Kuznetsov NK-12: Difference between revisions

NK-12
	NK-12M Turboprop engine on a Tu-95 at RIAT Fairford 1993
Type	Turboprop
National origin	Soviet Union
Manufacturer	Kuznetsov Design Bureau
First run	October 1952
Major applications	Antonov An-22 ; Tupolev Tu-95 ; Tupolev Tu-114 ; Tupolev Tu-142

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The Kuznetsov NK-12 is a Soviet turboprop engine of the 1950s, designed by the Kuznetsov design bureau. The NK-12 drives two large four-bladed contra-rotating propellers, 5.6 m (18 ft) diameter (NK-12MA), and 6.2 m (20 ft) diameter (NK-12MV). It is the most powerful turboprop engine to enter service.

Design and development

The design that eventually became the NK-12 turboprop was developed after World War II by a team of Soviet scientists and deported German engineers under Ferdinand Brandner, who had worked for Junkers previously; the design bureau was headed by chief engineer Nikolai D. Kuznetsov. Thus, the NK-12 design evolved from late-war German turboprop studies. This started with the postwar development of the wartime Jumo 022 turboprop design that was designed to develop 6,000 shp (4,500 kW), weighing 3,000 kg (6,600 lb). The effort continued with a 5,000 shp (3,700 kW), weighing 1,700 kg (3,700 lb), completed by 1947. Evolution to the TV-12 12,000 shp (8,900 kW) engine required extensive use of new Soviet-developed alloys and was completed in 1951.

The NK-12 is the most powerful turboprop engine to enter service, ahead of the Europrop TP400 (in 2005). Another engine of similar size, the Pratt & Whitney T57 with 15,000 shp (11,000 kW) and 5,000 lbf (22 kN) jet thrust, ran 3,100 hours before being cancelled in 1957.^[1]^[2] The NK-12 powers the Tupolev Tu-95 bomber and its derivatives such as the Tu-142 maritime patrol aircraft and the Tupolev Tu-114 airliner (with NK-12MV), which still holds the title of the world's fastest propeller-driven aircraft despite being retired from service in 1991. It also powered the Antonov An-22 Antei (with NK-12MA), the world's largest aircraft at the time, and several types of amphibious assault craft, such as the A-90 Orlyonok "Ekranoplan".

The engine has a 14-stage axial-flow compressor, producing pressure ratios between 9:1 and 13:1 depending on altitude, with variable inlet guide vanes and blow-off valves for engine operability. The combustion system used is a cannular-type: each flame tube is centrally mounted on a downstream injector that ends in an annular secondary region. The contra-rotating propellers and compressor are driven by the five-stage axial turbine. Mass flow is 65 kg (143 lb) per second.^[3]

Variants

Data from Alexandrov

NK-12: 12,500 hp (9,300 kW), initial development model, used on the Tupolev Tu-95 and Tupolev Tu-116
NK-12M: 12,000 hp (8,950 kW), used on the Tupolev Tu-114
NK-12MV: 14,795 hp (11,033 kW),^[4] 5.6 m diameter (18 ft 4 in; 560 cm; 220 in) AV-60 propellers, used on the Tupolev Tu-95, Tupolev Tu-126, and Tupolev Tu-142
NK-12MA: 15,001 hp (11,186 kW), 6.2 m diameter (20 ft 4 in; 620 cm; 244 in) AV-90 propellers, used on the Antonov An-22
NK-12MK: 14,795 hp (11,033 kW), 5.6 m diameter (18 ft 4 in; 560 cm; 220 in) propellers, built with corrosion-resistant materials, used on the A-90 Orlyonok
NK-12MP: 14,795 hp (11,033 kW),^[5] modernized version used on the Tupolev Tu-95MS and Tupolev Tu-142M
NK-12MPM: Upgraded version of the NK-12MP that develops more power, produces half the vibration and is paired with the Aerosila AV-60T propeller; replaces the NK-12MP engine and AV-60K propeller on the Tupolev Tu-95MS^[6]

Applications

Specifications (NK-12MV)

Data from Aircraft engines of the World 1970,^[7] Civil Turboshaft/Turboprop Specifications^[8]

General characteristics

Type: Turboprop engine
Length: 6 m (20 ft)
Diameter: 1,150 mm (45 in)
Dry weight: 2,900 kg (6,400 lb)

Components

Compressor: 14-stage axial flow
Combustors: 12 combustion chambers
Turbine: 5-stage axial turbine
Fuel type: Aviation kerosene such as JP-4 / Soviet spec. T-1 or T-2
Oil system: Pressure spray at 5.9 bar (85 psi)

