Jump to content

Claude La Colombière: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
E
Tags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit
 
(44 intermediate revisions by 29 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|French Jesuit priest and saint}}
{{Infobox saint
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix=[[Saint]]
|name=St. Claude de la Colombière, S.J.
|name=Claude La Colombière
|honorific_suffix=[[Society of Jesus|S.J.]]
|birth_date={{Birth date|1641|2|2|df=y}}
|birth_date={{Birth date|1641|2|2|df=y}}
|death_date={{death date and age|1682|2|15|1641|2|2|df=y}}
|death_date={{death date and age|1682|2|15|1641|2|2|df=y}}
Line 18: Line 21:
|canonized_by= [[Pope John Paul II]]
|canonized_by= [[Pope John Paul II]]
|attributes=
|attributes=
|patronage= Devotion to the [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]]
|patronage= [[Toymakers]], devotion to the [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]]
|major_shrine=Jesuit Church,<br>Paray-le-Monial, [[Saône-et-Loire]], France
|major_shrine=Jesuit Church,<br>Paray-le-Monial, [[Saône-et-Loire]], France
|suppressed_date=
|suppressed_date=
Line 26: Line 29:
}}
}}


St. '''Claude de la Colombière, [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]]''', was a Jesuit priest and the [[confessor]] of St. [[Margaret Mary Alacoque]], [[Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary|V.H.M.]] His [[Calendar of saints|feast day]] is the day of his death, 15 February. He was a missionary and [[asceticism|ascetical]] writer.
'''Claude La Colombière''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Society of Jesus|SJ]]}} was a French [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] priest best known as the [[confessor]] of [[Margaret Mary Alacoque]]. He is venerated as a [[Saint#Catholic Church|saint]] in the [[Catholic Church]].


==Life==
==Life==


===Early life===
===Early life===
He was born in 1641 in the city of [[Saint-Symphorien-d'Ozon]], then in the ancient Province of [[Dauphiné]], the third child of the [[notary]] Bertrand de la Colombière and of Margaret Coindat. The family soon moved to the nearby city of [[Vienne]], where he began his education, before attending the Jesuit school in [[Lyon]] for his secondary studies.<ref name=vanews>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_19920531_la-colombiere_en.html|work=Vatican News Service|title=Claude La Colombière, S.I.|accessdate=15 February 2013}}</ref>
He was born in 1641 in the city of [[Saint-Symphorien-d'Ozon]], then in the ancient Province of [[Dauphiné]], the third child of the [[notary]] Bertrand La Colombière and of Margaret Coindat. The family soon moved to the nearby city of [[Vienne, Isère|Vienne]], where he began his education, before attending the Jesuit school in [[Lyon]] for his secondary studies.<ref name=vanews>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_19920531_la-colombiere_en.html|work=Vatican News Service|title=Claude La Colombière, S.I.|access-date=15 February 2013}}</ref>


In 1658, at the age of seventeen, Colombière entered the [[novitiate]] of the [[Society of Jesus]] at [[Avignon]].<ref name="voices">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ignatianspirituality.com/ignatian-voices/16th-and-17th-century-ignatian-voices/st-claude-de-la-colombiere-sj/|title=St. Claude de la Colombiere, SJ (1641-1682)|last=user1|work=Ignatian Spirituality|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref> He did this despite what he recorded as "a terrible aversion for the life embraced".<ref name=vanews/> When he completed the two-year novitiate, he started his higher studies in the same city. He was [[profession (religious)|professed]] there and completed his studies. After this he spent the next five years of his [[Jesuit formation|regency]] teaching grammar and literature at the same school.
In 1658, at the age of seventeen, Colombière entered the [[novitiate]] of the [[Society of Jesus]] at [[Avignon]].<ref name="voices">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ignatianspirituality.com/ignatian-voices/16th-and-17th-century-ignatian-voices/st-claude-de-la-colombiere-sj/|title=St. Claude La Colombiere, SJ (1641-1682)|last=|work=Ignatian Spirituality|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914145507/https://www.ignatianspirituality.com/ignatian-voices/16th-and-17th-century-ignatian-voices/st-claude-de-la-colombiere-sj/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He did this despite what he recorded as "a terrible aversion for the life embraced".<ref name=vanews/> When he completed the two-year novitiate, he started his higher studies in the same city. He was [[profession (religious)|professed]] there and completed his studies. After this he spent the next five years of his [[Jesuit formation|regency]] teaching grammar and literature at the same school.


