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{{Short description|Thickening of the outermost layer of skin (stratum corneum) due to keratin accumulation}}
{{Infobox medical condition
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
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| Name = Hyperkeratosis
| Image = Lichen simplex chronicus - low mag.jpg
| name = Hyperkeratosis
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| synonyms =
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| Caption = [[Micrograph]] showing hyperkeratosis. [[H&E stain]].
| image = Prominent hyperkeratosis.jpg
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| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|aɪ|p|ər|k|ɛ|r|ə|ˈ|t|oʊ|s|ᵻ|s}} <br> (''[[#Etymology|hyper- + kerato- + -osis]]'')
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| caption = [[Micrograph]] showing prominent hyperkeratosis in skin without [[atypia]]. [[H&E stain]].
⚫
| DiseasesDB = 20624
⚫
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|aɪ|p|ər|k|ɛ|r|ə|ˈ|t|oʊ|s|ᵻ|s}} <br> (''[[#Etymology|hyper- + kerato- + -osis]]'')
⚫
| ICD10 = L85.9
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|701.1}}
| field =
| ICDO =
| symptoms =
| OMIM =
| complications =
| MedlinePlus =
| onset =
| duration =
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| eMedicineSubj =
| types =
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| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID =
| causes =
| risks =
| diagnosis =
| differential =
| prevention =
| treatment =
| medication =
| prognosis =
| frequency =
| deaths =
}}
}}


'''Hyperkeratosis''' is thickening of the [[stratum corneum]] (the outermost layer of the [[Epidermis (skin)|epidermis]]), often associated with the presence of an abnormal quantity of [[keratin]],<ref name="Kumar">Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelso; Abbas, Abul (2004) ''Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease'' (7th ed.). Saunders. Page 1230. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.</ref> and also usually accompanied by an increase in the granular layer. As the corneum layer normally varies greatly in thickness in different sites, some experience is needed to assess minor degrees of hyperkeratosis.
'''Hyperkeratosis''' is thickening of the [[stratum corneum]] (the outermost layer of the [[Epidermis (skin)|epidermis]], or [[skin]]), often associated with the presence of an abnormal quantity of [[keratin]],<ref name="Kumar">Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelso; Abbas, Abul (2004) ''Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease'' (7th ed.). Saunders. Page 1230. {{ISBN|0-7216-0187-1}}.</ref> and is usually accompanied by an increase in the granular layer. As the corneum layer normally varies greatly in thickness in different sites, some experience is needed to assess minor degrees of hyperkeratosis.


It can be caused by [[vitamin A deficiency]] or chronic exposure to [[arsenic]].
It can be caused by [[vitamin A deficiency]] or chronic exposure to [[arsenic]].
Line 21: Line 30:
Hyperkeratosis can also be caused by [[BRAF (gene)|B-Raf]] inhibitor drugs such as [[Vemurafenib]] and [[Dabrafenib]].<ref name="Niezgoda">Niezgoda, Anna; Niezgoda, Piotr; Czajkowski, Rafal (2015) ''Novel Approaches to Treatment of Advanced Melanoma: A Review of Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy'' BioMed Research International</ref>
Hyperkeratosis can also be caused by [[BRAF (gene)|B-Raf]] inhibitor drugs such as [[Vemurafenib]] and [[Dabrafenib]].<ref name="Niezgoda">Niezgoda, Anna; Niezgoda, Piotr; Czajkowski, Rafal (2015) ''Novel Approaches to Treatment of Advanced Melanoma: A Review of Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy'' BioMed Research International</ref>


It can be treated with [[urea-containing cream]]s, which dissolve the [[intercellular matrix]] of the cells of the stratum corneum, promoting [[desquamation]] of scaly skin, eventually resulting in softening of hyperkeratotic areas.<ref name=pro-urea-cream>[http://www.drugs.com/pro/urea-cream.html drugs.com > Urea Cream (Prescribing Information)] Revised: 04/2010 by Stratus Pharmaceuticals</ref>
It can be treated with [[urea-containing cream]]s, which dissolve the [[intercellular matrix]] of the cells of the stratum corneum, promoting [[desquamation]] of scaly skin, eventually resulting in softening of hyperkeratotic areas.<ref name=pro-urea-cream>[https://www.drugs.com/pro/urea-cream.html drugs.com > Urea Cream (Prescribing Information)] Revised: 04/2010 by Stratus Pharmaceuticals</ref>


