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| purpose = Development of a [[royalty-free]] video format
| purpose = Development of a [[royalty-free]] video format
}}
}}
The '''Alliance for Open Media''' ('''AOMedia''') is a [[non-profit organization|non-profit]] industry consortium that develops [[Open-source software|open]], [[royalty-free]] technology for multimedia delivery headquartered in [[Wakefield, Massachusetts]]. It uses the ideas and principles of open [[Web standards|web standard]] development to create video standards that can serve as royalty-free alternatives to the hitherto dominant standards of the [[Moving Picture Experts Group]] (MPEG) and its related business model of exploiting [[intellectual property]] through patent [[royalties]] associated with patent and licensing complications and fees.<ref name="prior-art"/><ref name="patent-policy"/><ref name=faster/>
The '''Alliance for Open Media''' ('''AOMedia''') is a [[non-profit organization|non-profit]] industry consortium headquartered in [[Wakefield, Massachusetts]], and formed to develop [[Open-source software|open]], [[royalty-free]] technology for multimedia delivery. It uses the ideas and principles of open [[Web standards|web standard]] development to create video standards that can serve as alternatives to the hitherto dominant standards of the [[Moving Picture Experts Group]] (MPEG).<ref name="prior-art"/><ref name="patent-policy"/><ref name=faster/>


Its first project was to develop [[AV1]], a new [[Open format|open]] [[video coding format|video codec and format]], as a successor to [[VP9]] and a royalty-free alternative to [[High Efficiency Video Coding|HEVC]].<ref name="CNet2015-09" /> AV1 uses elements from [[Daala]], [[Thor (video codec)|Thor]], and [[VP10]], three preceding open video codecs.
Its first project was to develop [[AV1]], a new [[Open file format|open]] [[video coding format|video codec and format]], as a successor to [[VP9]] and an alternative to [[High Efficiency Video Coding|HEVC]].<ref name="CNet2015-09" /> AV1 uses elements from [[Daala]], [[Thor (video codec)|Thor]], and [[VP10]], three preceding open video codecs.


The governing members of the Alliance for Open Media are [[Amazon.com|Amazon]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[ARM (company)|ARM]], [[Cisco]], [[Facebook]], [[Google]], [[Huawei]], [[Intel]], [[Microsoft]], [[Mozilla Corporation|Mozilla]], [[Netflix]], [[Nvidia]], [[Samsung Electronics]] and [[Tencent]].
The governing members of the Alliance for Open Media are [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Arm Holdings|ARM]], [[Cisco]], [[Google]], [[Huawei]], [[Intel]], [[Meta Platforms]], [[Microsoft]], [[Mozilla Corporation|Mozilla]], [[Netflix]], [[Nvidia]], [[Samsung Electronics]] and [[Tencent]].


==History==
==History==
Some collaboration and work that would later be merged into AV1 predates the official launch of the Alliance.<ref name="prior-art"/>
Some collaboration and work that would later be merged into AV1 predates the official launch of the Alliance.<ref name="prior-art"/>

Following the successful standardization of an [[Opus (audio format)|audio standard]] in the [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] (IETF) in 2012, a working group for the standardization of a royalty-free video format began to form under the lead of members of the [[Xiph.org Foundation]],<ref name="BofIETF91"/> who had begun working on their experimental video format [[Daala]] back in 2010.<ref name="daala-exp"/>
In May 2015, the Internet Video Codec working group (NetVC) of the IETF was officially started and presented with coding techniques from Xiph's/Mozilla's Daala.<ref name="NETVCstart"/> Cisco Systems joined forces and offered their own prototype format [[Thor (video codec)|Thor]] to the working group on July 22.<ref name="minutes-93-netvc"/>
Following the successful standardization of an [[Opus (audio format)|audio standard]] in the [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] (IETF) in 2012, a working group for the standardization of a royalty-free video format began to form under the lead of members of the [[Xiph.Org Foundation]],<ref name="BofIETF91"/> who had begun working on their experimental video format [[Daala]] back in 2010.<ref name="daala-exp"/> In May 2015, the Internet Video Codec working group (NetVC) of the IETF was officially started and presented with coding techniques from Daala.<ref name="NETVCstart"/> Cisco Systems joined forces and offered their own prototype format [[Thor (video codec)|Thor]] to the working group on July 22.<ref name="minutes-93-netvc"/>

⚫
The lack of a suitable video format for inclusion in the specification of [[HTML video]] by the [[World Wide Web Consortium|World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)]]<ref name="CiscoThor"/> and the failed negotiations for one mandatory video format for [[WebRTC]] showed the need for a competitive, open video standard.


