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Cathedral schools began in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education, some of them ultimately evolving into medieval universities.^[1] Throughout the Middle Ages and beyond, they were complemented by the monastic schools. Some of these early cathedral schools, and more recent foundations, continued into modern times.

Early schools

Philosopher on one of the archivolts over the right door of the west portal at Chartres Cathedral

In the later Roman Empire, as Roman municipal education declined, bishops began to establish schools associated with their cathedrals to provide the church with an educated clergy. The earliest evidence of a school established in this manner is in Visigothic Spain at the Second Council of Toledo in 527.^[2] These early schools, with a focus on an apprenticeship in religious learning under a scholarly bishop, have been identified in other parts of Spain and about twenty towns in Gaul (France) during the sixth and seventh centuries.^[3]

During and after the mission of St Augustine to England, cathedral schools were established as the new dioceses were themselves created (Canterbury 597, Rochester 604, York 627 for example). This group of schools forms the oldest schools continuously operating. A significant function of cathedral schools was to provide boy trebles for the choirs, evolving into choir schools, some of which still function as such.^{[citation needed]}

Charlemagne, king of the Franks and later Emperor, recognizing the importance of education to the clergy and, to a lesser extent, to the nobility, set out to restore this declining tradition by issuing several decrees requiring that education be provided at monasteries and cathedrals. In 789, Charlemagne's Admonitio Generalis required that schools be established in every monastery and bishopric, in which "children can learn to read; that psalms, notation, chant, computation, and grammar be taught."^[4] Subsequent documents, such as the letter De litteris colendis, required that bishops select as teachers men who had "the will and the ability to learn and a desire to instruct others"^[5] and a decree of the Council of Frankfurt (794) recommended that bishops undertake the instruction of their clergy.^[6]

Subsequently, cathedral schools arose in major cities such as Chartres, Orleans, Paris, Laon, Reims or Rouen in France and Utrecht, Liege, Cologne, Metz, Speyer, Würzburg, Bamberg, Magdeburg, Hildesheim or Freising in Germany. Following in the earlier tradition, these cathedral schools primarily taught future clergy and provided literate administrators for the increasingly elaborate courts of the Renaissance of the 12th century. Speyer was renowned for supplying the Holy Roman Empire with diplomats.^[7] The court of Henry I of England, himself an early example of a literate king, was closely tied to the cathedral school of Laon.^[8]

Characteristics and development

Cathedral schools were mostly oriented around the academic welfare of the nobility's children. Because it was intended to train them for careers in the church, girls were excluded from the schools. Later on, many lay students who were not necessarily interested in seeking a career in the church wanted to enroll. The demand arose for schools to teach government, state, and other Church affairs. The schools, (some notable ones dating back to the eighth and ninth centuries) accepted fewer than 100 students. Pupils had to demonstrate substantial intelligence and be able to handle a demanding academic course load. Considering that books were also expensive, students were in the practice of memorizing their teachers' lectures. Cathedral schools at this time were primarily run by a group of ministers and divided into two parts: Schola minor, which was intended for younger students, would later become elementary schools. Then there was the schola major, which taught older students. These would later become secondary schools.

The subjects taught at cathedral schools ranged from literature to mathematics. These topics were called the seven liberal arts: grammar, astronomy, rhetoric (or speech), logic, arithmetic, geometry and music. In grammar classes, students were trained to read, write and speak Latin which was the universal language in Europe at the time. Astronomy was necessary for calculating dates and times. Rhetoric was a major component of a vocal education. Logic consisted of the criteria for sound or fallacious arguments, particularly in a theological context, and arithmetic served as the basis for quantitative reasoning. Students read stories and poems in Latin by authors such as Cicero and Virgil. Much as in the present day, cathedral schools were split into elementary and higher schools with different curricula. The elementary school curriculum was composed of reading, writing and psalmody, while the high school curriculum was trivium (grammar, rhetoric and logic), the rest of the liberal arts, as well as scripture study and pastoral theology.

Cathedral schools today

While cathedral schools are no longer a significant site of higher education, many Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran cathedrals operate as primary or secondary schools. Most of those listed below are modern foundations, but a few traces their history to medieval schools.