==Types==
==Types==


===Follicular===
===Follicular===
''Follicular hyperkeratosis'' dass (also called ''phrynoderma'') is a skin condition characterized by excessive development of [[keratin]] in [[hair follicle]]s, resulting in rough, cone-shaped, elevated papules. The openings are often closed with a white plug of encrusted [[sebum]].
Follicular hyperkeratosis, also known as ''[[keratosis pilaris]]'' (KP), is a skin condition characterized by excessive development of [[keratin]] in [[hair follicle]]s, resulting in rough, cone-shaped, elevated [[papule]]s. The openings are often closed with a white plug of encrusted [[sebum]]. When called ''phrynoderma,'' the condition is associated with nutritional deficiency or malnourishment.


This condition has been shown in several small-scale studies to respond well to supplementation with vitamins and fats rich in [[essential fatty acid]]s. [[Avitaminosis|Deficiencies]] of [[vitamin E deficiency|vitamin E]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nadiger |first1=HA |title=Role of vitamin E in the aetiology of phrynoderma (follicular hyperkeratosis) and its interrelationship with B-complex vitamins |journal=[[British Journal of Nutrition]] |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=211–4 |year=1980 |doi=10.1079/bjn19800033 |pmid=7437404}}</ref> [[vitamin A deficiency|vitamin A]], and [[B vitamins|B complex vitamins]] have been implicated in causing the condition.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Hyperkeratosis |encyclopedia=Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers |year=2007 |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyperkeratosis}}</ref>
This condition has been shown in several small-scale studies to respond well to supplementation with vitamins and fats rich in [[essential fatty acid]]s. [[Avitaminosis|Deficiencies]] of [[vitamin E deficiency|vitamin E]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nadiger |first1=HA |title=Role of vitamin E in the aetiology of phrynoderma (follicular hyperkeratosis) and its interrelationship with B-complex vitamins |journal=[[British Journal of Nutrition]] |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=211–4 |year=1980 |doi=10.1079/bjn19800033 |pmid=7437404|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[vitamin A deficiency|vitamin A]], and [[B vitamins|B-complex vitamins]] have been implicated in causing the condition.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Hyperkeratosis |encyclopedia=Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers |year=2007 |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyperkeratosis}}</ref> Follicular hyperkeratosis is also a symptom in inherited collagen-related diseases of [[Ehlers–Danlos syndromes|Ehlers-Danlos syndromes]] and [[Bethlem myopathy]].


===By other specific site===
===By other specific site===
*{{anchor|plantar}}''Plantar hyperkeratosis'' is hyperkeratosis of the [[sole (foot)|sole]] of the [[foot]]. It is recommended<ref>[http://www.thedoctorsdoctor.com/diseases/keratodermas.htm thedoctorsdoctor.com article]</ref> to surgically remove the dead skin, to provide symptomatic relief.
* {{anchor|plantar}}''Plantar hyperkeratosis'' is hyperkeratosis of the [[sole (foot)|sole]] of the [[foot]]. It is recommended to surgically remove the dead skin, to provide symptomatic relief.
*{{anchor|nipple and areola}}''Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola'' is an uncommon benign, asymptomatic, acquired condition of unknown pathogenesis.<ref name="Andrews">{{cite book |author=James, William D. |author2=Berger, Timothy G. |author3=Elston, Dirk M. |title=Andrews' diseases of the skin: clinical dermatology |edition=10th | article=Clinical diagnosis by laboratory methods | publisher=Saunders Elsevier |location= |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=0-7216-2921-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=|display-authors=etal}}</ref>{{rp|636}}
* {{anchor|nipple and areola}}''Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola'' is an uncommon benign, asymptomatic, acquired condition of unknown pathogenesis.<ref name="Andrews">{{cite book |author=James, William D. |author2=Berger, Timothy G. |author3=Elston, Dirk M. |title=Andrews' diseases of the skin: clinical dermatology |edition=10th | article=Clinical diagnosis by laboratory methods | publisher=Saunders Elsevier |year=2006 |isbn=0-7216-2921-0 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>{{rp|636}}