⚫
The lack of a suitable video format for inclusion in the [[World Wide Web Consortium|World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)]]'s [[HTML5 video|HTML5]] specification<ref name="HTML5"/> and the failed negotiations for one mandatory video format for [[WebRTC]] showed the need for a competitive, open video standard.
The emergence of a second patent pool for HEVC ([[HEVC Advance]]) in spring 2015 provided motivation for investments in an alternative video format and grew support for the Alliance, mainly due to the uncertainty regarding royalties for [[MPEG]]'s next-generation video format, HEVC.<ref name="HEVC Advance"/>
The emergence of a second patent pool for HEVC ([[HEVC Advance]]) in spring 2015 provided motivation for investments in an alternative video format and grew support for the Alliance, mainly due to the uncertainty regarding royalties for [[MPEG]]'s next-generation video format, HEVC.<ref name="HEVC Advance"/>


On September 1, 2015, the Alliance for Open Media was announced with the goal of developing a royalty free video format as an alternative to licensed formats such as [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|H.264]] and [[High Efficiency Video Coding#Future alternative|HEVC]].<ref name="VP9 successor"/><ref name="CNet2015-09"/> The founding members are Amazon, Cisco, Google, Intel, Microsoft, Mozilla, and Netflix.<ref name="CNet2015-09"/> The plan was to release the video format by 2017.<ref name="CNet2015-09"/><ref name="StreamingMedia2015-09"/>
On September 1, 2015, the Alliance for Open Media was announced with the goal of developing a royalty-free video format as an alternative to licensed formats such as [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|H.264]] and [[High Efficiency Video Coding#Future alternative|HEVC]].<ref name="VP9 successor"/><ref name="CNet2015-09"/> The founding members are Amazon, Cisco, Google, Intel, Microsoft, Mozilla, and Netflix.<ref name="CNet2015-09"/> The plan was to release the video format by 2017.<ref name="CNet2015-09"/><ref name="StreamingMedia2015-09"/>


The alliance saw expansion of its member list since inception. On April 5, 2016, the Alliance for Open Media announced that [[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]], [[ARM Holdings|ARM]], and [[Nvidia]] had joined, and [[Adobe Systems|Adobe]], [[Ateme]], [[Ittiam Systems|Ittiam]] and [[Vidyo]] joined in the months following. On November 13, 2017, [[Facebook]] later joined as a governing member.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aomedia.org/alliance-for-open-media-welcomes-facebook-to-its-board-as-founding-member/|title=Alliance for Open Media Welcomes Facebook to Its Board as Founding Member|last=aomedia|date=November 13, 2017|website=Alliance for Open Media|language=en-US|access-date=October 27, 2019}}</ref> In January 2018 the alliance's website was quietly updated to add [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] as a governing member of the alliance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-online-video-compression-av1/|title=Apple joins an alliance to shrink your online videos|last=Shankland|first=Stephen|website=CNET|language=en|access-date=October 27, 2019}}</ref> On April 3, 2019, [[Samsung Electronics]] joined as a governing member.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aomedia.org/samsung-joins-the-alliance-for-open-media-board-of-directors/|title=Samsung Joins the Alliance for Open Media Board of Directors|date=April 3, 2019|website=Alliance for Open Media|language=en-US|access-date=October 27, 2019}}</ref> October 1, 2019, [[Tencent]] joined as a governing member.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aomedia.org/tencent-joins-the-alliance-for-open-media-at-the-board-level/|title=Tencent Joins the Alliance for Open Media at the Board-Level|last=Licata|first=Scott|date=October 1, 2019|website=Alliance for Open Media|language=en-US|access-date=October 27, 2019}}</ref>
The alliance saw expansion of its member list since inception. On April 5, 2016, the Alliance for Open Media announced that [[AMD]], [[Arm Holdings|ARM]], and [[Nvidia]] had joined, and [[Adobe Inc.|Adobe]], [[Ateme]], [[Ittiam Systems|Ittiam]] and [[Vidyo]] joined in the months following. On November 13, 2017, [[Facebook]] later joined as a governing member.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aomedia.org/alliance-for-open-media-welcomes-facebook-to-its-board-as-founding-member/|title=Alliance for Open Media Welcomes Facebook to Its Board as Founding Member|last=aomedia|date=November 13, 2017|website=Alliance for Open Media|language=en-US|access-date=October 27, 2019}}</ref> In January 2018 the alliance's website was quietly updated to add [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] as a governing member of the alliance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-online-video-compression-av1/|title=Apple joins an alliance to shrink your online videos|last=Shankland|first=Stephen|website=CNET|language=en|access-date=October 27, 2019}}</ref> On April 3, 2019, [[Samsung Electronics]] joined as a governing member.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aomedia.org/samsung-joins-the-alliance-for-open-media-board-of-directors/|title=Samsung Joins the Alliance for Open Media Board of Directors|date=April 3, 2019|website=Alliance for Open Media|language=en-US|access-date=October 27, 2019}}</ref> October 1, 2019, [[Tencent]] joined as a governing member.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aomedia.org/tencent-joins-the-alliance-for-open-media-at-the-board-level/|title=Tencent Joins the Alliance for Open Media at the Board-Level|last=Licata|first=Scott|date=October 1, 2019|website=Alliance for Open Media|language=en-US|access-date=October 27, 2019}}</ref>


