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{{short description|Method of teaching communication to people with severe learning difficulty}}
{{short description|Method of teaching communication to people with severe learning issues}}
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{{unreferenced|date=December 2017}}
{{advert|date=December 2017}}
{{original research|date=December 2017}}
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'''Intensive interaction''' is an approach for teaching [[communication]] skills to children and adults who have [[autism]], severe [[Developmental disability|learning difficulties]] and profound and multiple learning difficulties who are still at early stages of development. The approach focuses on teaching the Fundamentals of Communication – the communication concepts and performances that precede [[speech]] development, though it may include many people who have some speech and [[language]] development.


'''Intensive Interaction''' is an approach for supporting the social inclusion and [[Social Communication|social communication]] skill development of people with [[Learning disability|learning difficulties]] and/or [[Autism spectrum|autism]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Papadopoulos |first1=Angelos |last2=Vogindroukas |first2=Ioannis |last3=Tsapara |first3=Angeliki |last4=Voniati |first4=Louiza |last5=Tafiadis |first5=Dionysios |last6=Plotas |first6=Panagiotis |date=2023-12-11 |title=Intensive Interaction as an intervention approach in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review |url=https://www.neuroscirn.org/ojs/index.php/nrnotes/article/view/276 |journal=Neuroscience Research Notes |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=276.1–276.9 |doi=10.31117/neuroscirn.v6i4.276 |issn=2576-828X|doi-access=free }}</ref> and other groups of people who have difficulty with social engagement [https://web.archive.org/web/20100420183337/http://www.leedspft.nhs.uk/our_services/ld/intensiveinteraction].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intensive Interaction |url=https://www.sense.org.uk/information-and-advice/ways-of-communicating/intensive-interaction/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Sense |language=en-GB}}</ref>
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== History ==


The approach focuses on the active development of the '[https://www.intensiveinteraction.org/find-out-more/fundamentals-of-communication/ fundamentals of communication]', these being the foundational communication concepts and abilities that precede [[speech]] development.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://www.intensiveinteraction.org/find-out-more/history/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Intensive Interaction Institute|language=en-GB}}</ref>
Intensive interaction was developed during the 1980s by teachers working in schools in long-stay hospitals in southern [[England]]. The development of the approach came about partly as a result of practitioners questing for effective teaching approaches and partly as a reaction to and move away from the dominance of [[behavioural psychology]] in the field. A psychologist, the late Geraint Ephraim, working at [[Leavesden Hospital|Leavesden Mental Hospital]], propounded the original formulation of techniques known then as ‘Augmented Mothering’. The detailed development work carried out at [[Harperbury]] Hospital School resulted in the first research projects and publications by Melanie Nind and Dave Hewett.


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== History ==
The techniques of teaching borrow from understandings as to how [[infant]]s in the first two years carry out the learning of these highly complicated, critical concepts and abilities. The mass of research on babies learning in interactions with adults that has arisen since the mid-1970s, allows some simple [[pedagogical]] insights. Babies gradually accrue these complex performances by taking part in many successive, cumulative interactions with the adults around them. The main learning [[motivation]] for both participants is the mutual enjoyment of the interaction. The natural adult style is to construct the interaction basically, mostly, by allowing the baby to lead with her behaviour, with the adult building the content and a flow by responding to the behaviour of the baby. It is usually observed that the most frequently seen adult response is to imitate what the baby does. Thus the teaching is highly responsive and by process, rather than directive and driving to an objective.
Intensive Interaction was developed by teachers Dave Hewett<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Dave Hewett |url=https://davehewett.com/about-dave/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=davehewett.com}}</ref> and Melanie Nind<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Open University |url=https://www5.open.ac.uk/health-and-social-care/research/shld/research-group/biography-melanie-nind |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=www5.open.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> at [https://www.whateversleft.co.uk/hospitals/harperbury-hospital-raddlet-2/ Harperbury Hospital] School in Southern [[England]] during the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sMcJpUsGEI |title=Intensive Interaction Early Development Interview with Dave Hewett |language=en |access-date=2024-05-09 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Introducing intensive interaction {{!}} The Psychologist|url=https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-22/edition-9/introducing-intensive-interaction|access-date=2020-12-09|website=thepsychologist.bps.org.uk}}</ref> The development of the approach came about as a result of practitioners exploring teaching approaches that moved away from the then current dominance of [[behavioural psychology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introducing intensive interaction |url=https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/introducing-intensive-interaction |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=BPS |language=en}}</ref>