===Hereditary===
===Hereditary===
*[[Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis]] (also known as "Bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma,"<ref name="Bolognia">{{cite book |author=Rapini, Ronald P. |author2=Bolognia, Jean L. |author3=Jorizzo, Joseph L. |title=Dermatology: 2-Volume Set |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=1-4160-2999-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> "Bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma,"<ref name="Fitz2">Freedberg, et al. (2003). ''Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine''. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138076-0.</ref>{{rp|482}} or "bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma Brocq"<ref>{{WhoNamedIt|synd|1036}}</ref>) is a rare skin disease in the [[ichthyosis]] family affecting around 1 in 250,000 people. It involves the clumping of [[keratin]] filaments.<ref name="Andrews" />{{rp|562}}<ref name="pmid1381287">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cheng J, Syder AJ, Yu QC, Letai A, Paller AS, Fuchs E |title=The genetic basis of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: a disorder of differentiation-specific epidermal keratin genes |journal=Cell |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=811–9 |date=September 1992 |pmid=1381287 |doi= 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90314-3|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(92)90314-3}}</ref>
* [[Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis]] (also known as "Bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma,"<ref name="Bolognia">{{cite book |author=Rapini, Ronald P. |author2=Bolognia, Jean L. |author3=Jorizzo, Joseph L. |title=Dermatology: 2-Volume Set |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4160-2999-1 }}</ref> "Bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma,"<ref name="Fitz2">Freedberg, et al. (2003). ''Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine''. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. {{ISBN|0-07-138076-0}}.</ref>{{rp|482}} or "bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma of [[Louis-Anne-Jean Brocq|Brocq]]"<ref>{{WhoNamedIt|synd|1036}}</ref>) is a rare skin disease in the [[ichthyosis]] family, affecting around 1 in 250,000 people. It involves the clumping of [[keratin]] filaments.<ref name="Andrews" />{{rp|562}}<ref name="pmid1381287">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cheng J, Syder AJ, Yu QC, Letai A, Paller AS, Fuchs E |title=The genetic basis of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: a disorder of differentiation-specific epidermal keratin genes |journal=Cell |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=811–9 |date=September 1992 |pmid=1381287 |doi= 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90314-3|s2cid=31906051 }}</ref>
*[[Multiple minute digitate hyperkeratosis]], a rare cutaneous condition, with about half of cases being familial
* [[Multiple minute digitate hyperkeratosis]], a rare cutaneous condition, with about half of cases being familial
*[[Focal acral hyperkeratosis]] (also known as "Acrokeratoelastoidosis lichenoides,") is a late-onset [[keratoderma]], inherited as an [[autosomal dominant]] condition, characterized by oval or polygonal crateriform [[papule]]s developing along the border of the hands, feet, and wrists.<ref name="Fitz2"/>{{rp|509}}
* [[Focal acral hyperkeratosis]] (also known as "Acrokeratoelastoidosis lichenoides,") is a late-onset [[keratoderma]], inherited as an [[autosomal dominant]] condition, characterized by oval or polygonal crateriform [[papule]]s developing along the border of the hands, feet, and wrists.<ref name="Fitz2"/>{{rp|509}}
*[[Keratosis pilaris]] appears similar to gooseflesh, is usually asymptomatic and may be treated by moisturizing the skin.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hwang, Schwartz|title=Keratosis pilaris: a common follicular hyperkeratosis.| pmid=18856156 | volume=82|issue=3|date=Sep 2008|journal=Cutis|pages=177–80}}</ref>
* [[Keratosis pilaris]] appears similar to gooseflesh, is usually asymptomatic and may be treated by moisturizing the skin.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hwang, Schwartz|title=Keratosis pilaris: a common follicular hyperkeratosis.| pmid=18856156 | volume=82|issue=3|date=Sep 2008|journal=Cutis|pages=177–80}}</ref>


===Other===
===Other===
*''Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans'' (also known as "Flegel's disease"<ref name="Bolognia" />) is a cutaneous condition characterized by rough, yellow-brown keratotic, flat-topped [[papule]]s.<ref name="Andrews" />{{rp|639}}<ref name="Bolognia"/>
* ''Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans'' (also known as "Flegel's disease"<ref name="Bolognia" />) is a cutaneous condition characterized by rough, yellow-brown keratotic, flat-topped [[papule]]s.<ref name="Andrews" />{{rp|639}}<ref name="Bolognia"/>