===Jesuit ministry===
===Jesuit ministry===
Colombière was sent to Paris in 1666 to study theology at the [[College de Clermont]]. He was also assigned to be the tutor of the children of the Royal [[Minister of the Economy, Finances and Industry (France)|Minister of Finances]], [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]]. After completing his studies there, he was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] a priest and initially assigned to teach at his former school in Lyon. He then was assigned to join the preaching team of the Jesuit community, through which he gained notice for the clarity and soundness of his sermons.<ref name="cna">{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint.php?n=148|title=St. Claude De La Colombiere|last=|first=|date=|website=www.catholicnewsagency.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref>
Colombière was sent to Paris in 1666 to study theology at the [[College de Clermont]]. He was also assigned to be the tutor of the children of the Royal [[Minister of the Economy, Finances and Industry (France)|Minister of Finances]], [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]]. After completing his studies there, he was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] a priest in 1669 and initially assigned to teach at his former school in Lyon. He then was assigned to join the preaching team of the Jesuit community, through which he gained notice for the clarity and soundness of his sermons.<ref name="cna">{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint.php?n=148|title=St. Claude La Colombiere|website=[[Catholic News Agency]]|language=en|access-date=2018-08-22|archive-date=2017-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215095250/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint.php?n=148|url-status=dead}}</ref>


In 1674, after 15 years of life as a Jesuit, Colombière did his next period of probation known as the [[tertianship]], which was to prove decisive in his life. As a result of this experience of the [[Spiritual Exercises]], he made a personal vow, as a means of attaining the utmost possible perfection, to observe faithfully the Rule and Constitutions of the Society under penalty of sin. Those who lived with him attested that this vow was kept with great exactitude.<ref name=CE>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/16026b.htm|work=Catholic Encyclopedia|title=Ven. Claude de la Colombière}}</ref>
In 1674, after 15 years of life as a Jesuit, Colombière did his next period of probation known as the [[tertianship]], which was to prove decisive in his life. As a result of this experience of the [[Spiritual Exercises]], he made a personal vow, as a means of attaining the utmost possible perfection, to observe faithfully the Rule and Constitutions of the Society under penalty of sin. Those who lived with him attested that this vow was kept with great exactitude.<ref name=CE>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/16026b.htm|encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia|title=Ven. Claude La Colombière}}</ref>


===The Sacred Heart===
===The Sacred Heart===
After professing the [[Fourth Vow]] of the Society at the end of his tertianship on 2 February 1675, Colombière was appointed the [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] of the Jesuit community at [[Paray-le-Monial]], where he also became the [[spiritual director]] of the nuns of the Monastery of the [[Visitation Sisters]] located next to the church. In this way he came to know [[Margaret Mary Alacoque|Sr. Margaret Mary Alacoque]].<ref name=voices/> The curiosity of such a promising preacher having been assigned to this remote location has led to the supposition that his superiors had her in mind in making this assignment.
After professing the [[Fourth Vow]] of the Society at the end of his tertianship on 2 February 1675, Colombière was appointed the [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] of the Jesuit community at [[Paray-le-Monial]], where he also became the [[spiritual director]] of the nuns of the Monastery of the [[Visitation Sisters]] located next to the church. In this way he came to know [[Margaret Mary Alacoque]].<ref name=voices/> The curiosity of such a promising preacher having been assigned to this remote location has led to the supposition that his superiors had her in mind in making this assignment.