Performance

Maximum power output: 11,000 kW (15,000 shp) (equivalent) / 11,000 kW (14,750 shp) + 2.78 kN (625 lbf) at 9,250 rpm
Overall pressure ratio: 13:1 at 9,250 rpm
Air mass flow: 65 kg/s (140 lb/s) at 9,250 rpm
Turbine inlet temperature: 1,250 K (980 °C)
Specific fuel consumption: 0.219 kg/kWh (0.360 lb/(hp⋅h))
Power-to-weight ratio: 3.7 kW/kg (2.3 hp/lb)

References

^ Connors, J. (2010). The engines of Pratt & Whitney : a technical history. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. 294. ISBN 978-1-60086-711-8.
^ Mulready, Dick (2001). Advanced engine development at Pratt & Whitney : the inside story of eight special projects, 1946-1971. Society of Automotive Engineers. p. 20. ISBN 9780768006643.
^ "Creation of the TV-2 (NK-12) turboprop engine". www.airpages.ru. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
^ NK-12MV (PDF). Domestic Aerospace Engineering (in Russian). p. 18. Retrieved August 21, 2019. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ NK-12MP, NK-12MK (PDF). Domestic Aerospace Engineering (in Russian). p. 19. Retrieved August 21, 2019. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ Karnozov, Vladimir (31 October 2018). "More power for the mighty 'Bear'". Defense. AINonline.
^ Wilkinson, Paul H. (1970). Aircraft engines of the World 1970 (22nd ed.). London: Paul H. Wilkinson. p. 221.
^ "Civil Turboshaft/Turboprop Specifications". Archived from the original on 2017-07-29. Retrieved 2011-04-22.

External links

ciad.ssau.ru - Image
airventure.de - Image, finnish museum
"Propfans: Thrust class > 10000 kgf: Technical characteristics". Aerosila. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017.

[Connors-1] Connors, J. (2010). The engines of Pratt & Whitney : a technical history. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. 294. ISBN 978-1-60086-711-8.

[Mulready-2] Mulready, Dick (2001). Advanced engine development at Pratt & Whitney : the inside story of eight special projects, 1946-1971. Society of Automotive Engineers. p. 20. ISBN 9780768006643.

[airpages-3] "Creation of the TV-2 (NK-12) turboprop engine". www.airpages.ru. Retrieved 22 March 2019.

[MV-4] NK-12MV (PDF). Domestic Aerospace Engineering (in Russian). p. 18. Retrieved August 21, 2019. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |website= ignored (help)

[MP-MK-5] NK-12MP, NK-12MK (PDF). Domestic Aerospace Engineering (in Russian). p. 19. Retrieved August 21, 2019. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |website= ignored (help)

[AIN20181031-6] Karnozov, Vladimir (31 October 2018). "More power for the mighty 'Bear'". Defense. AINonline.

[Wilkinson70-7] Wilkinson, Paul H. (1970). Aircraft engines of the World 1970 (22nd ed.). London: Paul H. Wilkinson. p. 221.