==Hyperkeratosis of mucous membranes==
==In mucous membranes==
The term hyperkeratosis is often used in connection with lesions of the [[mucous membrane]]s, such as [[leukoplakia]]. Because of the differences between mucous membranes and the skin (e.g. keratinizing mucosa does not have a [[stratum lucidum]] and non keratinizing mucosa does not have this layer or normally a [[stratum corneum]] or a [[stratum granulosum]]), sometimes specialized texts give slightly different definitions of hyperkeratosis in the context of mucosae. Examples are "an excessive formation of keratin (e.g., as seen in leukoplakia)"<ref>Mosby's Dental Dictionary</ref> and "an increase in the thickness of the keratin layer of the epithelium, or the presence of such a layer in a site where none would normally be expected."<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Tyldesley WR, Field A, Longman L|title=Tyldesley's Oral medicine|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0192631470|edition=5th}}</ref>
The term hyperkeratosis is often used in connection with lesions of the [[mucous membrane]]s, such as [[leukoplakia]]. Because of the differences between mucous membranes and the skin (e.g., keratinizing mucosa does not have a [[stratum lucidum]] and non keratinizing mucosa does not have this layer or normally a [[stratum corneum]] or a [[stratum granulosum]]), sometimes specialized texts give slightly different definitions of hyperkeratosis in the context of mucosae. Examples are "an excessive formation of keratin (e.g., as seen in leukoplakia)"<ref>Mosby's Dental Dictionary</ref> and "an increase in the thickness of the keratin layer of the epithelium, or the presence of such a layer in a site where none would normally be expected."<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Tyldesley WR, Field A, Longman L|title=Tyldesley's Oral medicine|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0192631470|edition=5th}}</ref>


==Etymology and pronunciation==
==Etymology and pronunciation==
The word ''hyperkeratosis'' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|aɪ|p|ər|ˌ|k|ɛr|ə|ˈ|t|oʊ|s|ᵻ|s}}) uses [[classical compound|combining forms]] of ''[[wikt:hyper-#Prefix|hyper-]]'' + ''[[wikt:kerato-#Prefix|kerato-]]'' + ''[[wikt:-osis#Suffix|-osis]]'', conveying "the condition of too much keratin".
The word ''hyperkeratosis'' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|aɪ|p|ər|ˌ|k|ɛr|ə|ˈ|t|oʊ|s|ᵻ|s}}) is based on the [[classical compound|Ancient Greek morphemes]] ''[[wikt:hyper-#Prefix|hyper-]]'' + ''[[wikt:kerato-#Prefix|kerato-]]'' + ''[[wikt:-osis#Suffix|-osis]]'', meaning 'the condition of too much keratin'.

== Hyperkeratosis in dogs ==
Nasodigitic hyperkeratosis in dogs may be idiopathic, secondary to an underlying disease, or due to congenital abnormalities in the normal anatomy of the nose and fingertips.

In the case of congenital anatomical abnormalities, contact between the affected area and rubbing surfaces is impaired. It is roughly the same with finger pads — in animals with an anatomical abnormality, part of the pad is not in contact with rubbing surfaces and excessive keratin deposition is formed. The idiopathic form of nasodigitic hyperkeratosis in dogs develops from unknown causes and is more common in older animals (senile form).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Muller and Kirk's Small Animal Dermatology. Saunders, St. Luis, MO|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?hl=en&publication_year=2013&pages=639-640&author=WH+Miller&author=CE+Griffin&author=KL+Campbell&title=Muller+and+Kirk%27s+Small+Animal+Dermatology|access-date=December 16, 2021|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Skin diseases of the dog and cat: clinical and histopathologic diagnosis|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?hl=en&publication_year=2005&pages=169-170&author=TL+Gross&author=PJ+Ihrke&author=EJ+Walder&title=Skin+diseases+of+the+dog+and+cat%3A+clinical+and+histopathologic+diagnosis|access-date=December 16, 2021|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> Of all dog breeds, Labradors, Golden Retrievers, Cocker Spaniels, Irish Terriers, Bordeaux Dogs are the most prone to hyperkeratosis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Does it Mean When a Dog's Nose is Dry? When to Worry|url=https://www.boneandyarn.com/dogs-nose-is-dry/|access-date=December 16, 2021|website=boneandyarn.com|date=8 August 2020}}</ref>

=== Therapy ===
Since the deposition of excess keratin cannot be stopped, therapy is aimed at softening and removing it. For moderate to severe cases, the affected areas should be hydrated (moisturised) with warm water or compresses for 5-10 minutes. Softening preparations are then applied once a day until the excess keratin is removed.