Australia

Bathurst – Cathedral Primary School
Bunbury – Bunbury Cathedral Grammar School
Perth – St George's Anglican Grammar School
Rockhampton – The Cathedral College
Sydney – St Andrew's Cathedral School
Sydney – St Mary's Cathedral College
Townsville – The Cathedral School of St Anne and St James
Wangaratta – Cathedral College

Canada

Hamilton – Christ the King
Toronto – St. Michael's Choir School

Denmark

Finland

Turku – Katedralskolan i Åbo

France

Paris – École cathédrale de Paris

Guatemala

Colegio San José de los Infantes (founded in 1781)

India

The Netherlands

Norway

Pakistan

Punjab, Pakistan – Cathedral High School

South Africa

Sweden

United Kingdom

England

The seven King's Schools established, or re-endowed and renamed, by King Henry VIII in 1541, are located in Canterbury, Chester, Ely, Gloucester, Peterborough, Rochester and Worcester
London – St Paul's Cathedral School (Anglican), Westminster Abbey Choir School (Anglican), Westminster Cathedral Choir School (Roman Catholic)
Bristol – Bristol Cathedral Choir School (a former cathedral school, it is now an academy)
Chelmsford
Chichester – The Prebendal School
Durham – Chorister School
Exeter – Exeter Cathedral School
Hereford – Hereford Cathedral School
Lichfield – Lichfield Cathedral School
Lincoln, England - Lincoln Minster School
Oxford – Christ Church Cathedral School
Salisbury – Salisbury Cathedral School
Southwell – The Minster School, Southwell
Wells – Wells Cathedral School
Winchester – The Pilgrims' School
York – St Peter's School, York

Wales

The Cathedral School, Llandaff
St John's College, Cardiff (the United Kingdom's only Roman Catholic cathedral school which teaches up to Sixth Form)

United States

Among others:

Arlington, Virginia – St. Thomas More Cathedral School
Boston, Massachusetts – Cathedral High School
Charlotte Amalie, Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands – All Saints Cathedral School
El Paso, Texas - Cathedral High School
Kalamazoo, Michigan – St. Augustine Cathedral School
New York, New York – The Cathedral School, on the Upper East Side
New York, New York – The Cathedral School of St. John the Divine
Salt Lake City, Utah – St. Vincent DePaul Parish School
Raleigh, North Carolina – Sacred Heart Cathedral School
Washington D.C. – National Cathedral School (girls) / St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) (boys) / Beauvoir School (elementary)
Natchez, Mississippi - Cathedral Greenwave

References

^ Riché 1978, pp. 126–127, 282–298.
^ Riché 1978, pp. 126f.
^ Riché 1978, pp. 282–90
^ Riché 1988, p. 191.
^ Charlemagne: "De Litteris Colendis Archived 2014-08-14 at the Wayback Machine"
^ Riché 1988, p. 192.
^ Geschichte der Stadt Speyer. Vol 1, Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-17-007522-5
^ C. Warren Hollister, Henry I (Yale English Monarchs), 2001 p. 25.

Sources

NN (1999), "Domschulen", Lexikon des Mittelalters, vol. 3, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, p. columns 1226–1229
Kottje, R. (1999), "Klosterschulen", Lexikon des Mittelalters, vol. 5, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, p. columns 1226–1228
Riché, Pierre (1978), Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 0-87249-376-8
Riché, Pierre (1988), Daily life in the world of Charlemagne, [Philadelphia]: University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 0-8122-1096-4

External links

Convent cathedral schools
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Schools" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Medieval universities

[FOOTNOTERiché1978126–127,_282–298-1] Riché 1978, pp. 126–127, 282–298.

[2] Riché 1978, pp. 126f.

[3] Riché 1978, pp. 282–90

[FOOTNOTERiché1988191-4] Riché 1988, p. 191.

[5] Charlemagne: "De Litteris Colendis Archived 2014-08-14 at the Wayback Machine"

[FOOTNOTERiché1988192-6] Riché 1988, p. 192.

