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{{More footnotes|date=April 2013}} |
{{More footnotes|date=April 2013}} |
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| ⚫ | '''Osmotrophy''' is a feeding mechanism involving the movement of dissolved [[Organic compound|organic compounds]] by [[osmosis]]. Organisms that use osmotrophy are called '''osmotrophs'''. Osmotrophy is used by diverse groups of organisms.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Richards TA, Talbot NJ | title = Osmotrophy | language = English | journal = Current Biology | volume = 28 | issue = 20 | pages = R1179–R1180 | date = October 2018 | pmid = 30352181 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.069 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Organisms that use osmotrophy include [[microorganism]]s like [[bacteria]], many species of [[protist]]s and most [[Fungus|fungi]]. [[Invertebrate]] animal groups like [[mollusc]]s, [[sponges]], [[coral]]s, [[brachiopod]]s and [[echinoderm]]s may use osmotrophic feeding as a supplemental [[food]] source. |
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{{technical|date=November 2017}} |
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| ⚫ | '''Osmotrophy''' is a feeding mechanism involving the movement of dissolved [[Organic compound|organic compounds]] by [[osmosis]] |
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== Process == |
== Process == |
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Osmotrophy as a means of gathering [[ |
Osmotrophy, as a means of gathering [[nutrient]]s in [[Microscopic scale|microscopic]] organisms, relies on the cellular surface area to ensure that proper [[diffusion]] of nutrients occurs in the [[Cell (biology)|cell]].<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Laflamme M, Xiao S, Kowalewski M | title = From the Cover: Osmotrophy in modular Ediacara organisms | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 106 | issue = 34 | pages = 14438–43 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19706530 | pmc = 2732876 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0904836106 | bibcode = 2009PNAS..10614438L | doi-access = free }}</ref> In other words, an osmotroph is an organism that has their "stomach" outside of their body. Some osmotrophs may have an internal digestive system, while still using osmosis as a way to gain supplemental nutrients. With bigger [[organism]]s, the surface-area-per-volume ratio drops and osmotrophy becomes insufficient to meet nutrient demands. Larger, macroscopic organisms that rely on osmotrophy, compensate with a very flat, thin body. A [[tapeworm]] is an example of such an adaptation. |
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In stagnant waters photoautotrophs have a relative advantage over [[Heterotroph|heterotrophic]] osmotrophs since the flux of photons as an [[energy]] source are not hindered at low temperatures, thus it depends on [[diffusion]] for mass acquisition through [[Brownian motion|Brownian]] diffusion. Fluid motion is important for osmotrophs because asymptotic [[Chemical reaction|reactions]] occurs in the absence of fluid motion. Movement brings [[Cell (biology)|cell]] that correspond to the highest gradients though diffusional core is safe on average [[Concentration|concentrations]]. |
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[[File:Fungi-05 (xndr).jpg|thumb|Fungi are a major group of osmotrophic organisms since Fungi degrade biomass.]] |
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Fungi<ref name=":0" /> are the biggest osmotrophic specialist since they are major degraders in all ecosystems. For organisms like fungi, osmotrophy facilitates the [[decomposition]] process. This is a result of the osmotrophy resulting in metabolites that continue growth. |
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== Mixotrophs == |
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Osmotrophy differs from other cellular feeding mechanisms, but can also be found in a diversity of organisms. This allows for organisms to use [[osmosis]] in different environments. <ref name=":1" /> |
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Some [[mixotrophic]] [[microorganism]]s use osmotrophy to acquire some of their [[energy]]. |
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== See also == |
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[[File:Fungi-05 (xndr).jpg|thumb| Fungi are a major group of osmotrophic organisms and are versatile decomposers present in most ecosystems. Saprobic Fungi decompose dead mater by secreting enzymes that break down nutrients outside their bodies. Osmotrophy is the absorption of metabolites that are used to continue growth. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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[[Category:Microbial growth and nutrition]] |
[[Category:Microbial growth and nutrition]] |
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Latest revision as of 13:04, 7 August 2024
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (April 2013) |
Osmotrophy is a feeding mechanism involving the movement of dissolved organic compounds by osmosis. Organisms that use osmotrophy are called osmotrophs. Osmotrophy is used by diverse groups of organisms.[1] Organisms that use osmotrophy include microorganisms like bacteria, many species of protists and most fungi. Invertebrate animal groups like molluscs, sponges, corals, brachiopods and echinoderms may use osmotrophic feeding as a supplemental food source.
Process
[edit]Osmotrophy, as a means of gathering nutrients in microscopic organisms, relies on the cellular surface area to ensure that proper diffusion of nutrients occurs in the cell.[2] In other words, an osmotroph is an organism that has their "stomach" outside of their body. Some osmotrophs may have an internal digestive system, while still using osmosis as a way to gain supplemental nutrients. With bigger organisms, the surface-area-per-volume ratio drops and osmotrophy becomes insufficient to meet nutrient demands. Larger, macroscopic organisms that rely on osmotrophy, compensate with a very flat, thin body. A tapeworm is an example of such an adaptation.
Fungi
[edit].jpg)
Fungi[1] are the biggest osmotrophic specialist since they are major degraders in all ecosystems. For organisms like fungi, osmotrophy facilitates the decomposition process. This is a result of the osmotrophy resulting in metabolites that continue growth.
Mixotrophs
[edit]Some mixotrophic microorganisms use osmotrophy to acquire some of their energy.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Richards TA, Talbot NJ (October 2018). "Osmotrophy". Current Biology. 28 (20): R1179 – R1180. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.069. PMID 30352181.
- ^ Laflamme M, Xiao S, Kowalewski M (August 2009). "From the Cover: Osmotrophy in modular Ediacara organisms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (34): 14438–43. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10614438L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904836106. PMC 2732876. PMID 19706530.
Further reading
[edit]- Jumars PA (2005). "Foraging Theory for Osmotrophs".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Jumars PA, Deming JW, Hill PH, Karp-Boss L, Yager PL, Dade WB (1993). "Physical constraints on marine osmotrophy in an optimal foraging context". Marine Microbial Food Webs. 7 (2): 121–159.
- McMenamin M (1993). "Osmotrophy in fossil protoctists and early animals". Invertebr. Repro. Develop. 23 (2–3): 165–166. doi:10.1080/07924259.1993.9672308.
- Duvert M, Gourdoux L, Moreau R (2000). "Cytochemical And Physiological Studies Of The Energetic Metabolism And Osmotrophy In Sagitta Friderici (Chaetognath)". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 80:5 (5): 885–890. doi:10.1017/s0025315400002861. S2CID 86475776.
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