In dogs with severe hyperkeratosis and a significant excess of keratin, it is removed with scissors or a blade. After proper instructions, pet owners are able to perform this procedure at home, and it may be the only method of correction.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hyperkeratosis In Dogs: Does Your Dog Have Hairy Feet?|url=https://www.caninejournal.com/hyperkeratosis-in-dogs/|access-date=December 16, 2021|website=caninejournal.com|date=7 January 2016}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Skin lesion]]
* [[Calluses]]
⚫
* [[Skin disease]]
* [[Keratin disease]]
* [[Keratin disease]]
* [[List of skin diseases]]
* [[List of skin diseases]]
* [[Calluses]]
* [[Skin disease]]
⚫
* [[Skin lesion]]
* [[Epidermis#Hyperplasia|Epidermal hyperplasia]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
{{Medical resources
⚫
| DiseasesDB = 20624
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|L85.9}}
⚫
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|701.1}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus =
⚫
| eMedicineSubj =
⚫
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID =
| SNOMED CT = 20637002
}}
{{Clinical and histological nomenclature for skin lesions}}
{{Clinical and histological nomenclature for skin lesions}}
{{Cutaneous ketatosis, ulcer, atrophy, necrobiosis, and vasculitis}}
{{Cutaneous ketatosis, ulcer, atrophy, necrobiosis, and vasculitis}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Dermatologic terminology]]
[[Category:Dermatologic terminology]]

Latest revision as of 04:16, 7 August 2024

Hyperkeratosis
Micrograph showing prominent hyperkeratosis in skin without atypia. H&E stain.
Pronunciation
SpecialtyDermatology Edit this on Wikidata

Hyperkeratosis is thickening of the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of the epidermis, or skin), often associated with the presence of an abnormal quantity of keratin,[1] and is usually accompanied by an increase in the granular layer. As the corneum layer normally varies greatly in thickness in different sites, some experience is needed to assess minor degrees of hyperkeratosis.

It can be caused by vitamin A deficiency or chronic exposure to arsenic.

Hyperkeratosis can also be caused by B-Raf inhibitor drugs such as Vemurafenib and Dabrafenib.[2]

It can be treated with urea-containing creams, which dissolve the intercellular matrix of the cells of the stratum corneum, promoting desquamation of scaly skin, eventually resulting in softening of hyperkeratotic areas.[3]

Types

[edit]

Follicular

[edit]

Follicular hyperkeratosis, also known as keratosis pilaris (KP), is a skin condition characterized by excessive development of keratin in hair follicles, resulting in rough, cone-shaped, elevated papules. The openings are often closed with a white plug of encrusted sebum. When called phrynoderma, the condition is associated with nutritional deficiency or malnourishment.

This condition has been shown in several small-scale studies to respond well to supplementation with vitamins and fats rich in essential fatty acids. Deficiencies of vitamin E,[4] vitamin A, and B-complex vitamins have been implicated in causing the condition.[5] Follicular hyperkeratosis is also a symptom in inherited collagen-related diseases of Ehlers-Danlos syndromes and Bethlem myopathy.

By other specific site

[edit]
  • Plantar hyperkeratosis is hyperkeratosis of the sole of the foot. It is recommended to surgically remove the dead skin, to provide symptomatic relief.
  • Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola is an uncommon benign, asymptomatic, acquired condition of unknown pathogenesis.[6]: 636 

Hereditary

[edit]

Other

[edit]
  • Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans (also known as "Flegel's disease"[7]) is a cutaneous condition characterized by rough, yellow-brown keratotic, flat-topped papules.[6]: 639 [7]

In mucous membranes

[edit]