Alacoque had suffered greatly from the disbelief of the other [[Religious sister|religious sisters]] of her monastery, and felt isolated in her situation of having experienced a series of [[private revelation]]s from Christ in which she felt she was being called to promote devotion to his [[Sacred Heart of Jesus|Sacred Heart]]. When Colombière came to the community and began to hear the confessions of the sisters, she felt that she had finally found a priest in whom she could truly confide, and opened up her heart to him. She later wrote that she saw that his spiritual gift "was that of bringing souls to God along the Gospel way of love and mercy which Christ revealed to us". After speaking with her a number of times and after much prayer, as a result, he was convinced of the validity of her [[vision (spirituality)|visions]] and became both her supporter and a zealous apostle of the devotion.<ref name=voices/>
The disbelief of the other [[Religious sister|religious sisters]] of her monastery left Alocoque anxious and uncertain.<ref name=vanews/> She felt isolated in her situation of having experienced a series of [[private revelation]]s from Christ in which she felt she was being called to promote devotion to his [[Sacred Heart of Jesus|Sacred Heart]]. When Colombière came to the community and began to hear the confessions of the sisters, she felt that she had finally found a priest in whom she could truly confide, and opened up her heart to him. She later wrote that she saw that his spiritual gift "was that of bringing souls to God along the Gospel way of love and mercy which Christ revealed to us". After speaking with her a number of times and after much prayer, as a result, he was convinced of the validity of her [[vision (spirituality)|visions]] and became both her supporter and a zealous apostle of the devotion.<ref name=voices/>


===England===
===England===
In 1676 Colombière was sent to England as preacher to [[Mary of Modena]], then the [[Duchess of York]], wife of the future King [[James II of England]]. He took up residence at the [[Court of St. James]], where he still observed all his religious duties as a member of the Society. He was also as active a preacher and confessor in England as he had been in France. Although encountering many difficulties, he was able to guide Alacoque by letter.<ref name=CE />
In 1676 Colombière was sent to England as preacher to [[Mary of Modena]], then the [[Duchess of York]], wife of the future King [[James II of England]]. He took up residence at the [[Court of St. James’s]], where he still observed all his religious duties as a member of the Society. He was also as active a preacher and confessor in England as he had been in France. Although encountering many difficulties, he was able to guide Alacoque by letter.<ref name=CE />


Colombière's zeal and the English climate soon combined to weaken his health and a pulmonary condition threatened to end his work in that country. In November 1678, while awaiting a recall to France, he was suddenly arrested and thrown into prison, denounced as being a part of the [[Popish Plot]] alleged by [[Titus Oates]] against the English throne.<ref name=cna/> Caught up in the anti-Catholic hysteria which resulted from this alleged plot, he was confined in severe conditions at the [[King's Bench Prison]], where his fragile health took a turn for the worse. He is quoted by the historian [[John Philipps Kenyon]] as having described the effects of the situation—in which over 20 Jesuits died—on the Society of Jesus, writing: <blockquote>"The name of the Jesuit is hated above all else, even by priests both secular and regular, and by the Catholic laity as well, because it is said that the Jesuits have caused this raging storm, which is likely to overthrow the whole Catholic religion".<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Kenyon|title=The Popish Plot|page= 206|publisher=[[Heinemann (publisher)|William Heinemann Ltd]]|place=London|year=1972|ISBN=978-0434388509}}</ref></blockquote>
Colombière's zeal and the English climate soon combined to weaken his health and a pulmonary condition threatened to end his work in that country. In November 1678, while awaiting a recall to France, he was suddenly arrested and thrown into prison, denounced as being a part of the [[Popish Plot]] alleged by [[Titus Oates]] against the English throne.<ref name=cna/> Caught up in the anti-Catholic hysteria which resulted from this alleged plot, he was confined in severe conditions at the [[King's Bench Prison]], where his fragile health took a turn for the worse. He is quoted by the historian [[John Philipps Kenyon]] as having described the effects of the situation—in which over 20 Jesuits died—on the Society of Jesus, writing: <blockquote>"The name of the Jesuit is hated above all else, even by priests both secular and regular, and by the Catholic laity as well, because it is said that the Jesuits have caused this raging storm, which is likely to overthrow the whole Catholic religion".<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Kenyon|title=The Popish Plot|url=https://archive.org/details/popishplot00jpke|url-access=registration|page= [https://archive.org/details/popishplot00jpke/page/206 206]|publisher=[[Heinemann (publisher)|William Heinemann Ltd]]|place=London|year=1972|isbn=978-0434388509}}</ref></blockquote>


