CD-WOW! – an online retailer
  • Sofa Cinema – site sponsored by the Guardian newspaper

Advertising

[edit]

Lovefilm originally used partners to advertise its services but started to run TV adverts from 2006. Since then, the number of white label services and partners had decreased, possibly due to increased brand awareness of the Lovefilm name. Since advertising on a regular basis on TV the company used British male actors for voice overs – Simon Pegg, Ewan McGregor, Bill Nighy and Ray Winstone.[26] In 2009, the theme song for the TV ads was "It Must Be Love" by Madness. Lovefilm advertised in multiple media – online, press, TV, train posters, door drops, promotions and even toilet posters in clubs, pubs and service stations.

"Throttling" and dispute of fair usage policy

[edit]

Lovefilm came in for criticism from users over its claim to offer "unlimited" DVD rentals. Some users reportedly found the company used long delays at the shipping stage to reduce the number of films a month a customer can rent. In 2006, before the merger with ScreenSelect, Lovefilm was subject of complaints to the Advertising Standards Authority over the use of the word "unlimited" in their advertising. The ASA upheld the complaint. It was revealed that they practised throttling, where high-volume customers experienced slower shipments from different warehouses and selections from lower in their rental list. They were also less likely to receive replacement shipments on the same day a disc is received.[27] The company claimed that this "fair usage" policy means all customers get a similar service.

Dispute with Universal Pictures

[edit]

In late November 2009, Lovefilm stopped adding new DVDs from the distributor Universal Pictures (UK) to the rental area of their site. This made a number of films unavailable to users, including Public Enemies, The Invention of Lying, Brüno, Funny People, Inglourious Basterds and Kick-Ass. The dispute was resolved in May 2012, and Lovefilm offered for rental and for streaming post-2009 films distributed by Universal Pictures.[28]

See also

[edit]
  • Netflix, founded in 1997, launched their UK online streaming service to compete with Lovefilm.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Lovefilm by Post DVD rental service to close". BBC News. 14 August 2017.
  2. ^ "LoveFilm download service now offline" Archived 8 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Lovefilm.com.
  3. ^ "Lovefilm by post DVD rental service to close". BBC News.
  4. ^ Grossman, Wendy (30 September 2002). "Starting Out". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
  5. ^ LOVEFiLM History – Amazon to Acquire LOVEFiLM International Limited https://www.amazon.co.uk/ref=as_li_ss_tl?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=19450&linkCode=ur2
  6. ^ "If Amazon got LoveFilm at a $312m valuation – who is buying the drinks tonight?". TechCrunch. 20 January 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  7. ^ "Screen Select merges with DVDs365". Archived from the original on 26 September 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2008.
  8. ^ "LoveFilm joins forces with Webflix". Archived from the original on 27 April 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2008.
  9. ^ LOVEFiLM to Acquire Amazon’s European DVD Rental Business – Amazon to become largest shareholder of LoveFilm Archived 26 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Lovefilm.co.uk (24 May 2010).
  10. ^ LoveFilm website Archived 23 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Lovefilm.com (24 May 2010).
  11. ^ Williams, Christopher. (5 February 2008) Amazon buys into LoveFilm. The Register.
  12. ^ LoveFilm investors Archived 8 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Lovefilm.com (25 May 2010).
  13. ^ Amazon To Buy UK Rental Firm Lovefilm Archived 23 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine. News.sky.com (20 January 2011).
  14. ^ LoveFilm bought by Amazon Archived 13 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Growing Business.
  15. ^ Butcher, Mike (20 January 2011). "If Amazon got LoveFilm at a $312m valuation – who is buying the drinks tonight?".
  16. ^ Lawler, Ryan (10 June 2013). "Amazon's LOVEFiLM Pulls Its Subscription DVD And Streaming Service Out of Scandinavia".
  17. ^ "Amazon LOVEFiLM by Post – DVD Rental – Movies and TV Shows on DVD and Blu-ray".
  18. ^ Sweney, Mark (21 February 2014). "Amazon takes on Netflix with rebrand of LoveFilm video-on-demand service". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  19. ^ Mance, Henry (21 February 2014). "Amazon finds less passionate name for Lovefilm streaming service". Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  20. ^ Lovefilm by post DVD rental service to close BBC.co.uk.
  21. ^ Amazon announces the end of DVD-by-post service. Cinemaparadiso.co.uk.
  22. ^ Movies Direct – Online DVD, CD & Games Rental Archived 2 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine. WHSmith (16 March 2010).
  23. ^ Help – easyCinema Online DVD Rental Archived 22 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Lovefilm (1 August 2012).
  24. ^ Help – Odeon Direct changing to. Lovefilm (1 August 2012).
  25. ^ Help – Nectar DVD Rental changing to Archived 22 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Lovefilm (1 August 2012).
  26. ^ [1] Archived 24 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ Advertising Standards Authority adjudication upholding a complaint against LoveFilm. 9 August 2006. Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ Bradshaw, Tim (30 May 2012). "LoveFilm and Universal end rights dispute". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
[edit]
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