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{{Short description|Species of orchid}}
{{italictitle}}
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2024}}
{{taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Common Spider Orchid
| name = Tree spider orchid
| image = Dendrobium tetragonum.jpg
| image = Dendrobium tetragonum Orchi 030.jpg
|image_caption=1872 illustration<ref>Walter Hood Fitch (1817-1892) del. et lith. Description by Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817—1911) - "Curtis's Botanical Magazine" vol. 98 (ser. 3 nr. 28) tab. 5956</ref>
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| image_caption = ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' var. ''tetragonum''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| genus = Dendrobium
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
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| species = tetragonum
| unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
| authority = [[A.Cunn.]] ex [[Lindl.]]<ref name="WCSP">{{WCSP | 59272 | ''Dendrobium tetragonum''}}</ref>
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
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| synonyms_ref =<ref name="WCSP" />
| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
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| synonyms =
| subfamilia = [[Epidendroideae]]
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
| tribus = [[Podochilaeae]]
|title=<small>Synonyms</small>
| subtribus = [[Dendrobiinae]]
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|* ''Callista tetragona'' <small>([[A.Cunn.]] ex [[Lindl.]]) [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small>
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| genus = ''[[Dendrobium]]''
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|* ''Dendrocoryne tetragonum'' <small>(A.Cunn. ex Lindl.) [[Friedrich Gustav Brieger|Brieger]]</small>
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| species = '''''D. tetragonum'''''
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|* ''Tropilis tetragona'' <small>(A.Cunn. ex Lindl.) [[Friedhelm Reinhold Butzin|Butzin]]</small>
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| binomial = ''Dendrobium tetragonum''
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|* ''Tetrabaculum tetragonum'' <small>(A.Cunn. ex Lindl.) [[M.A.Clem.]] & [[David L. Jones (botanist)|D.L.Jones]]</small>
| binomial_authority = [[A.Cunn.]] ex [[Lindl.]]
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|* ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' var. ''tomentosum'' <small>[[William Henry Nicholls|Nicholls]]</small>
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| synonyms_ref =<ref name="tyrena"/>
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|* ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' var. ''variabile'' <small>[[Percy Albert Gilbert|P.A.Gilbert]]</small>
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| synonyms =
}}
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*''Callista tetragona'' <small>(A.Cunn. ex Lindl.) Kuntze</small>
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*''Dendrobium tetragonum'' var. ''tomentosum'' <small>Nicholls</small>
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*''Dendrobium tetragonum'' var. ''variabile'' <small>[[P.A.Gilbert]]</small>
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*''Dendrocoryne tetragonum'' <small>(A.Cunn. ex Lindl.) Brieger</small>
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*''Tropilis tetragona'' <small>(A.Cunn. ex Lindl.) Butzin</small>
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*''Tetrabaculum tetragonum'' <small>(A.Cunn. ex Lindl.) [[M.A.Clem.]] & [[David L. Jones (botanist)|D.L.Jones]]</small>
}}
}}


'''''Dendrobium tetragonum''''', commonly known as the '''tree spider orchid''',<ref name="Jones">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=David L.|title=A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories|date=2006|publisher=New Holland|location=Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.|isbn=1877069124|pages =401–403}}</ref> is a variable species of [[Epiphyte|epiphytic]] or [[Lithophyte|lithophytic]] [[orchid]] [[Endemism|endemic]] to eastern [[Australia]]. Tree spider orchids are unusual in having pendulous [[pseudobulb]]s that are thin and wiry near the base then expand into a fleshy, four-sided upper section before tapering at the tip. There are only a few thin but leathery leaves at the end of the pseudobulbs and up to five flowers on relatively short flowering stems. To allow for the variations in the species there are five subspecies and a variety, some with a unique common name.[[File:Dendrobium tetragonum fma. album A.Cunn. ex Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 25(Misc.)- 33 (1839) (sib. ‘Matsushima’ CHM-JOGA x ‘MJ’s’ SM-JOGA) (39548969652) - cropped.jpg|thumb|225px|''Dendrobium tetragonum'' var. ''cacatua'' (yellow tree spider orchid)]]
'''''Dendrobium tetragonum''''', the '''Common Spider Orchid''', is a species of [[orchid]], also known as the '''Rectangular-bulbed Dendrobium''' or '''Tree Spider Orchid'''. It is commonly found in [[New South Wales]] and [[Queensland]] in [[Australia]].<ref name="tyrena">[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=59272 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orchidspecies.com/dentetragonum.htm|title=IOSPE Photos: Dendrobium tetragonum|publisher=OrchidSpecies.com|accessdate=2013-12-22}}</ref>