Thanks to his position at the Royal Court and to the protection of the King of France, [[Louis XIV]], whose subject he was, he escaped death but was expelled from England in 1679. He returned to France with his health ruined by his imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/SaintofDay/default.aspx|work=AmericanCatholic.org|title=St. Claude la Colombière|accessdate=15 February 2013}}</ref>
Thanks to his position at the Royal Court and to the protection of the King of France, [[Louis XIV]], whose subject he was, he escaped death but was expelled from England in 1679. He returned to France with his health ruined by his imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/SaintofDay/default.aspx|work=AmericanCatholic.org|title=St. Claude la Colombière|access-date=15 February 2013}}</ref>


===Death and veneration===
===Death and veneration===
The last two years of Colombière's life were spent at Lyon, where he was spiritual director to the Jesuit [[novice]]s, and at Paray-le-Monial, where he returned to improve his health. He died on 15 February 1682, as a result of a severe [[hemorrage]].
The last two years of Colombière's life were spent at Lyon, where he was spiritual director to the Jesuit [[novice]]s, and at Paray-le-Monial, where he returned to improve his health. He died on 15 February 1682.<ref>[https://www.jesuits.global/saint-blessed/saint-claude-la-colombiere/ "Saint Claude La Colombière", Jesuits/Global]</ref>


Colombière left a large number of writings, which, including his principal works, ''Pious Reflections'', ''Meditations on the Passion'', and ''Retreat and Spiritual Letters'', were published under the title, ''Oeuvres du R.P. Claude de la Colombière'' (Avignon, 1832; Paris, 1864).
Colombière left a large number of writings, which, including his principal works, ''Pious Reflections'', ''Meditations on the Passion'', and ''Retreat and Spiritual Letters'', were published under the title, ''Oeuvres du R.P. Claude La Colombière'' (Avignon, 1832; Paris, 1864).


Colombière was [[beatified]] by [[Pope Pius XI]] on 16 June 1929,<ref name=cna/> and [[canonized]] by [[Pope John Paul II]] on 31 May 1992. His [[relics]] are preserved in the Jesuit Church around the corner from the convent of the Visitation sisters at Paray-le-Monial.
Colombière was [[beatified]] by [[Pope Pius XI]] on 16 June 1929,<ref name=cna/> and the cause for his canonization was opened on 14 November 1934.<ref name="index">{{cite book |title=Index ac status causarum beatificationis servorum dei et canonizationis beatorum |date=January 1953 |publisher=Typis polyglottis vaticanis |page=53 |language=Latin}}</ref> He was [[canonized]] by [[Pope John Paul II]] on 31 May 1992.<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/fr/homilies/1992/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19920531_la-colombiere.html Canonisation de Claude la Colombière homélie du pape Jean-Paul II Basilique vaticane - Dimanche 31 mai 1992] Vatican.va, article in French</ref> His [[relics]] are preserved in the Jesuit Church around the corner from the convent of the Visitation sisters at [[Paray-le-Monial]].


