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| birth_place = [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]]
| birth_place = [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1956|12|3|1878|2|24|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1956|12|3|1878|2|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Zurich]]
| death_place = [[Zürich]], Switzerland
| image_size =
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'''Felix Bernstein''' (24 February 1878 in [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]], [[German Empire|Germany]] – 3 December 1956 in [[Zürich]], [[Switzerland]]), was a German [[Jewish]] [[mathematician]] known for proving in 1896 the [[Schröder–Bernstein theorem]], a central result in [[set theory]],<ref name="Crow.1993"/>{{rp|5–6}}<ref name="OConnor.Robertson"/><ref>{{DSB|first=Henry|last=Nathan|title=Bernstein, Felix|volume=2|pages=58–59}}</ref><ref group="note">In 1897 (aged 19), according to {{cite book | author=Oliver Deiser | contribution=Zeittafel zur frühen Mengenlehre | title=Einführung in die Mengenlehre &mdash; Die Mengenlehre Georg Cantors und ihre Axiomatisierung durch Ernst Zermelo | location=Heidelberg | publisher=Springer | edition=3rd | contribution-url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-3-642-01445-1%2F1.pdf | isbn=978-3-540-20401-5 | year=2010 }}
'''Felix Bernstein''' (24 February 1878 – 3 December 1956), was a German [[mathematician]] known for proving in 1896 the [[Schröder–Bernstein theorem]], a central result in [[set theory]],<ref name="Crow.1993"/>{{rp|5–6}}<ref name="OConnor.Robertson"/><ref>{{DSB|first=Henry|last=Nathan|title=Bernstein, Felix|volume=2|pages=58–59}}</ref><ref group="note">In 1897 (aged 19), according to {{cite book | author=Oliver Deiser | contribution=Zeittafel zur frühen Mengenlehre | title=Einführung in die Mengenlehre &mdash; Die Mengenlehre Georg Cantors und ihre Axiomatisierung durch Ernst Zermelo | location=Heidelberg | publisher=Springer | edition=3rd | contribution-url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-3-642-01445-1%2F1.pdf | isbn=978-3-540-20401-5 | year=2010}}
</ref> and less well known for demonstrating in 1924 the correct [[Blood type|blood group]] inheritance pattern of multiple [[allele]]s at one [[Locus (genetics)|locus]] through [[statistical analysis]].
</ref> and less well known for demonstrating in 1924 the correct [[Blood type|blood group]] inheritance pattern of multiple [[allele]]s at one [[Locus (genetics)|locus]] through [[statistical analysis]].


==Life==
==Life==
Felix Bernstein was born in 1878 to a Jewish family of academics.<ref>"Felix Bernstein". International Statistical Review (2005), 73: 1. 3-7.</ref> His father [[Julius Bernstein|Julius]] held the Chair of Physiology at the [[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg]], and was the Director of the Physiological Institute at the University of Halle.
Felix Bernstein was born in [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]] on 24 February 1878 to a Jewish family of academics.<ref>"Felix Bernstein". International Statistical Review (2005), 73: 1. 3-7.</ref> His father [[Julius Bernstein|Julius]] held the Chair of Physiology at the [[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg]], and was the Director of the Physiological Institute at the University of Halle.