[8] "Civil Turboshaft/Turboprop Specifications". Archived from the original on 2017-07-29. Retrieved 2011-04-22.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|1950s Soviet turboprop aircraft engine}}
-{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
+{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
-| name    = NK-12
-| image   = Kuznetsov NK-12M turboprop on Tu-95.jpg
+ |name= NK-12
+ |image= File:Kuznetsov NK-12M turboprop on Tu-95.jpg
-| caption = NK-12M Turboprop engine on a Tu-95 at RIAT Fairford 1993
+ |caption= NK-12M Turboprop engine on a Tu-95 at RIAT Fairford 1993
 }}
-{{Infobox Aircraft Engine
+{{Infobox aircraft engine
-| type               = [[Turboprop]]
+ |type= [[Turboprop]]
-| national origin    = [[Soviet Union]]
+ |national origin= [[Soviet Union]]
-| manufacturer       = [[Kuznetsov Design Bureau]]
+ |manufacturer= [[Kuznetsov Design Bureau]]
-| first run          =
+ |first run= October 1952
-| major applications = [[Antonov An-22]] <br> [[Tupolev Tu-95]] <br> [[Tupolev Tu-114]]
+ |major applications= [[Antonov An-22]] <br> [[Tupolev Tu-95]] <br> [[Tupolev Tu-114]] <br> [[Tupolev Tu-142]]
-| number built       =
+ |number built=
+ |developed from=
-| program cost       =
+ |variants with their own articles=
-| unit cost          =
-| developed from     =
+ |developed into=
-| variants with their own articles =
-| developed into =
 }}
 |}
-[[File:Энгельс Ту-95МС 23 фото 2.jpg|The exhaust ports of a NK-12 in an outboard nacelle on a Tu-95|300px|thumb]]
+[[File:Энгельс Ту-95МС 23 фото 2.jpg|The exhaust ports of a NK-12 in an outboard nacelle on a Tu-95|thumb]]
-[[File:Antonov An-22A on the MAKS-2009 (04).jpg|thumb|300px|A pair of Kuznetsov NK-12MAs installed on an [[Antonov An-22]]]]
-The '''Kuznetsov NK-12''' is a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[turboprop]] engine of the 1950s, designed by the [[Kuznetsov Design Bureau|Kuznetsov]] [[OKB|design bureau]], the NK-12 drives two large four-bladed [[contra-rotating propellers]], {{cvt|5.6|m}} diameter (NK-12MA), and {{cvt|6.2|m}} diameter (NK-12MV). It is the most powerful turboprop engine to enter service.
+The '''Kuznetsov NK-12''' is a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[turboprop]] engine of the 1950s, designed by the [[Kuznetsov Design Bureau|Kuznetsov design bureau]].  The NK-12 drives two large four-bladed [[contra-rotating propellers]], {{cvt|5.6|m}} diameter (NK-12MA), and {{cvt|6.2|m}} diameter (NK-12MV). It is the most powerful turboprop engine to enter service.
 ==Design and development==
-The design that eventually became the NK-12 turboprop was developed after [[World War II]] by a team of Russian scientists and deported German engineers under [[Ferdinand Brandner]], who had worked for [[Junkers]] previously; the design bureau was headed by chief engineer Nikolai D. Kuznetsov. Thus, the NK-12 design evolved from late-war German turboprop studies. This started with the postwar development of the wartime [[Junkers Jumo 022|Jumo 022]] turboprop design that was designed to develop {{cvt|6000|shp}}, weighing {{cvt|3000|kg}}. The effort continued with a {{cvt|5000|shp}}, weighing {{cvt|1700|kg}}, completed by 1947. Evolution to the [[TV-12]] {{cvt|12000|shp}} engine required extensive use of new Soviet-developed alloys and was completed in 1951.<!--dead link which will NOT be recoverable<ref>[http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Aero-Engines/Kuznetsov-NK-12-Russian-Federation.html Kuznetsov NK-12 (Russian Federation) - Jane's Aero-Engines]</ref>-->
+The design that eventually became the NK-12 turboprop was developed after [[World War II]] by a team of Soviet scientists and deported German engineers under [[Ferdinand Brandner]], who had worked for [[Junkers]] previously; the design bureau was headed by chief engineer Nikolai D. Kuznetsov. Thus, the NK-12 design evolved from late-war German turboprop studies. This started with the postwar development of the wartime [[Junkers Jumo 022|Jumo 022]] turboprop design that was designed to develop {{cvt|6000|shp|lk=in}}, weighing {{cvt|3000|kg}}. The effort continued with a {{cvt|5000|shp}}, weighing {{cvt|1700|kg}}, completed by 1947. Evolution to the [[TV-12]] {{cvt|12000|shp}} engine required extensive use of new Soviet-developed alloys and was completed in 1951.<!--dead link which will NOT be recoverable<ref>[http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Aero-Engines/Kuznetsov-NK-12-Russian-Federation.html Kuznetsov NK-12 (Russian Federation) - Jane's Aero-Engines]</ref>-->