==Description==
==Infraspecific taxa==
''Dendrobium tetragonium'' is an epiphytic or lithophytic [[Herbaceous plant|herb]] with pendulous pseudobulbs {{convert|150-600|mm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|6-9|mm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} wide. The pseudobulbs have a thin, wiry base but expand to a fleshy, four-sided upper section and a tapering tip with between two and five thin but leathery leaves. The leaves are {{convert|50-90|mm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|15-40|mm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} wide. The flowering stems are {{convert|10-35|mm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} long and bear up to eight flowers. The number, size and colour of the flowers depend on subspecies. Flower size ranges from {{convert|30 to 120|mm|in|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|20 to 80|mm|in|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} wide. The flowers range in colour from green to pale yellow, sometimes with red blotches and a [[Labellum (botany)|labellum]] that ranges in colour from white, to yellowish with red, brown or purplish markings. The [[sepal]]s range in size from {{convert|20 to 70|mm|in|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|2 to 5|mm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} wide and the [[petal]]s from {{convert|10 to 40|mm|in|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1 to 2|mm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} wide. The labellum ranges from {{convert|8 to 15|mm|in|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} long and from {{convert|6 to 20|mm|in|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} wide. Flowering occurs between April and November.<ref name="Jones" /><ref name="RBGS">{{cite web |last1=Weston |first1=Peter H. |title=''Dendrobium tetragonum'' |url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Dendrobium~tetragonum |publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Sydney |accessdate=19 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="ATROK">{{cite web |author1=D.L.Jones |author2=T.Hopley |author3=S.M.Duffy |author1-link=David L. Jones (botanist) |year=2010 |access-date=28 May 2021 |url=http://www.canbr.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/RFKOrchids/key/rfkorchids/Media/Html/genera/Tetrabaculum.htm |title=''Tetrabaculum'' |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids]] |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), [[Australian Government]]}}</ref>
Several names have been proposed for subspecies and varieties. These are currently accepted as of June 2014:<ref name="tyrena"/>


==Taxonomy and naming==
#''Dendrobium tetragonum'' var. ''cacatua'' <small>(M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones) H.Mohr</small> - Queensland
''Dendrobium tetragonum'' was first formally described in 1839 by [[Allan Cunningham (botanist)|Allan Cunningham]] from a specimen "hanging loosely from the stems of small trees in ''dry'' shaded woods, [[Moreton Bay]]". The description was published in ''[[The Botanical Register|Edwards's Botanical Register]]'' edited by [[John Lindley]].<ref name=APNI>{{cite web|title=''Dendrobium tetragonum''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/506347|accessdate=19 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="A.Cunn.">{{cite journal |last1=Cunningham |first1=Allan |last2=Lindley |first2=John (ed.) |title=Notes of Orchidaceous epiphytes of New South Wales |journal=Edwards's Botanical Register |date=1839 |volume=25 |page=33 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9062#page/242/mode/1up |accessdate=19 November 2018}}</ref>
#''Dendrobium tetragonum'' subsp. ''cataractarum'' <small>Peter B.Adams, S.D.Lawson & G.A.Paterson</small> - Queensland