[7] Geschichte der Stadt Speyer. Vol 1, Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-17-007522-5

[8] C. Warren Hollister, Henry I (Yale English Monarchs), 2001 p. 25.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Centers of advanced education of the Early Middle Ages}}
 [[File:Trondheim Katedralskole.jpg|thumb|The cathedral school of [[Trondheim]], founded in 1152, is the oldest school in [[Norway]]. Today, the ''Katedralskole'' serves as secondary school.]]
-'''Cathedral schools''' began in the [[Early Middle Ages]] as centers of advanced education, some of them ultimately evolving into [[medieval universities]].  Throughout the [[Middle Ages]] and beyond, they were complemented by the [[monastic school]]s. Some of these early cathedral schools, and more recent foundations, continued into modern times.
+'''Cathedral schools''' began in the [[Early Middle Ages]] as centers of advanced education, some of them ultimately evolving into [[medieval universities]].{{sfn|Riché|1978|pp=126–127, 282–298}} Throughout the [[Middle Ages]] and beyond, they were complemented by the [[monastic school]]s. Some of these early cathedral schools, and more recent foundations, continued into modern times.
 ==Early schools==
 [[File:Pythagore-chartres.jpg|thumb|right|Philosopher on one of the [[archivolts]] over the right door of the west portal at [[Chartres Cathedral]]]]
-In the later [[Roman Empire]], as [[Education in Ancient Rome#Later Roman Education|Roman municipal education]] declined, bishops began to establish schools associated with their cathedrals to provide the church with an educated clergy. The earliest evidence of a school established in this manner is in [[Visigothic]] [[Spain]] at the [[Councils of Toledo|Second Council of Toledo]] in 527.<ref>{{harvnb|Riché|1978|pp=126f.}}</ref> These early schools, with a focus on an apprenticeship in religious learning under a scholarly bishop, have been identified in other parts of Spain and in about twenty towns in [[Gaul]] (France) during the sixth and seventh centuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Riché|1978|pp=282–90}}</ref>
+In the later [[Roman Empire]], as [[Education in Ancient Rome#Later Roman Education|Roman municipal education]] declined, bishops began to establish schools associated with their cathedrals to provide the church with an educated clergy. The earliest evidence of a school established in this manner is in [[Visigothic]] [[Spain]] at the [[Councils of Toledo|Second Council of Toledo]] in 527.<ref>{{harvnb|Riché|1978|pp=126f.}}</ref> These early schools, with a focus on an apprenticeship in religious learning under a scholarly bishop, have been identified in other parts of Spain and about twenty towns in [[Gaul]] (France) during the sixth and seventh centuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Riché|1978|pp=282–90}}</ref>
-During and after the mission of [[Augustine of Canterbury|St Augustine]] to England, cathedral schools were established as the new dioceses were themselves created ([[King's School, Canterbury|Canterbury]] 597, [[King's School, Rochester|Rochester]] 604, [[St Peter's School, York|York]] 627 for example).  This group of schools forms the [[List of the oldest schools in the world|oldest schools continuously operating]].  A significant function of cathedral schools was to provide [[choirboy|boy]] trebles for the choirs, evolving into [[List of choir schools|choir schools]], some of which still function as such.
+During and after the mission of [[Augustine of Canterbury|St Augustine]] to England, cathedral schools were established as the new dioceses were themselves created ([[King's School, Canterbury|Canterbury]] 597, [[King's School, Rochester|Rochester]] 604, [[St Peter's School, York|York]] 627 for example).  This group of schools forms the [[List of the oldest schools in the world|oldest schools continuously operating]].  A significant function of cathedral schools was to provide [[choirboy|boy]] trebles for the choirs, evolving into [[List of choir schools|choir schools]], some of which still function as such.{{Citation needed|reason=Lacks source for boy trebles, esp. in first millennium|date=May 2020}}