In 2018, the founder and chairman of the MPEG acknowledged the Alliance to be the biggest threat to their business model, furthermore stating that:<ref name="MPEG end"/> {{blockquote
In 2018, the founder and chairman of the MPEG acknowledged the Alliance to be the biggest threat to their business model, furthermore stating that:<ref name="MPEG end"/> {{blockquote
|text=Alliance for Open Media has occupied the void created by MPEG’s outdated video compression standard ([[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|AVC]]), absence of competitive [royalty free] standards ([[Internet Video Coding|IVC]]) and unusable modern standard ([[High Efficiency Video Coding|HEVC]])... Everybody realises that the old MPEG business model is now broke.
|text=Alliance for Open Media has occupied the void created by MPEG’s outdated video compression standard ([[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|AVC]]), absence of competitive [royalty free] standards ([[Internet Video Coding|IVC]]) and unusable modern standard ([[High Efficiency Video Coding|HEVC]])... Everybody realises that the old MPEG business model is now broke. |author=[[Leonardo Chiariglione]] |source=[http://blog.chiariglione.org/a-crisis-the-causes-and-a-solution/ A crisis, the causes and a solution]}}

|author=[[Leonardo Chiariglione]]
== 2022 ==
|source=[http://blog.chiariglione.org/a-crisis-the-causes-and-a-solution/ A crisis, the causes and a solution]}}
Articles suggested that Google was in planning to release 2 open formats, High-dynamic-range video/HDR video and 3D audio, as alternatives to Dolby Atmos and Dolby Vision video technology. A draft called IAC has been developed for audio, and Samsung's HDR10+ will not be utilized.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tomsguide.com/news/project-caviar-is-googles-plan-to-replace-dolby-vision-and-atmos |website=tomsguide |access-date= November 25, 2022 |date= September 25, 2022|title=Google's Project Caviar challenges Dolby Atmos and Dolby Vision}}</ref>
During September 2022, AOMedia announced Project Caviar. Although the name is yet to be disclosed, the announcement was made public through a journal authored by AOMedia developers and biographies shared on the doc: and after a month papers calls were released with an early draft.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://aomedia.org/docs/OAM-September-2022jmi-3195167ProgressReport.pdf |journal= 88 SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal | date=September 2022 |title= Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia) Progress Report |doi=10.5594/JMI.2022.3190532}}</ref> The Video Codec Working Group (CWG) was the first AOMedia technical group. Recognizing some needs, AOMedia created, in February 2022, the Volumetric Visual Media Working Group (VVMWG).
In June 2022, 10 universities and 24 organizations (companies) went to Alliance for Open Media Symposium,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aomedia.org/newsletters/aom-decoder-q2-2022/ |title=AOM Decoder Q2 2022}}</ref> with various engineers working on AV1 and developing the new technologies in the cwg incubators gains test for the Next Generation AOM standard. There are in the alliance efforts done through different working groups. <ref>{{Cite web |url= https://aomedia.org/about/ |title=aomedia.org about |date= January 1, 2023}}</ref> AVM: AOM Video Model - was created in the AOMedia GitLab repository. It consists of tools based on research candidate. AVM is the software codebase that AOMedia is using for its research and development of the next generation video coding technologies. The development happens in stages, and each new anchor is the codebase in which previously adopted experiments have been integrated and which is used in the following round of the experiments. <ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGSXDuNtkiU&t=7201s |title=Coding Tool Research for Next Generation AOM Coding Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://storage.googleapis.com/clic2022_public/slides/Challenges%20in%20incorporating%20ML%20in%20a%20practical%20Nextgen%20Video%20Codec.pdf|title=Challenges in incorporating ML in a mainstream nextgen video codec}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url= https://gitlab.com/AOMediaCodec/avm |title=AVM AOMedia GitLab}}</ref> - this repo based on Libaom, reference encoder for AV1 format.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://aomedia.googlesource.com/aom/|title=AOMedia Source git clone}}</ref>

== 2023 ==
During June 2023, AOMedia announced that [[Zoom Video Communications]] would become a promoter member.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-21 |title=Zoom Joins the Alliance for Open Media |url=https://aomedia.org/press%20releases/zoom-joins-aomedia/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Alliance for Open Media |language=en}}</ref>


==AOMedia Video==
==AOMedia Video==
{{see also|AV1}}
{{see also|AV1}}
The Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia)'s first project was the creation of an open video compression format and codec optimized for [[streaming media]] over the internet, intended for both commercial and non-commercial content, including [[user-generated content]]. The format is intended to be the first in a line of new, AOMedia Video (AV) formats being developed.<ref name="StreamingMedia2016-04"/>
AOMedia's first project was the creation of an open video compression format and codec optimized for [[streaming media]] over the internet, intended for both commercial and non-commercial content, including [[user-generated content]]. The format is intended to be the first in a line of new, AOMedia Video (AV) formats being developed.<ref name="StreamingMedia2016-04"/>