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Portal:Saints/news/July 2006|Saint news]]
*[[Portal:Saints/news/July 2006|Saint news]]
*[[Portal:Catholic Church/Patron Archive/February 15|Saint Claude La Colombière, patron saint archive]]


==References==
==References==
Line 66: Line 70:


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.catholic-forum.com/Saints/saintc28.htm Claude at Patron Saints Index]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060218060231/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintc28.htm Claude at Patron Saints Index]
*[http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/stc28001.htm ''An Act of Hope and Confidence in God'', a prayer by Claude]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060212203615/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/stc28001.htm ''An Act of Hope and Confidence in God'', a prayer by Claude]
*[http://www.aciprensa.com/Banco/images/claucolombiere.jpg Image]
*[http://www.aciprensa.com/Banco/images/claucolombiere.jpg Image] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223044709/http://www.aciprensa.com/Banco/images/claucolombiere.jpg |date=2022-02-23 }}
*{{it icon}} [http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/41150 San Claudio de la Colombiere]
*{{in lang|it}} [http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/41150 San Claudio de la Colombiere]


{{Jesuits|state=collapsed}}
{{Subject bar |portal1=Saints |portal2= Biography |portal3= Catholicism |portal4= France}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:Colombiere, Claude La}}

⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:Colombiere, Claude de la}}
[[Category:Jesuit saints]]
[[Category:Jesuit saints]]
[[Category:1641 births]]
[[Category:1641 births]]
[[Category:1682 deaths]]
[[Category:1682 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Saint-Symphorien-d'Ozon]]
[[Category:People from Rhône (department)]]
[[Category:People associated with the Popish Plot]]
[[Category:People associated with the Popish Plot]]
[[Category:17th-century French Jesuits]]
[[Category:17th-century French Jesuits]]
Line 84: Line 89:
[[Category:Canonizations by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Canonizations by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Sacred Heart devotions]]
[[Category:Sacred Heart devotions]]
[[Category:Beatifications by Pope Pius XI]]

Latest revision as of 01:27, 7 August 2024

Saint

Claude La Colombière

S.J.
Religious, priest and confessor
Born(1641-02-02)2 February 1641
Saint-Symphorien-d'Ozon, Dauphiné, Kingdom of France
Died15 February 1682(1682-02-15) (aged 41)
Paray-le-Monial, Duchy of Burgundy, Kingdom of France
Venerated inCatholic Church
(Society of Jesus)
Beatified16 June 1929, Vatican City, by Pope Pius XI
Canonized31 May 1992, Vatican City, by Pope John Paul II
Major shrineJesuit Church,
Paray-le-Monial, Saône-et-Loire, France
Feast15 February
PatronageToymakers, devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus

Claude La Colombière SJ was a French Jesuit priest best known as the confessor of Margaret Mary Alacoque. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church.

Life

[edit]

Early life

[edit]

He was born in 1641 in the city of Saint-Symphorien-d'Ozon, then in the ancient Province of Dauphiné, the third child of the notary Bertrand La Colombière and of Margaret Coindat. The family soon moved to the nearby city of Vienne, where he began his education, before attending the Jesuit school in Lyon for his secondary studies.[1]

In 1658, at the age of seventeen, Colombière entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus at Avignon.[2] He did this despite what he recorded as "a terrible aversion for the life embraced".[1] When he completed the two-year novitiate, he started his higher studies in the same city. He was professed there and completed his studies. After this he spent the next five years of his regency teaching grammar and literature at the same school.

Jesuit ministry

[edit]

Colombière was sent to Paris in 1666 to study theology at the College de Clermont. He was also assigned to be the tutor of the children of the Royal Minister of Finances, Jean-Baptiste Colbert. After completing his studies there, he was ordained a priest in 1669 and initially assigned to teach at his former school in Lyon. He then was assigned to join the preaching team of the Jesuit community, through which he gained notice for the clarity and soundness of his sermons.[3]

In 1674, after 15 years of life as a Jesuit, Colombière did his next period of probation known as the tertianship, which was to prove decisive in his life. As a result of this experience of the Spiritual Exercises, he made a personal vow, as a means of attaining the utmost possible perfection, to observe faithfully the Rule and Constitutions of the Society under penalty of sin. Those who lived with him attested that this vow was kept with great exactitude.[4]

The Sacred Heart

[edit]

After professing the Fourth Vow of the Society at the end of his tertianship on 2 February 1675, Colombière was appointed the rector of the Jesuit community at Paray-le-Monial, where he also became the spiritual director of the nuns of the Monastery of the Visitation Sisters located next to the church. In this way he came to know Margaret Mary Alacoque.[2] The curiosity of such a promising preacher having been assigned to this remote location has led to the supposition that his superiors had her in mind in making this assignment.