While still in [[gymnasium (Germany)|gymnasium]] in Halle, Bernstein heard the university seminar of [[Georg Cantor]], who was a friend of Bernstein's father.<ref name="Crow.1993"/>{{rp|5r}}
While still in [[gymnasium (Germany)|gymnasium]] in Halle, Bernstein heard the university seminar of [[Georg Cantor]], who was a friend of Bernstein's father.<ref name="Crow.1993"/>{{rp|5r}}
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In 1933,<ref group="note">In 1934, according to O'Connor, Robertson (MacTutor).</ref>
In 1933,<ref group="note">In 1934, according to O'Connor, Robertson (MacTutor).</ref>
after [[Hitler]]'s rise to power, Bernstein was removed from his chair, per §6 of the Nazi [[Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service]], often used against politically unpopular persons.
after [[Hitler]]'s rise to power, Bernstein was removed from his chair, per §6 of the Nazi [[Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service]], often used against politically unpopular persons.
He received the message of his dismissal during a research/lecturing journey (started on Dec. 1st, 1932) to the United States, and he stayed there.<ref name="Pinl.1970"/>{{rp|166}}<ref name="Schappacher.1987"/>{{rp|7–8}}<ref name="Bichlmeier.Laemmle.Tiabou.2003"/>
He received the message of his dismissal during a research/lecturing journey (started on Dec. 1st, 1932) to the United States, and he stayed there.<ref name="Pinl.1970"/>{{rp|166}}<ref name="Schappacher.1987"/>{{rp|7–8}}<ref name="Bichlmeier.Laemmle.Tiabou.2003"/> He was a visiting professor of mathematics at [[Columbia University]] from 1933 to 1936 and a professor of biometry at [[New York University]] from 1936 to 1943.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Cattell, Jaques|title=American Men of Science: A Biographical Dictionary|page=192|year=1949|publisher=The Science Press|location=Lancaster, Pennsylvania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ea9CC4lCicQC&pg=PA192}}</ref> In 1942 he was elected a fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Historic Fellows|website=American Association for the Advancement of Science|url=https://www.aaas.org/fellows/historic}}</ref> In 1948, Bernstein retired from teaching in the US, and returned to Europe.<ref name="OConnor.Robertson">{{MacTutor Biography|id=Bernstein_Felix}}</ref>
In 1948, Bernstein retired from teaching in the US, and returned to Europe.<ref name="OConnor.Robertson">{{MacTutor Biography|id=Bernstein_Felix}}</ref>
He mainly lived in [[Rome]] and [[Freiburg]], occasionally visiting Göttingen,<ref name="Pinl.1970"/>{{rp|166}} where he became [[professor emeritus]].<ref name="OConnor.Robertson"/>
He mainly lived in [[Rome]] and [[Freiburg]], occasionally visiting Göttingen,<ref name="Pinl.1970"/>{{rp|166}} where he became [[professor emeritus]].<ref name="OConnor.Robertson"/>
He died in [[Zürich]] on 3 December 1956.<ref name="Crow.1993">{{Cite journal |last1 = Crow | first1 = J. F. |title = Felix Bernstein and the first human marker locus |journal = Genetics |volume = 133 |issue = 1 |pages = 4–7 |year = 1993 |doi = 10.1093/genetics/133.1.4 |pmid = 8417988 |pmc = 1205297}}</ref>{{rp|6r}}<ref name="OConnor.Robertson"/>
He died of [[cancer]]{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} in [[Zurich]] on 3 December 1956.<ref name="Crow.1993">{{Cite journal
| last1 = Crow | first1 = J. F.
| title = Felix Bernstein and the first human marker locus
| journal = Genetics
| volume = 133
| issue = 1
| pages = 4–7
| year = 1993
| doi = 10.1093/genetics/133.1.4
| pmid = 8417988
| pmc = 1205297
}}</ref>{{rp|6r}}<ref name="OConnor.Robertson"/>


==Publications==
==Publications==
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[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century German mathematicians]]
[[Category:20th-century German mathematicians]]
[[Category:20th-century German mathematicians]]
[[Category:People from Halle (Saale)]]
[[Category:People from Halle (Saale)]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Saxony]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Saxony]]
[[Category:19th-century German Jews]]
[[Category:20th-century German Jews]]
[[Category:Set theorists]]
[[Category:Set theorists]]
[[Category:University of Göttingen alumni]]
[[Category:University of Göttingen alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]

[[Category:Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States]]

[[Category:Mathematicians from the German Empire]]
{{Germany-mathematician-stub}}

Latest revision as of 02:07, 5 August 2024

Felix Bernstein
Born(1878-02-24)24 February 1878
Halle
Died3 December 1956(1956-12-03) (aged 78)
Zürich, Switzerland
Alma materUniversity of Göttingen
Known forSchröder–Bernstein theorem
ChildrenMarianne Bernstein-Wiener[1]: 7r 
Scientific career
Theses
Doctoral advisorDavid Hilbert

Felix Bernstein (24 February 1878 – 3 December 1956), was a German mathematician known for proving in 1896 the Schröder–Bernstein theorem, a central result in set theory,[1]: 5–6 [2][3][note 1] and less well known for demonstrating in 1924 the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus through statistical analysis.