-The NK-12 remains the most powerful turboprop engine to enter service, although the [[Europrop TP400]] (in 2005) has come close to this. Another engine of similar size, the Pratt & Whitney T57 with {{cvt|15000|shp}} and {{cvt|5000|lbf|kN}} jet thrust, ran 3,100 hours before being cancelled in 1957.<ref name="Connors">{{cite book |last1=Connors |first1=J. |title=The engines of Pratt & Whitney : a technical history |date=2010 |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |isbn=978-1-60086-711-8 |page=294}}</ref><ref name="Mulready">{{cite book |last1=Mulready |first1=Dick |title=Advanced engine development at Pratt & Whitney : the inside story of eight special projects, 1946-1971 |date=2001 |publisher=Society of Automotive Engineers |isbn=9780768006643 |page=20}}</ref> The NK-12 powers the [[Tupolev Tu-95]] [[bomber]] and its derivatives such as the [[Tupolev Tu-142|Tu-142]] [[maritime patrol aircraft]] and the [[Tupolev Tu-114]] [[airliner]] (with NK-12MV), which still holds the title of the world's [[fastest propeller-driven aircraft]] despite being retired from service in 1991. It also powered the [[Antonov An-22]] Antei (with NK-12MA), the world's largest aircraft at the time, and several types of amphibious assault craft, such as the [[A-90 Orlyonok]] "[[Ground effect vehicle|Ekranoplan]]".
+The NK-12 is the most powerful turboprop engine to enter service, ahead of the [[Europrop TP400]] (in 2005). Another engine of similar size, the [[Pratt & Whitney T57]] with {{cvt|15000|shp}} and {{cvt|5000|lbf|kN}} jet thrust, ran 3,100 hours before being cancelled in 1957.<ref name="Connors">{{cite book |last1=Connors |first1=J. |title=The engines of Pratt & Whitney : a technical history |date=2010 |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |isbn=978-1-60086-711-8 |page=294}}</ref><ref name="Mulready">{{cite book |last1=Mulready |first1=Dick |title=Advanced engine development at Pratt & Whitney : the inside story of eight special projects, 1946-1971 |date=2001 |publisher=Society of Automotive Engineers |isbn=9780768006643 |page=20}}</ref> The NK-12 powers the [[Tupolev Tu-95]] [[bomber]] and its derivatives such as the [[Tupolev Tu-142|Tu-142]] [[maritime patrol aircraft]] and the [[Tupolev Tu-114]] [[airliner]] (with NK-12MV), which still holds the title of the world's [[fastest propeller-driven aircraft]] despite being retired from service in 1991. It also powered the [[Antonov An-22]] Antei (with NK-12MA), the world's largest aircraft at the time, and several types of amphibious assault craft, such as the [[A-90 Orlyonok]] "[[Ground effect vehicle|Ekranoplan]]".
 The engine has a 14-stage axial-flow compressor, producing pressure ratios between 9:1 and 13:1 depending on altitude, with variable inlet guide vanes and blow-off valves for engine [[operability]]. The combustion system used is a cannular-type: each flame tube is centrally mounted on a downstream injector that ends in an annular secondary region. The contra-rotating propellers and compressor are driven by the five-stage axial turbine. Mass flow is 65&nbsp;kg (143&nbsp;lb) per second.<ref name="airpages">{{cite web |title=Creation of the TV-2 (NK-12) turboprop engine |url=http://www.airpages.ru/eng/ru/troph3.shtml |website=www.airpages.ru |accessdate=22 March 2019}}</ref>
 ==Variants==
+[[File:NK-12MV engine.jpg|thumb|NК-12МV]]
-;NK-12: Initial development model
+Data from Alexandrov
-;NK-12M:The NK-12M developed {{cvt|8948|kW}}
-;NK-12MA:{{cvt|11185|kW}}
-;NK-12MK:{{cvt|15000|shp|kW|order=flip}} (equivalent)
+;NK-12:{{cvt|9300|kW|hp|order=flip}}, initial development model, used on the [[Tupolev Tu-95]] and [[Tupolev Tu-116]]
-;NK-12MV:{{cvt|11033|kW}}
+;NK-12M:{{cvt|8950|kW|hp|order=flip}}, used on the [[Tupolev Tu-114]]
+;NK-12MV:{{cvt|11033|kW|hp|order=flip}},<ref name="MV">{{cite encyclopedia |title=NK-12MV |url=http://www.uvauga-dvig.narod.ru/nk-12mv.pdf |website=Ulyanovsk Higher Aviation School of Civil Aviation |language=Russian |page=18 |series=Domestic Aerospace Engineering |access-date=August 21, 2019}}</ref> {{cvt|5.6|m|ftin cm in|adj=mid|diameter|0}} AV-60 propellers, used on the [[Tupolev Tu-95]], [[Tupolev Tu-126]], and [[Tupolev Tu-142]]
+;NK-12MA:{{cvt|11186|kW|hp|order=flip}}, {{cvt|6.2|m|ftin cm in|adj=mid|diameter|0}} AV-90 propellers, used on the [[Antonov An-22]]