The disbelief of the other religious sisters of her monastery left Alocoque anxious and uncertain.[1] She felt isolated in her situation of having experienced a series of private revelations from Christ in which she felt she was being called to promote devotion to his Sacred Heart. When Colombière came to the community and began to hear the confessions of the sisters, she felt that she had finally found a priest in whom she could truly confide, and opened up her heart to him. She later wrote that she saw that his spiritual gift "was that of bringing souls to God along the Gospel way of love and mercy which Christ revealed to us". After speaking with her a number of times and after much prayer, as a result, he was convinced of the validity of her visions and became both her supporter and a zealous apostle of the devotion.[2]

England

[edit]

In 1676 Colombière was sent to England as preacher to Mary of Modena, then the Duchess of York, wife of the future King James II of England. He took up residence at the Court of St. James’s, where he still observed all his religious duties as a member of the Society. He was also as active a preacher and confessor in England as he had been in France. Although encountering many difficulties, he was able to guide Alacoque by letter.[4]

Colombière's zeal and the English climate soon combined to weaken his health and a pulmonary condition threatened to end his work in that country. In November 1678, while awaiting a recall to France, he was suddenly arrested and thrown into prison, denounced as being a part of the Popish Plot alleged by Titus Oates against the English throne.[3] Caught up in the anti-Catholic hysteria which resulted from this alleged plot, he was confined in severe conditions at the King's Bench Prison, where his fragile health took a turn for the worse. He is quoted by the historian John Philipps Kenyon as having described the effects of the situation—in which over 20 Jesuits died—on the Society of Jesus, writing:

"The name of the Jesuit is hated above all else, even by priests both secular and regular, and by the Catholic laity as well, because it is said that the Jesuits have caused this raging storm, which is likely to overthrow the whole Catholic religion".[5]

Thanks to his position at the Royal Court and to the protection of the King of France, Louis XIV, whose subject he was, he escaped death but was expelled from England in 1679. He returned to France with his health ruined by his imprisonment.[6]

Death and veneration

[edit]

The last two years of Colombière's life were spent at Lyon, where he was spiritual director to the Jesuit novices, and at Paray-le-Monial, where he returned to improve his health. He died on 15 February 1682.[7]

Colombière left a large number of writings, which, including his principal works, Pious Reflections, Meditations on the Passion, and Retreat and Spiritual Letters, were published under the title, Oeuvres du R.P. Claude La Colombière (Avignon, 1832; Paris, 1864).

Colombière was beatified by Pope Pius XI on 16 June 1929,[3] and the cause for his canonization was opened on 14 November 1934.[8] He was canonized by Pope John Paul II on 31 May 1992.[9] His relics are preserved in the Jesuit Church around the corner from the convent of the Visitation sisters at Paray-le-Monial.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Claude La Colombière, S.I." Vatican News Service. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  2. ^ a b c "St. Claude La Colombiere, SJ (1641-1682)". Ignatian Spirituality. Archived from the original on 2019-09-14. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  3. ^ a b c "St. Claude La Colombiere". Catholic News Agency. Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  4. ^ a b "Ven. Claude La Colombière". Catholic Encyclopedia.
  5. ^ Kenyon, John (1972). The Popish Plot. London: William Heinemann Ltd. p. 206. ISBN 978-0434388509.
  6. ^ "St. Claude la Colombière". AmericanCatholic.org. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  7. ^ "Saint Claude La Colombière", Jesuits/Global
  8. ^ Index ac status causarum beatificationis servorum dei et canonizationis beatorum (in Latin). Typis polyglottis vaticanis. January 1953. p. 53.
  9. ^ Canonisation de Claude la Colombière homélie du pape Jean-Paul II Basilique vaticane - Dimanche 31 mai 1992 Vatican.va, article in French
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Claude_La_Colombière&oldid=1239040595"