AOMedia planned for the first version of its format (AV1) to be completed before the end of 2017.<ref name="fosdem2017"/> However, work on the bitstream specification will be continued into 2018.<ref name="STSWE17"/> The format is the primary contender for standardisation by the video coding standard working group [[NetVC]] of the [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] (IETF).<ref name="netvc"/>
AOMedia planned for the first version of its format (AV1) to be completed before the end of 2017.<ref name="fosdem2017"/> However, work on the bitstream specification will be continued into 2018.<ref name="STSWE17"/> The format is the primary contender for standardisation by the video coding standard working group [[NetVC]] of the [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] (IETF).<ref name="netvc"/>


The main distinguishing features of AV1 are its [[royalty-free]] licensing terms and state of the art performance. AV1 is specifically designed for [[real-time application]]s and for higher resolutions than typical usage scenarios of the current generation (H.264) of video formats.<ref name="StreamingMedia2016-06"/>
The main distinguishing features of AV1 are its purported [[royalty-free]] licensing terms and performance. AV1 is specifically designed for [[real-time application]]s and for higher resolutions than typical usage scenarios of the current generation (H.264) of video formats.<ref name="StreamingMedia2016-06"/>

In 2019, Sisvel International formed a [[patent pool]] for selling licenses to intellectual property it anticipates will be necessary to comply with the [[AV1]] standard. AOMedia said this was contrary to its goal of a standard developed entirely with free, donated technology owned by the organization. Sisvel anticipates AV1 will require patented technology developed outside the AOMedia member organizations.<ref name="Pennington 2020 f714">{{cite web | last=Pennington | first=Adrian | title=Sisvel Announces AV1 Patent Pool | website=Streaming Media Magazine | date=March 10, 2020 | url=https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=139636 | access-date=October 13, 2023}}</ref>


==Operation and structure==
==Operation and structure==
The Alliance is incorporated in the US as a tax-exempt non-profit organization and a subsidiary "project" of the independent Joint Development Foundation (JDF), also headquartered in Wakefield.
The Alliance is incorporated in the US as a tax-exempt non-profit organization and a subsidiary "project" of the independent [[Joint Development Foundation]] (JDF), also headquartered in Wakefield.


The Alliance will release new video codecs as [[free software]] under the [[BSD 2-Clause License]]. It adopted the patent rules of the [[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]]<ref name="patent-policy"/> which mandate technology contributors to disclose all patents that may be relevant and to agree to a royalty-free patent license.<ref name="patent-disclosure"/> The Alliance's patent license contains a [[defensive termination]] clause to discourage patent lawsuits.
The Alliance intends to release new video codecs as [[free software]] under the [[BSD 2-Clause License]]. It adopted the patent rules of the [[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]]<ref name="patent-policy"/> which mandate technology contributors to disclose all patents that may be relevant and to agree to a royalty-free patent license.<ref name="patent-disclosure"/> The Alliance's patent license contains a [[defensive termination]] clause to discourage patent lawsuits.


Software development happens in the open<ref name="StreamingMedia2016-04"/> using a public source code repository<ref name="StreamingMedia2016-06"/> and [[issue tracking system]], and welcomes contributions from the general public. Contributions have to pass internal reviews and gain consensus for their adoption. Different sub-groups inside the Alliance handle testing,<ref name="aom-workinggroups"/> reviews for [[intellectual property rights|IPR]]/patent problems<ref name="patent-policy"/><ref name="aom-workinggroups"/> hardware-friendliness,<ref name="aom-workinggroups"/> and editing of specification documents.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/thvSyJN1vsA Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327214345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thvSyJN1vsA Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thvSyJN1vsA| title = Royalty-Free Video Encoding Netflix Meet-up | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
Software development happens in the open<ref name="StreamingMedia2016-04"/> using a public source code repository<ref name="StreamingMedia2016-06"/> and [[issue tracking system]], and welcomes contributions from the general public. Contributions have to pass internal reviews and gain consensus for their adoption. Different sub-groups inside the Alliance handle testing,<ref name="aom-workinggroups"/> reviews for [[intellectual property rights|IPR]]/patent problems<ref name="patent-policy"/><ref name="aom-workinggroups"/> hardware-friendliness,<ref name="aom-workinggroups"/> and editing of specification documents.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/thvSyJN1vsA Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327214345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thvSyJN1vsA Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thvSyJN1vsA| title = Royalty-Free Video Encoding Netflix Meet-up | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
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===Governing members===
===Governing members===
As of November 2021:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=aomedia|url=https://aomedia.org/membership/members/|access-date=November 22, 2021|website=Alliance for Open Media|title=They Developed It. They Benefit From It. They Stand Behind It. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Alliance for Open Media}}</ref>{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
As of November 2021:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=aomedia|url=https://aomedia.org/membership/members/|access-date=November 22, 2021|website=Alliance for Open Media|title=They Developed It. They Benefit From It. They Stand Behind It. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Alliance for Open Media}}</ref>{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Amazon.com|Amazon]]
* [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]
* [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
* [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
* [[ARM Holdings|ARM]]
* [[Arm Holdings|ARM]]
* [[Cisco Systems|Cisco]]
* [[Cisco]]
* [[Facebook]]
* [[Meta Platforms]] (formerly [[Facebook]])
* [[Google]]
* [[Google]]
* [[Huawei]]
* [[Huawei]]
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===General members===
===General members===
As of November 2021:<ref name=":1" />{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
As of November 2023:<ref name=":1" />
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Adobe Systems|Adobe]]
* [[Adobe Inc.|Adobe]]
* Agora.io
* Agora.io
* [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]]
* [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]]
* [[Allegro DVT]]
* [[Allegro DVT]]
* [[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]]
* [[AMD]]
* [[Amlogic]]
* [[Amlogic]]
* [[Argon Design]]
* [[Argon Design]]
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* [[Gfycat]]
* [[Gfycat]]
* [[Hulu]]
* [[Hulu]]
* [[iQiyi]]
* [[iQIYI]]
* [[iSIZE]]
* [[iSIZE]]
* [[Ittiam]]
* [[Ittiam]]
* [[LG Electronics]]
* [[NETINT Technologies]]
* [[NETINT Technologies]]
* [[NGCodec]]
* [[NGCodec]]
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* [[Western Digital]]
* [[Western Digital]]
* [[Xilinx]]
* [[Xilinx]]
* [[Zoom Video Communications|Zoom]]}}
}}