== How to do Intensive Interaction ==
For the developers of intensive interaction, it seemed a logical step to borrow from these processes in order to ignite the communication learning of many people who can frequently be considered ‘communicatively difficult to reach’, often living with some, or extensive, social isolation. Thus, intensive interaction activities are literally highly interactive, with the teacher enjoyably working from the behaviour of the learner. The activities can operate at many levels of intensity; they can be active and physical, but also quietly intense and [[contemplative]]. For good progress to occur, the activities should happen frequently (daily, day after day), with the repetition of successful activities within sessions providing the basis for the gradual expanding in duration, content, sophistication and complexity of those activities.
According to Nind (1996), there are 5 central features of Intensive Interaction:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nind |first=M. |date=March 1996 |title=Efficacy of Intensive Interaction: developing sociability and communication in people with severe and complex learning difficulties using an approach based on caregiver-infant interaction |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0885625960110104 |journal=European Journal of Special Needs Education |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=48–66 |doi=10.1080/0885625960110104 |issn=0885-6257}}</ref>


# The creation of mutual pleasure and interactive games between the practitioner and the recipient person.
The gradual dissemination of intensive interaction since the late 1980s has been a completely practitioner-led initiative. Intensive interaction is now common practice in [[special school]]s and adult services all over the United Kingdom.{{cn|date=December 2017}} Interest worldwide is growing and developing. There are a range of books and other materials now available and a burgeoning community of intensive interaction practitioners.
# Practitioner adjustment of their interpersonal behaviours in order to become more engaging and meaningful for the person.
# Interactions flowing in time: with pauses, repetitions and blended rhythms.
# The use of intentionality: responding to the person's behaviours as if they had communicative significance.
# The use of contingent responding: following the person's lead and sharing control of the social interactivity.


Generally, the responsive and learner-led techniques of Intensive Interaction are informed by an understanding of how [[infant]]s are supported in their learning of the highly complex and interrelated skills of human social communication. In such parent-infant interactions, infants gradually accrue an understanding of the basic principles and practices of human social communication by taking part in many responsive, cumulative interactions with the adults around them. Thus the learning develops through repeated, highly responsive, rather than directive engagements.<ref>An-Introduction-to-Intensive-Interaction-2019.pdf (leedsandyorkpft.nhs.uk)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Intensive interaction |url=https://www.oxfordhealth.nhs.uk/oxtc/good-advice/intensive-interaction/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust oxfordhealth.nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref>
== Intended use ==


== 'The Fundamentals of Communication' ==
Intensive interaction is intended to address the needs of:
The use of Intensive Interaction supports a person with social communication difficulties or differences to develop the understanding and use of "[https://www.intensiveinteraction.org/find-out-more/fundamentals-of-communication/ the fundamentals of communication]". These "fundamentals of communication" are typically referred to as being attainments such as:<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZwb473MMxc |title=Intensive Interaction Outcomes: the Fundamentals of Communication |language=en |access-date=2024-05-09 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
* People who are pre-verbal, with few or limited communicative behaviours.
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* developing the ability to attend to another person
* People who are extremely socially withdrawn, and do not positively interact with other people.
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* learning to do sequences of activity with that person, or taking turns in exchanges of behaviour
* People who display various stereotyped or self-stimulatory behaviours that exclude the participation of other people.[http://www.leedspft.nhs.uk/our_services/ld/intensiveinteraction]

The "fundamentals of communication" are typically referred to as being attainments such as:
⚫
* enjoying being with another person
⚫
* developing the ability to attend to that person
* concentration and [[attention span]]
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* learning to do sequences of activity with the other person
* taking turns in exchanges of behaviour
* sharing [[personal space]]
* sharing [[personal space]]
* using and understanding [[eye contact]]s
* using and understanding [[eye contact]]s and [[facial expression]]s
* using and understanding [[facial expression]]s
* using and understanding [[physical contact]]s
* using and understanding [[physical contact]]s
⚫
* using [[Speech production|vocalisations]] with meaning (for some, including speech development)
* using and understanding [[non-verbal communication]]
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* enjoying being with another person
⚫
* using vocalisations with meaning (for some, speech development)
* learning to regulate and control arousal levels