The term hyperkeratosis is often used in connection with lesions of the mucous membranes, such as leukoplakia. Because of the differences between mucous membranes and the skin (e.g., keratinizing mucosa does not have a stratum lucidum and non keratinizing mucosa does not have this layer or normally a stratum corneum or a stratum granulosum), sometimes specialized texts give slightly different definitions of hyperkeratosis in the context of mucosae. Examples are "an excessive formation of keratin (e.g., as seen in leukoplakia)"[12] and "an increase in the thickness of the keratin layer of the epithelium, or the presence of such a layer in a site where none would normally be expected."[13]

Etymology and pronunciation

[edit]

The word hyperkeratosis (/ˌhaɪpərˌkɛrəˈtoʊsɪs/) is based on the Ancient Greek morphemes hyper- + kerato- + -osis, meaning 'the condition of too much keratin'.

Hyperkeratosis in dogs

[edit]

Nasodigitic hyperkeratosis in dogs may be idiopathic, secondary to an underlying disease, or due to congenital abnormalities in the normal anatomy of the nose and fingertips.

In the case of congenital anatomical abnormalities, contact between the affected area and rubbing surfaces is impaired. It is roughly the same with finger pads — in animals with an anatomical abnormality, part of the pad is not in contact with rubbing surfaces and excessive keratin deposition is formed. The idiopathic form of nasodigitic hyperkeratosis in dogs develops from unknown causes and is more common in older animals (senile form).[14][15] Of all dog breeds, Labradors, Golden Retrievers, Cocker Spaniels, Irish Terriers, Bordeaux Dogs are the most prone to hyperkeratosis.[16]

Therapy

[edit]

Since the deposition of excess keratin cannot be stopped, therapy is aimed at softening and removing it. For moderate to severe cases, the affected areas should be hydrated (moisturised) with warm water or compresses for 5-10 minutes. Softening preparations are then applied once a day until the excess keratin is removed.

In dogs with severe hyperkeratosis and a significant excess of keratin, it is removed with scissors or a blade. After proper instructions, pet owners are able to perform this procedure at home, and it may be the only method of correction.[17]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelso; Abbas, Abul (2004) Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (7th ed.). Saunders. Page 1230. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
  2. ^ Niezgoda, Anna; Niezgoda, Piotr; Czajkowski, Rafal (2015) Novel Approaches to Treatment of Advanced Melanoma: A Review of Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy BioMed Research International
  3. ^ drugs.com > Urea Cream (Prescribing Information) Revised: 04/2010 by Stratus Pharmaceuticals
  4. ^ Nadiger, HA (1980). "Role of vitamin E in the aetiology of phrynoderma (follicular hyperkeratosis) and its interrelationship with B-complex vitamins". British Journal of Nutrition. 44 (3): 211–4. doi:10.1079/bjn19800033. PMID 7437404.
  5. ^ "Hyperkeratosis". Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. 2007.
  6. ^ a b c James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; Elston, Dirk M.; et al. (2006). "Clinical diagnosis by laboratory methods". Andrews' diseases of the skin: clinical dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
  7. ^ a b c Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
  8. ^ a b Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138076-0.
  9. ^ synd/1036 at Who Named It?
  10. ^ Cheng J, Syder AJ, Yu QC, Letai A, Paller AS, Fuchs E (September 1992). "The genetic basis of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: a disorder of differentiation-specific epidermal keratin genes". Cell. 70 (5): 811–9. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90314-3. PMID 1381287. S2CID 31906051.
  11. ^ Hwang, Schwartz (Sep 2008). "Keratosis pilaris: a common follicular hyperkeratosis". Cutis. 82 (3): 177–80. PMID 18856156.
  12. ^ Mosby's Dental Dictionary
  13. ^ Tyldesley WR, Field A, Longman L (2003). Tyldesley's Oral medicine (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192631470.
  14. ^ "Muller and Kirk's Small Animal Dermatology. Saunders, St. Luis, MO". scholar.google.com. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
  15. ^ "Skin diseases of the dog and cat: clinical and histopathologic diagnosis". scholar.google.com. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
  16. ^ "What Does it Mean When a Dog's Nose is Dry? When to Worry". boneandyarn.com. 8 August 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
  17. ^ "Hyperkeratosis In Dogs: Does Your Dog Have Hairy Feet?". caninejournal.com. 7 January 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
[edit]
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