#''Dendrobium tetragonum'' subsp. ''giganteum'' <small>(Leaney) Peter B.Adams</small> - Queensland
===Subdivisions===
#''Dendrobium tetragonum'' var. ''melaleucaphilum'' <small>(M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones) Dockrill</small> - Queensland and New South Wales
* ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' var. ''cacatua'' <small>([[David L. Jones (botanist)|D.L.Jones]] & [[M.A.Clem.]]) [[Hartmut Mohr|H.Mohr]]</small><ref name="WCSP1">{{WCSP | 59273 | ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' var. ''cacatua''}}</ref> – the '''yellow tree spider orchid''' has greenish to pale yellow flowers with a few fine reddish purple markings and a white labellum, usually with no markings, and flowers from July to September;<ref name="Jones" /><ref name="Peter B.Adams">{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Peter Barry |title=New combination and two new central Queensland taxa in the ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' (Orchidaceae:Epidendroideae) complex |journal=Muelleria |date=2011 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=69–80 |doi=10.5962/p.292512 |s2cid=251005838 |url=https://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/documents/Muelleria_29%281%29%2C_Adams.pdf |accessdate=19 November 2018}}</ref>
#''Dendrobium tetragonum'' var. ''serpentis'' <small>Peter B.Adams</small> - Queensland
* ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' subsp. ''cataractarum'' <small>[[Peter Barry Adams|Peter B.Adams]], [[Sheryl D. Lawson|S.D.Lawson]] & [[Grant A. Paterson|G.A.Peterson]]</small><ref name="WCSP2">{{WCSP | 469020 | ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' subsp. ''cataractarum''}}</ref> has yellowish green flowers with red, purple or brown marks on the edge of the sepals and a pale, cream-coloured labellum with reddish purple markings, and flowers from August to September;<ref name="Peter B.Adams" />
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#''Dendrobium tetragonum'' subsp. ''tetragonum'' - Queensland and New South Wales
* ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' subsp. ''giganteum'' <small>([[R. F. Leaney|Leaney]]) [[Peter Barry Adams|Peter B.Adams]]</small><ref name="WCSP3">{{WCSP | 469024 | ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' subsp. ''giganteum''}}</ref> – the '''blotched tree spider orchid''' has greenish yellow flowers with prominent red blotches and a white labellum with red and purplish lines, and flowers from April to November;<ref name="Jones" /><ref name="Peter B.Adams" />
* ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' subsp. ''melaleucaphilum'' <small>([[David L. Jones (botanist)|D.L.Jones]] & [[M.A.Clem.]]) [[Alick William Dockrill|Dockrill]]</small><ref name="WCSP4">{{WCSP | 59276 | ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' subsp. ''melaleucaphilum''}}</ref> – the '''flared tree spider orchid''' has the largest flowers in the species, the flowers green to greenish yellow with reddish blotches and a white or pale yellow labellum with red or purplish marks, and flowers from May to October;<ref name="Jones" /><ref name="Peter B.Adams" />
* ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' subsp. ''serpentis'' <small>[[Peter Barry Adams|Peter B.Adams]]</small><ref name="WCSP5">{{WCSP | 469037 | ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' subsp. ''serpentis''}}</ref> has flowers that are green at first, then turn yellow with few or no markings apart from on the labellum which is white to pale cream-coloured with reddish purple markings, and flowers from August to September;<ref name="Peter B.Adams" />
* ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' subsp. ''tetragonum''<ref name="WCSP6">{{WCSP | 59277 | '''Dendrobium tetragonum'' subsp. ''tetragonum''}}</ref> – the '''banded tree spider orchid''' has the smallest flowers of the species, the flowers green to greenish yellow with dark reddish brown bands on the edges and a cream-coloured or yellow labellum with brown, red or purplish marks, and flowers from May to October.<ref name="Jones" /><ref name="Peter B.Adams" />

==Distribution and habitat==
Tree spider orchids are usually epiphytes which grow on trees in rainforest or shady places beside streams, but also sometimes on [[Melaleuca|paperbark]] trees, especially ''[[Melaleuca styphelioides]]'' and occasionally on rocks. Different forms of the species occur in different areas of coastal or near-coastal [[New South Wales]] and [[Queensland]].

* ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' var. ''cacatua'' is found from the Mount Windsor Tableland near [[Cape Tribulation, Queensland|Cape Tribulation]] to the [[Eungella National Park]] in Queensland;<ref name="Jones" />
* Subspecies ''cataractarum'' is restricted to Connors Range west of the [[Cape Palmerston National Park]] in central eastern Queensland;<ref name="Peter B.Adams" />
* ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' subsp. ''giganteum'' occurs between the [[Kutini-Payamu (Iron Range) National Park|Iron Range]] and [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]] in Queensland;<ref name="Jones" />
* ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' subsp. ''melaleucaphilum'' is found from the [[Blackdown Tableland National Park]] in Queensland to the [[Blue Mountains National Park|Blue Mountains]] in New South Wales;<ref name="Jones" />
* ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' subsp. ''serpentis'' is restricted to the northern parts of the Blackdown Tableland;<ref name="Peter B.Adams" />
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* ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' subsp. ''tetragonum'' ranges from [[Fraser Island]] in Queensland to [[Tomerong]] in New South Wales.<ref name="Jones" />


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{commons}}
==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://bie.ala.org.au/species/DENDROBIUM+TETRAGONUM Atlas of Living Australia, ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' A.Cunn. Tree Spider Orchid]
*[http://bie.ala.org.au/species/DENDROBIUM+TETRAGONUM Atlas of Living Australia, ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' A.Cunn. Tree Spider Orchid]
*[http://www.orchidspecies.com/dentetragonum.htm IOSPE orchid photo by Allen Black]
*[http://www.orchidspecies.com/dentetragonum.htm IOSPE orchid photo by Allen Black]
*[http://andysorchids.com/pictureframe.asp?pic=images/Species/6234med.jpg&PicId=6234&PicNam=Dendrobium%20-%20tetragonum%20var.giganteum Andy's Orchids (Encinitas California): ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' subsp. ''giganteum'']
*[http://andysorchids.com/pictureframe.asp?pic=images/Species/6234med.jpg&PicId=6234&PicNam=Dendrobium%20-%20tetragonum%20var.giganteum Andy's Orchids (Encinitas California): ''Dendrobium tetragonum'' subsp. ''giganteum'']
*[http://www.gloriousnebo.org.au/LOR/orchids/Dtetragonum.html photos by Wildshot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126230626/http://www.gloriousnebo.org.au/LOR/orchids/Dtetragonum.html |date=2014-01-26 }}
*[http://www.sborchid.com/plantdisplay.php?ocode=DEN000500 Santa Barbara Orchid Estate, Orchid of the Day: ''Dendrobium tetragonum '']
*[http://www.gloriousnebo.org.au/LOR/orchids/Dtetragonum.html photos by Wildshot]



{{Taxonbar|from=Q5256720}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Dendrobium Tetragonum}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dendrobium Tetragonum}}
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[[Category:Orchids of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Orchids of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Orchids of Queensland]]
[[Category:Orchids of Queensland]]
[[Category:Dendrobiinae species]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1839]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1839]]

{{-}}
{{Dendrobium-stub}}

Latest revision as of 08:32, 5 August 2024

Tree spider orchid
Dendrobium tetragonum var. tetragonum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Genus: Dendrobium
Species:
D. tetragonum
Binomial name
Dendrobium tetragonum
Synonyms[1]
Synonyms

Dendrobium tetragonum, commonly known as the tree spider orchid,[2] is a variable species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid endemic to eastern Australia. Tree spider orchids are unusual in having pendulous pseudobulbs that are thin and wiry near the base then expand into a fleshy, four-sided upper section before tapering at the tip. There are only a few thin but leathery leaves at the end of the pseudobulbs and up to five flowers on relatively short flowering stems. To allow for the variations in the species there are five subspecies and a variety, some with a unique common name.

Dendrobium tetragonum var. cacatua (yellow tree spider orchid)

Description

[edit]

Dendrobium tetragonium is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with pendulous pseudobulbs 150–600 mm (6–20 in) long and 6–9 mm (0.2–0.4 in) wide. The pseudobulbs have a thin, wiry base but expand to a fleshy, four-sided upper section and a tapering tip with between two and five thin but leathery leaves. The leaves are 50–90 mm (2–4 in) long and 15–40 mm (0.6–2 in) wide. The flowering stems are 10–35 mm (0.4–1 in) long and bear up to eight flowers. The number, size and colour of the flowers depend on subspecies. Flower size ranges from 30 to 120 mm (1.2 to 4.7 in) long and 20 to 80 mm (0.79 to 3.1 in) wide. The flowers range in colour from green to pale yellow, sometimes with red blotches and a labellum that ranges in colour from white, to yellowish with red, brown or purplish markings. The sepals range in size from 20 to 70 mm (0.79 to 2.8 in) long and 2 to 5 mm (0.08 to 0.2 in) wide and the petals from 10 to 40 mm (0.39 to 1.6 in) long and 1 to 2 mm (0.04 to 0.08 in) wide. The labellum ranges from 8 to 15 mm (0.31 to 0.59 in) long and from 6 to 20 mm (0.24 to 0.79 in) wide. Flowering occurs between April and November.[2][3][4]