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* Barber, M. & Firth, G. (2019) 'Delivering Intensive Interaction Across Settings: Practice, Community and Leadership', KDP, Melbourne.
⚫
* Firth, G., Berry, R. & Irvine, C. (2010) 'Understanding Intensive Interaction: Context and Concepts for Professionals and Families'. London: JKP.
⚫
* Hewett, D. (Ed) (2011) 'Intensive Interaction - Theoretical Perspectives'. London: Sage Publications.
⚫
* Hewett, D., Firth, G., Barber, M. & Harrison, T. (2012) 'The Intensive Interaction Handbook'. London: Sage Publications.
⚫
* Hewett, D. & Nind, M. (Eds) (1998) 'Interaction in Action: Reflections on the Use of Intensive Interaction'. London: David Fulton.
⚫
* Kellett, M. & Nind, M. (2003) 'Implementing Intensive Interaction in Schools: Guidance for Practitioners, Managers & Coordinators'. London: David Fulton.
* Mourière, A. & McKim, J. (Eds) (2018) 'Integrating Intensive Interaction: developing communication with children and adults with Severe Learning Difficulties, Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties and Autism'.  London: Routledge.
* Mourière, A. & Smith, P. (Eds) (2022) 'The Intensive Interaction Classroom Guide: Social Communication Learning and Curriculum for Children with Autism, Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties, or Communication Difficulties'. London: Routledge.
⚫
* Nind, M. & Hewett, D. (1994) 'Access to Communication: Developing the basics of communication with people with severe learning difficulties through Intensive Interaction'. London: David Fulton.


== References ==
⚫
* Firth, G., Berry, R. & Irvine, C. (2010) Understanding Intensive Interaction: Context and Concepts for Professionals and Families. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
{{Reflist}}
* Firth, G. & Barber, M. (2011) Using Intensive Interaction with a Person with a Social or Communicative Impairment. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
⚫
* Hewett, D. (Ed) (2011) Intensive Interaction - Theoretical Perspectives. London: Sage Publications.
⚫
* Hewett, D., Firth, G., Barber, M. & Harrison, T. (2012) The Intensive Interaction Handbook. London: Sage Publications.
⚫
* Hewett, D. & Nind, M. (Eds) (1998) Interaction in Action: Reflections on the Use of Intensive Interaction. London: David Fulton.
⚫
* Kellett, M. & Nind, M. (2003) Implementing Intensive Interaction in Schools: Guidance for Practitioners, Managers and Coordinators. London: David Fulton.
⚫
* Nind, M. & Hewett, D. (2005) Access to Communication (2nd edition): Developing the basics of communication with people with severe learning difficulties through Intensive Interaction. London: David Fulton.