Life

[edit]

Felix Bernstein was born in Halle on 24 February 1878 to a Jewish family of academics.[4] His father Julius held the Chair of Physiology at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, and was the Director of the Physiological Institute at the University of Halle.

While still in gymnasium in Halle, Bernstein heard the university seminar of Georg Cantor, who was a friend of Bernstein's father.[1]: 5r  From 1896 to 1900, Bernstein studied in Munich, Halle, Berlin and Göttingen.[5]: 166  In the early Weimar Republic, Bernstein temporarily was Göttingen vice-chairman of the local chapter of German Democratic Party .[6]: 7 [7]: 118 [8] In 1933,[note 2] after Hitler's rise to power, Bernstein was removed from his chair, per §6 of the Nazi Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, often used against politically unpopular persons. He received the message of his dismissal during a research/lecturing journey (started on Dec. 1st, 1932) to the United States, and he stayed there.[5]: 166 [6]: 7–8 [8] He was a visiting professor of mathematics at Columbia University from 1933 to 1936 and a professor of biometry at New York University from 1936 to 1943.[9] In 1942 he was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.[10] In 1948, Bernstein retired from teaching in the US, and returned to Europe.[2] He mainly lived in Rome and Freiburg, occasionally visiting Göttingen,[5]: 166  where he became professor emeritus.[2] He died in Zürich on 3 December 1956.[1]: 6r [2]

Publications

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Notes

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  1. ^ In 1897 (aged 19), according to Oliver Deiser (2010). "Zeittafel zur frühen Mengenlehre" (PDF). Einführung in die Mengenlehre — Die Mengenlehre Georg Cantors und ihre Axiomatisierung durch Ernst Zermelo (3rd ed.). Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-20401-5.
  2. ^ In 1934, according to O'Connor, Robertson (MacTutor).

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Crow, J. F. (1993). "Felix Bernstein and the first human marker locus". Genetics. 133 (1): 4–7. doi:10.1093/genetics/133.1.4. PMC 1205297. PMID 8417988.
  2. ^ a b c d O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Felix Bernstein (mathematician)", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  3. ^ Nathan, Henry (1970–1980). "Bernstein, Felix". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9.
  4. ^ "Felix Bernstein". International Statistical Review (2005), 73: 1. 3-7.
  5. ^ a b c Max Pinl (1970). "Kollegen in einer dunklen Zeit (2)" (PDF). Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung. 72: 165–189.
  6. ^ a b Norbert Schappacher (1987). "Das Mathematische Institut der Universität Göttingen 1929—1950" (PDF). In Becker; Dahms; Wegeler (eds.). Die Universität Göttingen unter dem Nationalsozialismus. München: K.G.Saur. pp. 345–373. — Schappacher gives a lot of details from the Göttingen University archive.
  7. ^ Barbara Marshall (1972). The Political Development of German University Towns in the Weimar Republic: Göttingen and Münster 1918—1930 (Ph.D. thesis). Univ. of London.
  8. ^ a b Steffi Laemmle; Willy Tiabou; Christoph Bichlmeier (May 2003). "Verfolgte Mathematiker (Persecuted Mathematicians)". Seminar für überfachliche Grundlagen: Mathematiker in der NS-Zeit (Term Paper). TU Munich.
  9. ^ Cattell, Jaques, ed. (1949). American Men of Science: A Biographical Dictionary. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: The Science Press. p. 192.
  10. ^ "Historic Fellows". American Association for the Advancement of Science.
[edit]
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