Taxonomy and naming

[edit]

Dendrobium tetragonum was first formally described in 1839 by Allan Cunningham from a specimen "hanging loosely from the stems of small trees in dry shaded woods, Moreton Bay". The description was published in Edwards's Botanical Register edited by John Lindley.[5][6]

Subdivisions

[edit]
  • Dendrobium tetragonum var. cacatua (D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.) H.Mohr[7] – the yellow tree spider orchid has greenish to pale yellow flowers with a few fine reddish purple markings and a white labellum, usually with no markings, and flowers from July to September;[2][8]
  • Dendrobium tetragonum subsp. cataractarum Peter B.Adams, S.D.Lawson & G.A.Peterson[9] has yellowish green flowers with red, purple or brown marks on the edge of the sepals and a pale, cream-coloured labellum with reddish purple markings, and flowers from August to September;[8]
  • Dendrobium tetragonum subsp. giganteum (Leaney) Peter B.Adams[10] – the blotched tree spider orchid has greenish yellow flowers with prominent red blotches and a white labellum with red and purplish lines, and flowers from April to November;[2][8]
  • Dendrobium tetragonum subsp. melaleucaphilum (D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.) Dockrill[11] – the flared tree spider orchid has the largest flowers in the species, the flowers green to greenish yellow with reddish blotches and a white or pale yellow labellum with red or purplish marks, and flowers from May to October;[2][8]
  • Dendrobium tetragonum subsp. serpentis Peter B.Adams[12] has flowers that are green at first, then turn yellow with few or no markings apart from on the labellum which is white to pale cream-coloured with reddish purple markings, and flowers from August to September;[8]
  • Dendrobium tetragonum subsp. tetragonum[13] – the banded tree spider orchid has the smallest flowers of the species, the flowers green to greenish yellow with dark reddish brown bands on the edges and a cream-coloured or yellow labellum with brown, red or purplish marks, and flowers from May to October.[2][8]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

Tree spider orchids are usually epiphytes which grow on trees in rainforest or shady places beside streams, but also sometimes on paperbark trees, especially Melaleuca styphelioides and occasionally on rocks. Different forms of the species occur in different areas of coastal or near-coastal New South Wales and Queensland.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Dendrobium tetragonum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. pp. 401–403. ISBN 1877069124.
  3. ^ Weston, Peter H. "Dendrobium tetragonum". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  4. ^ D.L.Jones; T.Hopley; S.M.Duffy (2010). "Tetrabaculum". Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids. Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  5. ^ "Dendrobium tetragonum". Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  6. ^ Cunningham, Allan; Lindley, John (ed.) (1839). "Notes of Orchidaceous epiphytes of New South Wales". Edwards's Botanical Register. 25: 33. Retrieved 19 November 2018. {{cite journal}}: |first2= has generic name (help)
  7. ^ "Dendrobium tetragonum var. cacatua". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Adams, Peter Barry (2011). "New combination and two new central Queensland taxa in the Dendrobium tetragonum (Orchidaceae:Epidendroideae) complex" (PDF). Muelleria. 29 (1): 69–80. doi:10.5962/p.292512. S2CID 251005838. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  9. ^ "Dendrobium tetragonum subsp. cataractarum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  10. ^ "Dendrobium tetragonum subsp. giganteum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  11. ^ "Dendrobium tetragonum subsp. melaleucaphilum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  12. ^ "Dendrobium tetragonum subsp. serpentis". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  13. ^ "'Dendrobium tetragonum subsp. tetragonum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
[edit]
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