=== Additional published literature ===

* Argyropoulou, Z. & Papoudi, D. (2012) ‘The training of a child with autism in a Greek preschool inclusive class through Intensive Interaction: a case study.’ European Journal of Special Needs Education, 27 (1), 99-114.
* Barber, M. (2008) ‘Using Intensive Interaction to add to the palette of interactive possibilities in teacher-pupil communication.’ European Journal of Special Needs Education, 23 (4), 393-402.
* Berry, R., Firth, G., Leeming, C. & Sharma, V. (2013) ‘Clinical Psychologists’ Views of Intensive Interaction as an Intervention in Learning Disability Services’, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 21 (5), 403-410.
* Elgie, S. & Maguire, N. (2001) 'Intensive Interaction with a Woman with Multiple and Profound Disabilities; a case study.’ Tizard Learning Disability Review, (6) 3, 18-24.
* Firth, G., Elford, H., Leeming, C., & Crabbe, M. (2008) ‘Intensive Interaction as a Novel Approach in Social Care: Care Staff’s Views on the Practice Change Process.’ Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 21, 58-69.
* Fraser, C. (2011) ‘Can adults on the autism spectrum be affected positively by the use of intensive interaction in supported living services?’, Good Autism Practice, 12 (2), 37-42.
* Harris, C. & Wolverson, E. (2014) ‘Intensive Interaction: to build fulfilling relationships’, The Journal of Dementia Care, 22 (6), p.27-30.
* Hutchinson, N. & Bodicoat, A. (2015) ‘The Effectiveness of Intensive Interaction: A Systematic Literature Review’, Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 28 (6), 437-454.
* Kellett, M. (2000) ‘Sam’s Story: Evaluating Intensive Interaction in Terms of its Effect on the Social and Communicative ability of a Young Child With Severe Learning Difficulties’, Support for Learning, 15 (4), 165-171.
* Kellett, M. (2005) ‘Catherine’s Legacy: social communication development for individuals with profound learning difficulties and fragile life expectancies.’ British Journal of Special Education, 32 (3), 116-121.
* Leaning, B. & Watson T. (2006) ‘From the inside looking out – an Intensive Interaction group for people with profound and multiple learning disabilities.’ British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 34, 103-109.
* Lovell, D., Jones, S. & Ephraim, G. (1998) ‘The Effect of Intensive Interaction on the Sociability of a Man with Severe Intellectual Disabilities.’ International Journal of Practical Approaches to Disability, 22 (2/3), 3-8.
* Nind, M. (1996) ‘Efficacy of Intensive Interaction; Developing sociability and communication in people with severe and complex learning difficulties using an approach based on caregiver- infant interaction.’ European Journal of Special Educational Needs, 11 (1), 48-66.
* Rayner, K., Bradley, S., Johnson, G., Mrozik, J., Appiah, A. & Nagra, M. (2016) ‘Teaching Intensive Interaction to paid carers: using the ‘communities of practice’ model to inform training’, British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 44 (1), 63-70.
* Samuel, J., Nind, M., Volans, A. & Scriven, I. (2008) ‘An evaluation of Intensive Interaction in community living settings for adults with profound intellectual disabilities.' Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 12, 111-126.
* Sharma, V. & Firth, G. (2012) ‘Effective engagement through Intensive Interaction’, Learning Disability Practice, 15 (9), 20-23.
* Watson, J. & Fisher, A. (1997) ‘Evaluating the Effectiveness 0f Intensive Interaction Teaching with Pupils with Profound and Complex Learning Disabilities.’ British Journal of Special Education, 24 (2), 80-87.
* Watson, J. & Knight, C. (1991) ‘An Evaluation of Intensive Interactive Teaching with Pupils with Very Severe Learning Difficulties.’ Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 7 (3), 310-25.
* Zeedyk, S., Davies, C., Parry, S. & Caldwell, P. (2009) ‘Fostering social engagement in Romanian children with communicative impairments: The experiences of newly trained practitioners of Intensive Interaction.’ British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 37 (3), 186-196.
* Zeedyk, S., Caldwell, P. & Davies, C. (2009) ‘How rapidly does Intensive Interaction promote social engagement for adults with profound learning disabilities and communicative impairments?’ European Journal of Special Needs Education, 24 (2), 119–137.


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.intensiveinteraction.org Intensive Interaction Institute], an organization for the advancement of intensive interaction
* [http://www.intensiveinteraction.org Intensive Interaction Institute], an organization for the advancement of Intensive Interaction


[[Category:Learning methods]]
[[Category:Learning methods]]
[[Category:Start-Class Autism articles]]
[[Category:Treatment of autism]]
[[Category:Unknown-importance Autism articles]]
[[Category:Autism]]

Latest revision as of 20:46, 5 August 2024

Intensive Interaction is an approach for supporting the social inclusion and social communication skill development of people with learning difficulties and/or autism,[1] and other groups of people who have difficulty with social engagement [1].[2]

The approach focuses on the active development of the 'fundamentals of communication', these being the foundational communication concepts and abilities that precede speech development.[3]

History

[edit]

Intensive Interaction was developed by teachers Dave Hewett[4] and Melanie Nind[5] at Harperbury Hospital School in Southern England during the 1980s.[6][7] The development of the approach came about as a result of practitioners exploring teaching approaches that moved away from the then current dominance of behavioural psychology.[8]

How to do Intensive Interaction

[edit]

According to Nind (1996), there are 5 central features of Intensive Interaction:[9]

  1. The creation of mutual pleasure and interactive games between the practitioner and the recipient person.
  2. Practitioner adjustment of their interpersonal behaviours in order to become more engaging and meaningful for the person.
  3. Interactions flowing in time: with pauses, repetitions and blended rhythms.
  4. The use of intentionality: responding to the person's behaviours as if they had communicative significance.
  5. The use of contingent responding: following the person's lead and sharing control of the social interactivity.