===Previous members===
===Previous members===
* [[International Business Machines|IBM]] (previously a Founding/Governing member, but delisted from website as of July 7, 2020)<ref name="aom-members-2020-07-07">{{cite web |url=https://aomedia.org/membership/members/ |website=aomedia.org |title=They Developed It. They Benefit From It. They Stand Behind It. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Alliance for Open Media |date=July 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707073627/https://aomedia.org/membership/members/ |archive-date=July 7, 2020 }}</ref>
* [[IBM]] (previously a Founding/Governing member, but delisted from website as of July 7, 2020)<ref name="aom-members-2020-07-07">{{cite web |url=https://aomedia.org/membership/members/ |website=aomedia.org |title=They Developed It. They Benefit From It. They Stand Behind It. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Alliance for Open Media |date=July 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707073627/https://aomedia.org/membership/members/ |archive-date=July 7, 2020 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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<ref name=faster>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/blog/techflash/2015/09/why-microsoft-and-amazon-are-working-with-google.html |title=Why Microsoft and Amazon are working with Google and Netflix to make video streaming faster | last=Lamm | first=Greg | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=September 3, 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=faster>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/blog/techflash/2015/09/why-microsoft-and-amazon-are-working-with-google.html |title=Why Microsoft and Amazon are working with Google and Netflix to make video streaming faster | last=Lamm | first=Greg | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=September 3, 2015}}</ref>


<ref name="patent-policy">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cio.com/article/2979671|title=Open source, open standard, royalty-free media codecs? That's the promise of the newly formed Alliance for Open Media|last=Bhartiya|first=Swapnil|date=September 2, 2015|work=CIO|access-date=March 17, 2018|publisher=IDG Communications, Inc.}}</ref>
<ref name="patent-policy">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cio.com/article/2979671|title=Open source, open standard, royalty-free media codecs? That's the promise of the newly formed Alliance for Open Media|last=Bhartiya|first=Swapnil|date=September 2, 2015|work=CIO|access-date=March 17, 2018|publisher=IDG Communications, Inc.}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


<ref name="patent-disclosure">{{Cite web|url=http://www.internetnews.com/dev-news/article.php/2116821|title=W3C Publishes Patent Policy Draft|last=Boulton|first=Clint|date=March 19, 2003|website=InternetNews.com|access-date=March 17, 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="patent-disclosure">{{Cite web|url=http://www.internetnews.com/dev-news/article.php/2116821|title=W3C Publishes Patent Policy Draft|last=Boulton|first=Clint|date=March 19, 2003|website=InternetNews.com|access-date=March 17, 2018}}</ref>
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<ref name="prior-art">{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/09/microsoft-google-amazon-others-aim-for-royalty-free-video-codecs/|title=Microsoft, Google, Amazon, others, aim for royalty-free video codecs|last=Bright|first=Peter|date=September 1, 2015|work=Ars Technica|access-date=March 17, 2018|language=en-us}}</ref>
<ref name="prior-art">{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/09/microsoft-google-amazon-others-aim-for-royalty-free-video-codecs/|title=Microsoft, Google, Amazon, others, aim for royalty-free video codecs|last=Bright|first=Peter|date=September 1, 2015|work=Ars Technica|access-date=March 17, 2018|language=en-us}}</ref>