-[[Charlemagne]], king of the Franks and later Emperor, recognizing the importance of education to the clergy and, to a lesser extent, to the nobility, set out to restore this declining tradition by issuing several decrees requiring that education be provided at monasteries and cathedrals.  In 789, Charlemagne's ''[[Admonitio Generalis]]'' required that schools be established in every monastery and bishopric, in which "children can learn to read; that psalms, notation, chant, computation, and grammar be taught."<ref>Pierre Riché, ''Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne'', Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1988, p. 191.  {{ISBN|0-8122-1096-4}}</ref>  Subsequent documents, such as the letter ''[[De litteris colendis]]'', required that bishops select as teachers men who had "the will and the ability to learn and a desire to instruct others"<ref>Charlemagne: "[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/carol-baugulf.html De Litteris Colendis]"</ref> and a decree of the [[Council of Frankfurt]] (794) recommended that bishops undertake the instruction of their clergy.<ref>Pierre Riché, ''Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne,'' Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1988, pp. 192.  {{ISBN|0-8122-1096-4}}</ref>
+[[Charlemagne]], king of the Franks and later Emperor, recognizing the importance of education to the clergy and, to a lesser extent, to the nobility, set out to restore this declining tradition by issuing several decrees requiring that education be provided at monasteries and cathedrals.  In 789, Charlemagne's ''[[Admonitio Generalis]]'' required that schools be established in every monastery and bishopric, in which "children can learn to read; that psalms, notation, chant, computation, and grammar be taught."{{sfn|Riché|1988|p=191}}  Subsequent documents, such as the letter ''[[De litteris colendis]]'', required that bishops select as teachers men who had "the will and the ability to learn and a desire to instruct others"<ref>Charlemagne: "[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/carol-baugulf.html De Litteris Colendis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814182530/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/carol-baugulf.html |date=2014-08-14 }}"</ref> and a decree of the [[Council of Frankfurt]] (794) recommended that bishops undertake the instruction of their clergy.{{sfn|Riché|1988|p=192}}
-Subsequently, cathedral schools arose in major cities such as Chartres, Orleans, Paris, Laon, Reims or Rouen in France and Utrecht, Liege, Cologne, Metz, Speyer, Würzburg, Bamberg, Magdeburg, Hildesheim or Freising in Germany.  Following in the earlier tradition, these cathedral schools primarily taught future clergy and provided literate administrators for the increasingly elaborate courts of the [[Renaissance of the 12th century]]. Speyer was renowned for supplying the Holy Roman Empire with diplomats.<ref>''Geschichte der Stadt Speyer''. Vol 1, Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1982, {{ISBN|3-17-007522-5}}</ref> The court of [[Henry I of England]], himself an early example of a literate king, was closely tied to the [[Cathedral of Laon|cathedral school of Laon]].<ref>[[C. Warren Hollister]], ''Henry I'' (Yale English Monarchs), 2001 p. 25.</ref>
+Subsequently, cathedral schools arose in major cities such as Chartres, Orleans, Paris, Laon, Reims or Rouen in France and Utrecht, Liege, Cologne, Metz, Speyer, Würzburg, Bamberg, Magdeburg, Hildesheim or Freising in Germany.  Following in the earlier tradition, these cathedral schools primarily taught future clergy and provided literate administrators for the increasingly elaborate courts of the [[Renaissance of the 12th century]]. Speyer was renowned for supplying the Holy Roman Empire with diplomats.<ref>''Geschichte der Stadt Speyer''. Vol 1, [[Kohlhammer Verlag]], Stuttgart 1982, {{ISBN|3-17-007522-5}}</ref> The court of [[Henry I of England]], himself an early example of a literate king, was closely tied to the [[Cathedral of Laon|cathedral school of Laon]].<ref>[[C. Warren Hollister]], ''Henry I'' (Yale English Monarchs), 2001 p. 25.</ref>
 ===Characteristics and development===
 {{Unreferenced section|date=April 2010}}