Generally, the responsive and learner-led techniques of Intensive Interaction are informed by an understanding of how infants are supported in their learning of the highly complex and interrelated skills of human social communication. In such parent-infant interactions, infants gradually accrue an understanding of the basic principles and practices of human social communication by taking part in many responsive, cumulative interactions with the adults around them. Thus the learning develops through repeated, highly responsive, rather than directive engagements.[10][11]

'The Fundamentals of Communication'

[edit]

The use of Intensive Interaction supports a person with social communication difficulties or differences to develop the understanding and use of "the fundamentals of communication". These "fundamentals of communication" are typically referred to as being attainments such as:[12]

  • developing the ability to attend to another person
  • learning to do sequences of activity with that person, or taking turns in exchanges of behaviour
  • sharing personal space
  • using and understanding eye contacts and facial expressions
  • using and understanding physical contacts
  • using vocalisations with meaning (for some, including speech development)
  • enjoying being with another person

Further reading

[edit]
  • Barber, M. & Firth, G. (2019) 'Delivering Intensive Interaction Across Settings: Practice, Community and Leadership', KDP, Melbourne.
  • Firth, G., Berry, R. & Irvine, C. (2010) 'Understanding Intensive Interaction: Context and Concepts for Professionals and Families'. London: JKP.
  • Hewett, D. (Ed) (2011) 'Intensive Interaction - Theoretical Perspectives'. London: Sage Publications.
  • Hewett, D., Firth, G., Barber, M. & Harrison, T. (2012) 'The Intensive Interaction Handbook'. London: Sage Publications.
  • Hewett, D. & Nind, M. (Eds) (1998) 'Interaction in Action: Reflections on the Use of Intensive Interaction'. London: David Fulton.
  • Kellett, M. & Nind, M. (2003) 'Implementing Intensive Interaction in Schools: Guidance for Practitioners, Managers & Coordinators'. London: David Fulton.
  • Mourière, A. & McKim, J. (Eds) (2018) 'Integrating Intensive Interaction: developing communication with children and adults with Severe Learning Difficulties, Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties and Autism'.  London: Routledge.
  • Mourière, A. & Smith, P. (Eds) (2022) 'The Intensive Interaction Classroom Guide: Social Communication Learning and Curriculum for Children with Autism, Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties, or Communication Difficulties'. London: Routledge.
  • Nind, M. & Hewett, D. (1994) 'Access to Communication: Developing the basics of communication with people with severe learning difficulties through Intensive Interaction'. London: David Fulton.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Papadopoulos, Angelos; Vogindroukas, Ioannis; Tsapara, Angeliki; Voniati, Louiza; Tafiadis, Dionysios; Plotas, Panagiotis (2023-12-11). "Intensive Interaction as an intervention approach in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review". Neuroscience Research Notes. 6 (4): 276.1 – 276.9. doi:10.31117/neuroscirn.v6i4.276. ISSN 2576-828X.
  2. ^ "Intensive Interaction". Sense. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
  3. ^ "History". Intensive Interaction Institute. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
  4. ^ "About Dave Hewett". davehewett.com. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  5. ^ "The Open University". www5.open.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  6. ^ Intensive Interaction Early Development Interview with Dave Hewett. Retrieved 2024-05-09 – via www.youtube.com.
  7. ^ "Introducing intensive interaction | The Psychologist". thepsychologist.bps.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
  8. ^ "Introducing intensive interaction". BPS. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  9. ^ Nind, M. (March 1996). "Efficacy of Intensive Interaction: developing sociability and communication in people with severe and complex learning difficulties using an approach based on caregiver-infant interaction". European Journal of Special Needs Education. 11 (1): 48–66. doi:10.1080/0885625960110104. ISSN 0885-6257.
  10. ^ An-Introduction-to-Intensive-Interaction-2019.pdf (leedsandyorkpft.nhs.uk)
  11. ^ "Intensive interaction". Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust oxfordhealth.nhs.uk. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  12. ^ Intensive Interaction Outcomes: the Fundamentals of Communication. Retrieved 2024-05-09 – via www.youtube.com.
[edit]
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