<ref name="BofIETF91">{{Cite web|url=https://trac.tools.ietf.org/bof/trac/wiki/BofIETF91#NETVCCanceled|title=NETVC (Canceled) – BOF meeting proposals for IETF 91|date=January 20, 2015|website=trac.tools.ietf.org|access-date=March 16, 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="BofIETF91">{{Cite web|url=https://trac.tools.ietf.org/bof/trac/wiki/BofIETF91#NETVCCanceled|title=NETVC (Canceled) – BOF meeting proposals for IETF 91|date=January 20, 2015|website=trac.tools.ietf.org|access-date=March 16, 2018|archive-date=February 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222061243/http://trac.tools.ietf.org/bof/trac/wiki/BofIETF91#NETVCCanceled|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name="daala-exp">{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/xiph/daala/commit/9e729e892831a6c7cd09b930427db62f3b59ed36|title=Initial import of Timothy Terriberry's daala-exp code|date=October 13, 2010|website=GitHub|access-date=August 1, 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="daala-exp">{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/xiph/daala/commit/9e729e892831a6c7cd09b930427db62f3b59ed36|title=Initial import of Timothy Terriberry's daala-exp code|date=October 13, 2010|website=GitHub|access-date=August 1, 2015}}</ref>
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<ref name="minutes-93-netvc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/93/minutes/minutes-93-netvc|title=NETVC IETF 93 minutes|website=ietf.org|access-date=March 16, 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="minutes-93-netvc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/93/minutes/minutes-93-netvc|title=NETVC IETF 93 minutes|website=ietf.org|access-date=March 16, 2018}}</ref>


<ref name="HTML5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2970870|title=Cisco's Thor project swings a hammer at Web video codecs|last=Krill|first=Paul|date=August 19, 2015|work=InfoWorld|access-date=March 17, 2018|publisher=IDG Communications, Inc.}}</ref>
<ref name="CiscoThor">{{Cite news|url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2970870|title=Cisco's Thor project swings a hammer at Web video codecs|last=Krill|first=Paul|date=August 19, 2015|work=InfoWorld|access-date=March 17, 2018|publisher=IDG Communications, Inc.}}</ref>


<ref name="HEVC Advance">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elecard.com/page/aom_av1_vs_hevc|title=AOM AV1 vs. HEVC|last=Pozdnyakov|first=Andrey|website=elecard.com|publisher=Elecard|language=en-US|access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="HEVC Advance">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elecard.com/page/aom_av1_vs_hevc|title=AOM AV1 vs. HEVC|last=Pozdnyakov|first=Andrey|website=elecard.com|publisher=Elecard|language=en-US|access-date=March 19, 2018}}</ref>
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==External links==
==External links==
* {{Official website|aomedia.org}}
* {{Official website|https://aomedia.org/}}


[[Category:Free and open-source software organizations]]
[[Category:Free and open-source software organizations]]

Latest revision as of 05:01, 5 August 2024

Alliance for Open Media
AbbreviationAOMedia, AOM
FormationSeptember 1, 2015; 9 years ago (2015-09-01)
FounderAmazon, Cisco, Google, Intel, Microsoft, Mozilla, Netflix[1]
TypeIndustry consortium
PurposeDevelopment of a royalty-free video format
HeadquartersWakefield, Massachusetts, U.S.
Products
Members (2021)
53
Parent organization
Joint Development Foundation
Websiteaomedia.org

The Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia) is a non-profit industry consortium headquartered in Wakefield, Massachusetts, and formed to develop open, royalty-free technology for multimedia delivery. It uses the ideas and principles of open web standard development to create video standards that can serve as alternatives to the hitherto dominant standards of the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG).[2][3][4]

Its first project was to develop AV1, a new open video codec and format, as a successor to VP9 and an alternative to HEVC.[1] AV1 uses elements from Daala, Thor, and VP10, three preceding open video codecs.

The governing members of the Alliance for Open Media are Amazon, Apple, ARM, Cisco, Google, Huawei, Intel, Meta Platforms, Microsoft, Mozilla, Netflix, Nvidia, Samsung Electronics and Tencent.

History

[edit]

Some collaboration and work that would later be merged into AV1 predates the official launch of the Alliance.[2]

Following the successful standardization of an audio standard in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in 2012, a working group for the standardization of a royalty-free video format began to form under the lead of members of the Xiph.Org Foundation,[5] who had begun working on their experimental video format Daala back in 2010.[6] In May 2015, the Internet Video Codec working group (NetVC) of the IETF was officially started and presented with coding techniques from Daala.[7] Cisco Systems joined forces and offered their own prototype format Thor to the working group on July 22.[8]

The lack of a suitable video format for inclusion in the specification of HTML video by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)[9] and the failed negotiations for one mandatory video format for WebRTC showed the need for a competitive, open video standard.