-Cathedral schools were mostly oriented around the academic welfare of the nobility's children. Because it was intended to train them for careers in the church, girls were excluded from the schools. Later on, many lay students who were not necessarily interested in seeking a career in the church wanted to enroll. Demand arose for schools to teach government, state, and other Church affairs. The schools, (some notable ones dating back to the eighth and ninth centuries) accepted fewer than 100 students. Pupils had to demonstrate substantial intelligence and be able to handle a demanding academic course load. Considering that books were also expensive, students were in the practice of memorizing their teachers' lectures. Cathedral schools at this time were primarily run by a group of ministers and divided into two parts: Schola minor which was intended for younger students would later become [[elementary school]]s. Then there was the schola major, which taught older students. These would later become [[secondary school]]s.
+Cathedral schools were mostly oriented around the academic welfare of the nobility's children. Because it was intended to train them for careers in the church, girls were excluded from the schools. Later on, many lay students who were not necessarily interested in seeking a career in the church wanted to enroll. The demand arose for schools to teach government, state, and other Church affairs. The schools, (some notable ones dating back to the eighth and ninth centuries) accepted fewer than 100 students. Pupils had to demonstrate substantial intelligence and be able to handle a demanding academic course load. Considering that books were also expensive, students were in the practice of memorizing their teachers' lectures. Cathedral schools at this time were primarily run by a group of ministers and divided into two parts: Schola minor, which was intended for younger students, would later become [[elementary school]]s. Then there was the schola major, which taught older students. These would later become [[secondary school]]s.
-The subjects taught at cathedral schools ranged from literature to mathematics. These topics were called the [[Seven Liberal Arts|seven liberal arts]]: [[grammar]], [[astronomy]], [[rhetoric]] (or speech), [[logic]], [[arithmetic]], [[geometry]] and [[music]]. In grammar classes, students were trained to read, write and speak [[Latin]] which was the universal language in Europe at the time. Astronomy was necessary for calculating dates and times. Rhetoric was a major component of a vocal education. Logic consisted of the criteria for sound or fallacious arguments, particularly in a theological context, and arithmetic served as the basis for quantitative reasoning. Students read stories and poems in Latin by authors such as Cicero and Virgil. Much as in the present day, cathedral schools were split into elementary and higher schools with different curricula. The elementary school curriculum was composed of reading, writing and psalmody, while the high school curriculum was [[trivium (education)|trivium]] (grammar, rhetoric and dialect), the rest of the liberal arts, as well as [[Scripture|scripture study]] and [[pastoral theology]].
+The subjects taught at cathedral schools ranged from literature to mathematics. These topics were called the [[Seven Liberal Arts|seven liberal arts]]: [[grammar]], [[astronomy]], [[rhetoric]] (or speech), [[logic]], [[arithmetic]], [[geometry]] and [[music]]. In grammar classes, students were trained to read, write and speak [[Latin]] which was the universal language in Europe at the time. Astronomy was necessary for calculating dates and times. Rhetoric was a major component of a vocal education. Logic consisted of the criteria for sound or fallacious arguments, particularly in a theological context, and arithmetic served as the basis for quantitative reasoning. Students read stories and poems in Latin by authors such as Cicero and Virgil. Much as in the present day, cathedral schools were split into elementary and higher schools with different curricula. The elementary school curriculum was composed of reading, writing and psalmody, while the high school curriculum was [[trivium (education)|trivium]] (grammar, rhetoric and logic), the rest of the liberal arts, as well as [[Scripture|scripture study]] and [[pastoral theology]].
 == Cathedral schools today ==
-While cathedral schools are no longer a significant site of [[higher education]], many [[Roman Catholic]], [[Anglican]], and [[Lutheran]] cathedrals operate as [[primary education|primary]] or [[secondary education|secondary]] schools. Most of those listed below are modern foundations, but a few trace their history to medieval schools.
