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{{short description|Conical projection from the shaft of the femur}}
{{Infobox bone
{{Infobox bone
| Name = Lesser trochanter
| Name = Lesser trochanter
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| Caption2 = Upper extremity of right [[femur]] viewed from behind and above.
| Caption2 = Upper extremity of right [[femur]] viewed from behind and above.
| Origins =
| Origins =
| Insertions = [[Psoas major]]
| Insertions = [[Psoas major]], [[iliacus]]
| Articulations =
| Articulations =
}}
}}

The '''lesser trochanter''' (small trochanter) of the [[femur]] is a conical eminence, which varies in size in different subjects.
In [[human anatomy]], the '''lesser trochanter''' is a conical, [[Anatomical terms of location|posteromedial]], bony [[Process (anatomy)|projection]] from the [[Shaft of the femur|shaft]] of the [[femur]]. It serves as the principal insertion site of the [[iliopsoas muscle]].<ref name=":222">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1201341621 |title=Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice |date=2021 |others=Susan Standring |isbn=978-0-7020-7707-4 |edition=Forty-second |location=[New York] |pages=1362 |oclc=1201341621}}</ref>


==Structure==
==Structure==
The lesser trochanter is a conical posteromedial projection of the [[Shaft of the femur|shaft]] of the [[femur]], projecting from the posteroinferior aspect of its junction with the [[Neck of femur|femoral neck]].<ref name=":222" />
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2015}}It projects from the lower and back part of the base of the [[femur neck]].

The summit and anterior surface of the lesser trochanter are rough, whereas its posterior surface is smooth.<ref name=":222" />


From its apex three well-marked borders extend:'''<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Gray |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray/page/245/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Gray's Anatomy |year=1918 |edition=20th |pages=245}}</ref>'''
From its apex three well-marked borders extend:
* two of these are above
* two of these are above
** a medial continuous with the lower border of the femur neck
** a medial continuous with the lower border of the femur neck
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* the inferior border is continuous with the middle division of the [[linea aspera]]
* the inferior border is continuous with the middle division of the [[linea aspera]]


=== Attachments ===
The summit of the trochanter is rough, and gives insertion to the tendon of the [[Psoas major]] and the [[Iliacus]].
The summit of the lesser trochanter gives insertion to the tendon of the [[psoas major muscle]] and the [[iliacus muscle]];<ref>{{Citation|title=Female Pelvic Floor|date=2017-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323477819500465|work=Imaging Anatomy: Chest, Abdomen, Pelvis (Second Edition)|pages=1050–1077|editor-last=Federle|editor-first=Michael P.|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|isbn=978-0-323-47781-9|access-date=2021-01-22|editor2-last=Rosado-de-Christenson|editor2-first=Melissa L.|editor3-last=Raman|editor3-first=Siva P.|editor4-last=Carter|editor4-first=Brett W.}}</ref> the lesser trochanter represents the principal attachment of the [[iliopsoas]].<ref name=":222" />

=== Anatomical relations ===
The [[intertrochanteric crest]] (which demarcates the junction of the femoral shaft and neck posteriorly) extends between the lesser trochanter and the [[greater trochanter]] on the posterior surface of the femur.<ref name=":222" />


==Clinical significance==
==Clinical significance==
It can be involved in an [[avulsion fracture]].<ref name="pmid9807723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khoury JG, Brandser EA, Found EM, Buckwalter JA |title=Non-traumatic lesser trochanter avulsion: a report of three cases |journal=Iowa Orthop J |volume=18 |issue= |pages=150–4 |year=1998 |pmid=9807723 |pmc=2378165 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
[[File:Lesser trochanter avulsion fracture x-ray.jpg|thumb|Lesser trochanter avulsion fracture]]
The lesser trochanter can be involved in an [[avulsion fracture]].<ref name="pmid9807723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khoury JG, Brandser EA, Found EM, Buckwalter JA |title=Non-traumatic lesser trochanter avulsion: a report of three cases |journal=Iowa Orthop J |volume=18 |pages=150–4 |year=1998 |pmid=9807723 |pmc=2378165 }}</ref>

== Other animals ==

=== Paleontology ===
The position of the lesser [[trochanter]] close to the head of the [[femur]] is one of the defining characteristics of the [[Prozostrodontia]], which is the [[clade]] of [[cynodont]]s including [[mammal]]s and their closest non-[[mammaliform]] relatives. It was erected as a [[node-based taxon]] as the least inclusive clade containing ''[[Prozostrodon brasiliensis]]'', ''[[Tritylodon langaevus]]'', ''[[Pachygenelus monus]]'', and ''[[Mus musculus]]'' (the house mouse).<ref name="LO10">{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=J. |last2=Olsen |first2=P. |year=2010 |title=The Phylogenetic Relationships of Eucynodontia (Amniota: Synapsida) |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=151 |doi=10.1007/s10914-010-9136-8 |s2cid=40871206}}</ref>

All living mammals have a lesser trochanter, whose size, shape, and position is distinctive to their species.