The emergence of a second patent pool for HEVC (HEVC Advance) in spring 2015 provided motivation for investments in an alternative video format and grew support for the Alliance, mainly due to the uncertainty regarding royalties for MPEG's next-generation video format, HEVC.[10]

On September 1, 2015, the Alliance for Open Media was announced with the goal of developing a royalty-free video format as an alternative to licensed formats such as H.264 and HEVC.[11][1] The founding members are Amazon, Cisco, Google, Intel, Microsoft, Mozilla, and Netflix.[1] The plan was to release the video format by 2017.[1][12]

The alliance saw expansion of its member list since inception. On April 5, 2016, the Alliance for Open Media announced that AMD, ARM, and Nvidia had joined, and Adobe, Ateme, Ittiam and Vidyo joined in the months following. On November 13, 2017, Facebook later joined as a governing member.[13] In January 2018 the alliance's website was quietly updated to add Apple as a governing member of the alliance.[14] On April 3, 2019, Samsung Electronics joined as a governing member.[15] October 1, 2019, Tencent joined as a governing member.[16]

In 2018, the founder and chairman of the MPEG acknowledged the Alliance to be the biggest threat to their business model, furthermore stating that:[17]

Alliance for Open Media has occupied the void created by MPEG’s outdated video compression standard (AVC), absence of competitive [royalty free] standards (IVC) and unusable modern standard (HEVC)... Everybody realises that the old MPEG business model is now broke.

— Leonardo Chiariglione, A crisis, the causes and a solution

2022

[edit]

Articles suggested that Google was in planning to release 2 open formats, High-dynamic-range video/HDR video and 3D audio, as alternatives to Dolby Atmos and Dolby Vision video technology. A draft called IAC has been developed for audio, and Samsung's HDR10+ will not be utilized.[18] During September 2022, AOMedia announced Project Caviar. Although the name is yet to be disclosed, the announcement was made public through a journal authored by AOMedia developers and biographies shared on the doc: and after a month papers calls were released with an early draft.[19] The Video Codec Working Group (CWG) was the first AOMedia technical group. Recognizing some needs, AOMedia created, in February 2022, the Volumetric Visual Media Working Group (VVMWG). In June 2022, 10 universities and 24 organizations (companies) went to Alliance for Open Media Symposium,[20] with various engineers working on AV1 and developing the new technologies in the cwg incubators gains test for the Next Generation AOM standard. There are in the alliance efforts done through different working groups. [21] AVM: AOM Video Model - was created in the AOMedia GitLab repository. It consists of tools based on research candidate. AVM is the software codebase that AOMedia is using for its research and development of the next generation video coding technologies. The development happens in stages, and each new anchor is the codebase in which previously adopted experiments have been integrated and which is used in the following round of the experiments. [22][23] [24] - this repo based on Libaom, reference encoder for AV1 format.[25]

2023

[edit]

During June 2023, AOMedia announced that Zoom Video Communications would become a promoter member.[26]

AOMedia Video

[edit]
See also: AV1

AOMedia's first project was the creation of an open video compression format and codec optimized for streaming media over the internet, intended for both commercial and non-commercial content, including user-generated content. The format is intended to be the first in a line of new, AOMedia Video (AV) formats being developed.[27]

AOMedia planned for the first version of its format (AV1) to be completed before the end of 2017.[28] However, work on the bitstream specification will be continued into 2018.[29] The format is the primary contender for standardisation by the video coding standard working group NetVC of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).[30]

The main distinguishing features of AV1 are its purported royalty-free licensing terms and performance. AV1 is specifically designed for real-time applications and for higher resolutions than typical usage scenarios of the current generation (H.264) of video formats.[31]

In 2019, Sisvel International formed a patent pool for selling licenses to intellectual property it anticipates will be necessary to comply with the AV1 standard. AOMedia said this was contrary to its goal of a standard developed entirely with free, donated technology owned by the organization. Sisvel anticipates AV1 will require patented technology developed outside the AOMedia member organizations.[32]

Operation and structure

[edit]

The Alliance is incorporated in the US as a tax-exempt non-profit organization and a subsidiary "project" of the independent Joint Development Foundation (JDF), also headquartered in Wakefield.

The Alliance intends to release new video codecs as free software under the BSD 2-Clause License. It adopted the patent rules of the W3C[3] which mandate technology contributors to disclose all patents that may be relevant and to agree to a royalty-free patent license.[33] The Alliance's patent license contains a defensive termination clause to discourage patent lawsuits.

Software development happens in the open[27] using a public source code repository[31] and issue tracking system, and welcomes contributions from the general public. Contributions have to pass internal reviews and gain consensus for their adoption. Different sub-groups inside the Alliance handle testing,[34] reviews for IPR/patent problems[3][34] hardware-friendliness,[34] and editing of specification documents.[35]

There are two levels of membership: organizations can join as an ordinary member, or as a governing member with a seat on the board of directors. Confusingly, these are dubbed "founding members" in AOM terminology, although they need not be members since the Alliance was founded.

There is a broad representation of the video industry among the Alliance members, featuring several hardware, software, and content producers, OTT video distributors, providers of real-time conferencing solutions, and browser vendors. Several AOM members have previously worked on MPEG's HEVC and hold patents to it (e.g. BBC, Intel, Cisco, Vidyo, Apple, Microsoft, and Broadcom[36]).