+;NK-12MK:{{cvt|11033|kW|hp|order=flip}}, {{cvt|5.6|m|ftin cm in|adj=mid|diameter|0}} propellers, built with corrosion-resistant materials, used on the [[A-90 Orlyonok]]
+;NK-12MP:{{cvt|11033|kW|hp|order=flip}},<ref name="MP-MK">{{cite encyclopedia |title=NK-12MP, NK-12MK |url=http://www.uvauga-dvig.narod.ru/nk-12mp_12mk.pdf |website=Ulyanovsk Higher Aviation School of Civil Aviation |language=Russian |page=19 |series=Domestic Aerospace Engineering |access-date=August 21, 2019}}</ref> modernized version used on the [[Tupolev Tu-95]]MS and [[Tupolev Tu-142]]M
+;NK-12MPM: Upgraded version of the NK-12MP that develops more power, produces half the vibration and is paired with the [[Aerosila]] AV-60T propeller; replaces the NK-12MP engine and AV-60K propeller on the [[Tupolev Tu-95]]MS<ref name="AIN20181031">{{cite news |work=[[AINonline]] |title=More power for the mighty 'Bear' |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2018-10-31/more-power-mighty-bear |date=31 October 2018 |given=Vladimir |surname=Karnozov |department=Defense}}</ref>
 ==Applications==
+[[File:Antonov An-22A on the MAKS-2009 (04).jpg|thumb|A pair of Kuznetsov NK-12MAs installed on an [[Antonov An-22]]]]
 * [[A-90 Orlyonok]]
 * [[Antonov An-22]]
@@ Line 51: / Line 55: @@
 <!-- If you do not understand how to use this template, please ask at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aircraft]] -->
 <!-- Please include units where appropriate (main comes first, alt in parentheses). If data are missing, leave the parameter blank (do not delete it). For additional lines, end your alt units with )</li> and start a new, fully-formatted line with <li> -->
-| ref           = Aircraft engines of the World 1970<ref name=Wilkinson70>{{cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Paul H. |title=Aircraft engines of the World 1970 |year=1970 |publisher=Paul H. Wilkinson|location=London |edition=22nd |page=221}}</ref>, Civil Turboshaft/Turboprop Specifications<ref>[http://www.jet-engine.net/civtsspec.html Civil Turboshaft/Turboprop Specifications]</ref>
+| ref           = Aircraft engines of the World 1970,<ref name=Wilkinson70>{{cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Paul H. |title=Aircraft engines of the World 1970 |year=1970 |publisher=Paul H. Wilkinson|location=London |edition=22nd |page=221}}</ref> Civil Turboshaft/Turboprop Specifications<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jet-engine.net/civtsspec.html |title=Civil Turboshaft/Turboprop Specifications |access-date=2011-04-22 |archive-date=2017-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729043725/http://www.jet-engine.net/civtsspec.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 | type          = [[Turboprop]] [[Aircraft engine|engine]]
 | length        = {{cvt|6|m|ft}}
@@ Line 58: / Line 62: @@
 | compressor    = 14-stage [[Axial compressor|axial flow]]
 | combustion    = 12 combustion chambers
-| turbine       = 5-stage [[Axial turbine|axial turbine]]
+| turbine       = 5-stage [[axial turbine]]
 | fueltype      = [[Aviation fuel|Aviation kerosene]] such as [[JP-4]] / Soviet spec. T-1 or T-2
 | oilsystem     = Pressure spray at {{cvt|85|psi|bar|order=flip}}
@@ Line 68: / Line 72: @@
 | turbinetemp   = {{cvt|1250|K|C}}
 | fuelcon       =
-| specfuelcon   = {{cvt|0.360|lb/shp/h|kg/kW/h|order=flip}}
+| specfuelcon   = {{cvt|0.360|lb/hph|kg/kWh|order=flip}}
 | power/weight  = {{cvt|3.7|kW/kg|hp/lb}}
 | thrust/weight =
@@ Line 100: / Line 104: @@
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110813145414/http://ciad.ssau.ru/work-images/nk-12_big.jpg ciad.ssau.ru - Image]
 * [http://www.airventure.de/tipps_zentralfinnisches_luftfahrtmuseum/Museum_Finnland_Kuznetsov_Triebwerk.jpg airventure.de - Image, finnish museum]
+* {{cite web |url=http://aerosila.ru/en/products/vozdushnye-vinty-ivintoventilyatory-dlya-samoletov/vintoventilyatory-klass-tyagi-10000-kgs |title=Propfans: Thrust class > 10000 kgf: Technical characteristics |website=Aerosila |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015225141/http://aerosila.ru/en/products/vozdushnye-vinty-ivintoventilyatory-dlya-samoletov/vintoventilyatory-klass-tyagi-10000-kgs}}
-* {{cite magazine |work=Dvigatel |url=http://engine.aviaport.ru/issues/07/page39.html |language=Russian |given=N. |surname=Alexandrov |title=The same 'NC' |year=2000 |number=1}}
 {{Kuznetsov aeroengines}}

v t e Kuznetsov aircraft engines
Turbofans	NK-6 NK-8 NK-22 NK-25 NK-32 NK-86 NK-87 NK-144
Turboprops	TV-022 TV-2 NK-4 NK-12
Experimental	NK-14 NK-88 NK-89 NK-92 NK-93