==Additional images==
==Additional images==
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File:Gray343.png|Capsule of hip-joint (distended). Posterior aspect.
File:Gray343.png|Capsule of hip-joint (distended). Posterior aspect.
File:Slide2DAD.JPG|Hip joint. Lateral view. Lesser trochanter
File:Slide2DAD.JPG|Hip joint. Lateral view. Lesser trochanter
File:Slide1BIBI.JPG|Muscles of Thigh. Anterior views.
File:Slide1BIBI.JPG|Muscles of thigh. Anterior views.
</gallery>
</gallery>


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{{Bones of lower extremity}}
{{Bones of lower extremity}}
⚫
{{Portal bar|Anatomy}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Bones of the lower limb]]
[[Category:Bones of the lower limb]]
[[Category:Femur]]
[[Category:Femur]]

⚫
{{Portal bar|Anatomy}}

Latest revision as of 22:17, 5 August 2024

Lesser trochanter
Left hip-joint, opened by removing the floor of the acetabulum from within the pelvis.
Upper extremity of right femur viewed from behind and above.
Details
InsertionsPsoas major, iliacus
Identifiers
Latintrochanter minor
TA98A02.5.04.007
TA21366
FMA32853
Anatomical terms of bone

In human anatomy, the lesser trochanter is a conical, posteromedial, bony projection from the shaft of the femur. It serves as the principal insertion site of the iliopsoas muscle.[1]

Structure

[edit]

The lesser trochanter is a conical posteromedial projection of the shaft of the femur, projecting from the posteroinferior aspect of its junction with the femoral neck.[1]

The summit and anterior surface of the lesser trochanter are rough, whereas its posterior surface is smooth.[1]

From its apex three well-marked borders extend:[2]

  • two of these are above
  • the inferior border is continuous with the middle division of the linea aspera

Attachments

[edit]

The summit of the lesser trochanter gives insertion to the tendon of the psoas major muscle and the iliacus muscle;[3] the lesser trochanter represents the principal attachment of the iliopsoas.[1]

Anatomical relations

[edit]

The intertrochanteric crest (which demarcates the junction of the femoral shaft and neck posteriorly) extends between the lesser trochanter and the greater trochanter on the posterior surface of the femur.[1]

Clinical significance

[edit]
Lesser trochanter avulsion fracture

The lesser trochanter can be involved in an avulsion fracture.[4]

Other animals

[edit]

Paleontology

[edit]

The position of the lesser trochanter close to the head of the femur is one of the defining characteristics of the Prozostrodontia, which is the clade of cynodonts including mammals and their closest non-mammaliform relatives. It was erected as a node-based taxon as the least inclusive clade containing Prozostrodon brasiliensis, Tritylodon langaevus, Pachygenelus monus, and Mus musculus (the house mouse).[5]

All living mammals have a lesser trochanter, whose size, shape, and position is distinctive to their species.

Additional images

[edit]
  • Right femur. Posterior surface.
    Right femur. Posterior surface.
  • Right hip-joint from the front.
    Right hip-joint from the front.
  • Capsule of hip-joint (distended). Posterior aspect.
    Capsule of hip-joint (distended). Posterior aspect.
  • Hip joint. Lateral view. Lesser trochanter
    Hip joint. Lateral view. Lesser trochanter
  • Muscles of thigh. Anterior views.
    Muscles of thigh. Anterior views.

See also

[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology.

References

[edit]

Public domain This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 245 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

  1. ^ a b c d e Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice. Susan Standring (Forty-second ed.). [New York]. 2021. p. 1362. ISBN 978-0-7020-7707-4. OCLC 1201341621.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  2. ^ Gray, Henry (1918). Gray's Anatomy (20th ed.). p. 245.
  3. ^ Federle, Michael P.; Rosado-de-Christenson, Melissa L.; Raman, Siva P.; Carter, Brett W., eds. (2017-01-01), "Female Pelvic Floor", Imaging Anatomy: Chest, Abdomen, Pelvis (Second Edition), Elsevier, pp. 1050–1077, ISBN 978-0-323-47781-9, retrieved 2021-01-22
  4. ^ Khoury JG, Brandser EA, Found EM, Buckwalter JA (1998). "Non-traumatic lesser trochanter avulsion: a report of three cases". Iowa Orthop J. 18: 150–4. PMC 2378165. PMID 9807723.
  5. ^ Liu, J.; Olsen, P. (2010). "The Phylogenetic Relationships of Eucynodontia (Amniota: Synapsida)". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 17 (3): 151. doi:10.1007/s10914-010-9136-8. S2CID 40871206.
[edit]
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