Governing members

[edit]

As of November 2021:[37]

General members

[edit]

As of November 2023:[37]

Previous members

[edit]
  • IBM (previously a Founding/Governing member, but delisted from website as of July 7, 2020)[38]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Stephen Shankland (September 1, 2015). "Tech giants join forces to hasten high-quality online video". CNET. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
  2. ^ a b Bright, Peter (September 1, 2015). "Microsoft, Google, Amazon, others, aim for royalty-free video codecs". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  3. ^ a b c Bhartiya, Swapnil (September 2, 2015). "Open source, open standard, royalty-free media codecs? That's the promise of the newly formed Alliance for Open Media". CIO. IDG Communications, Inc. Retrieved March 17, 2018.[permanent dead link‍]
  4. ^ Lamm, Greg (September 3, 2015). "Why Microsoft and Amazon are working with Google and Netflix to make video streaming faster". American City Business Journals.
  5. ^ "NETVC (Canceled) – BOF meeting proposals for IETF 91". trac.tools.ietf.org. January 20, 2015. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  6. ^ "Initial import of Timothy Terriberry's daala-exp code". GitHub. October 13, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
  7. ^ Armasu, Lucian (March 25, 2015). "IETF Begins Standardization Process For Next-Generation 'NETVC' Video Codec (Daala)". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  8. ^ "NETVC IETF 93 minutes". ietf.org. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  9. ^ Krill, Paul (August 19, 2015). "Cisco's Thor project swings a hammer at Web video codecs". InfoWorld. IDG Communications, Inc. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  10. ^ Pozdnyakov, Andrey. "AOM AV1 vs. HEVC". elecard.com. Elecard. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  11. ^ Zimmerman, Steven (May 15, 2017). "Google's Royalty-Free Answer to HEVC: A Look at AV1 and the Future of Video Codecs". XDA Developers. Archived from the original on June 14, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
  12. ^ Jan Ozer (September 1, 2015). "Amazon, Google, and More Working on Royalty-Free Codec". StreamingMedia.com. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  13. ^ aomedia (November 13, 2017). "Alliance for Open Media Welcomes Facebook to Its Board as Founding Member". Alliance for Open Media. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
  14. ^ Shankland, Stephen. "Apple joins an alliance to shrink your online videos". CNET. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
  15. ^ "Samsung Joins the Alliance for Open Media Board of Directors". Alliance for Open Media. April 3, 2019. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
  16. ^ Licata, Scott (October 1, 2019). "Tencent Joins the Alliance for Open Media at the Board-Level". Alliance for Open Media. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
  17. ^ Doctorow, Cory (January 30, 2018). "After industry adopts open video standards, MPEG founder says the end is nigh". boingboing.net. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  18. ^ "Google's Project Caviar challenges Dolby Atmos and Dolby Vision". tomsguide. September 25, 2022. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  19. ^ "Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia) Progress Report" (PDF). 88 SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal. September 2022. doi:10.5594/JMI.2022.3190532.
  20. ^ "AOM Decoder Q2 2022".
  21. ^ "aomedia.org about". January 1, 2023.
  22. ^ "Coding Tool Research for Next Generation AOM Coding Standard".
  23. ^ "Challenges in incorporating ML in a mainstream nextgen video codec" (PDF).
  24. ^ "AVM AOMedia GitLab".
  25. ^ "AOMedia Source git clone".
  26. ^ "Zoom Joins the Alliance for Open Media". Alliance for Open Media. June 21, 2023. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  27. ^ a b "A Progress Report: The Alliance for Open Media and the AV1 Codec". Streaming Media Magazine. April 12, 2016. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
  28. ^ "AV1: Status update". archive.fosdem.org.
  29. ^ Eyevinn (December 12, 2017), STSWE17: Jai Krishnan from Google and AOMedia giving us an update on AV1, retrieved January 5, 2018
  30. ^ Sebastian Grüner (golem.de), July 19, 2016: Der nächste Videocodec soll 25 Prozent besser sein als H.265 (german)
  31. ^ a b "What is AV1?". Streaming Media Magazine. June 3, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  32. ^ Pennington, Adrian (March 10, 2020). "Sisvel Announces AV1 Patent Pool". Streaming Media Magazine. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
  33. ^ Boulton, Clint (March 19, 2003). "W3C Publishes Patent Policy Draft". InternetNews.com. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  34. ^ a b c Mukherjee, Debargha (June 24, 2019). "AllThingsRTC 2019 - Opening Keynote - Past, Present and Future of AV1". YouTube. Agora.io. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  35. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Royalty-Free Video Encoding Netflix Meet-up". YouTube.
  36. ^ Ozer, Jan (November 27, 2017). "HEVC IP Owners Are Snatching Defeat from the Jaws of Victory". Streaming Learning Center. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  37. ^ a b aomedia. "They Developed It. They Benefit From It. They Stand Behind It. | Alliance for Open Media". Alliance for Open Media. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  38. ^ "They Developed It. They Benefit From It. They Stand Behind It. | Alliance for Open Media". aomedia.org. July 7, 2020. Archived from the original on July 7, 2020.
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