+While cathedral schools are no longer a significant site of [[higher education]], many [[Roman Catholic]], [[Anglican]], and [[Lutheran]] cathedrals operate as [[primary education|primary]] or [[secondary education|secondary]] schools. Most of those listed below are modern foundations, but a few traces their history to medieval schools.
 ===Australia===
@@ Line 34: / Line 35: @@
 ===Canada===
 *[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]] – [[Cathedral High School (Hamilton, Ontario)|Christ the King]]
+*[[Toronto]] – [[St. Michael's Choir School]]
 ===Denmark===
@@ Line 41: / Line 43: @@
 *[[Viborg, Denmark|Viborg]] – [[Viborg Katedralskole]]
 *[[Odense]] – Odense Katedralskole
-*[[Roskilde]] – Roskilde Katedralskole
+*[[Roskilde]] – [[Roskilde Katedralskole]]
+*[[Haderslev]] – Haderslev Katedralskole
 ===Finland===
@@ Line 53: / Line 56: @@
 ===India===
-*[[Bangalore]] – [[Cathedral High School, Bangalore]]
+*[[Bangalore]] - [[Cathedral High School, Bangalore]]
+*[[Lucknow]] - [[Cathedral School of Lucknow|Cathedral Senior Secondary School, Hazratganj, Lucknow]]
+*[[Cathedral and John Connon School|Mumbai - Cathedral and John Connon School, Fort, Mumbai]]
 ===The Netherlands===
@@ Line 84: / Line 90: @@
 ====England====
 * The seven King's Schools established, or re-endowed and renamed, by King Henry VIII in 1541, are located in [[The King's School, Canterbury|Canterbury]], [[The King's School, Chester|Chester]], [[The King's School, Ely|Ely]], [[The King's School, Gloucester|Gloucester]], [[The King's (The Cathedral) School|Peterborough]], [[The King's School, Rochester|Rochester]] and [[The King's School, Worcester|Worcester]]
-* [[London]] – [[St Paul's Cathedral School]] (Anglican), [[Westminster Abbey Choir School]] (Anglican), [[Westminster Cathedral Choir School]] (Catholic)
+* [[London]] – [[St Paul's Cathedral School]] (Anglican), [[Westminster Abbey Choir School]] (Anglican), [[Westminster Cathedral Choir School]] (Roman Catholic)
 * [[Bristol]] – [[Bristol Cathedral Choir School]] (a former cathedral school, it is now an [[Academy (English school)|academy]])
 * [[Chelmsford Cathedral|Chelmsford]]
@@ Line 95: / Line 101: @@
 * [[Oxford]] – [[Christ Church Cathedral School]]
 * [[Salisbury]] – [[Salisbury Cathedral School]]
-* [[Southwell Minster|Southwell]] – [[Southwell Minster School]]
+* [[Southwell Minster|Southwell]] – [[The Minster School, Southwell]]
 * [[Wells, Somerset|Wells]] – [[Wells Cathedral School]]
 * [[Winchester]] – [[The Pilgrims' School]]
-* [[York]] – [[The Minster School, York|The Minster School]]
+* [[York]] – [[St Peter's School, York]]
 ====Wales====
@@ Line 108: / Line 114: @@
 *[[Arlington, Virginia]] – [[St. Thomas More]] Cathedral School
 *[[Boston, Massachusetts]] – [[Cathedral High School (Boston)|Cathedral High School]]
+*[[Charlotte Amalie, United States Virgin Islands|Charlotte Amalie]], [[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands]] – [[All Saints Cathedral School]]
+*[[El Paso, Texas]] - [[Cathedral High School (Texas)|Cathedral High School]]
 *[[Kalamazoo, Michigan]] – [[St. Augustine]] Cathedral School
 *[[New York, New York]] – [[Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity|The Cathedral School]], on the  [[Upper East Side]]
@@ Line 117: / Line 125: @@
 == See also ==
-*[[Catholic school]]
 *[[List of choir schools]]
 *[[Monastic school]]
-*[[Carolingian School]]
+*[[Carolingian Schools]]
 *[[School of Chartres]]
 *[[School of Reims]]
@@ Line 130: / Line 137: @@
 *{{Citation
  | last = NN
- | first =
  | contribution = Domschulen
  | title = [[Lexikon des Mittelalters]]
@@ Line 158: / Line 164: @@
  | year = 1978
  | isbn = 0-87249-376-8
+}}
+* {{citation
+ |last1=Riché
+ |first1=Pierre
+ |title=Daily life in the world of Charlemagne
+ |date=1988
+ |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press
+ |location=[Philadelphia]
+ |isbn=0-8122-1096-4
 }}
@@ Line 163: / Line 178: @@
 <!-- * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020804?query=Cathedral%20School Encyclopædia Britannica article] -->
 <!-- * [http://www.ofchoristers.net/index.htm A history of cathedral choir schools in England and Scotland] -->
-* [http://www.faqs.org/childhood/Ch-Co/Convent-Schools-Cathedral-Schools.html]
+* [http://www.faqs.org/childhood/Ch-Co/Convent-Schools-Cathedral-Schools.html Convent cathedral schools]
 * {{CathEncy|wstitle=Schools}}
-* [http://www.vlib.us/medieval/lectures/universities.html]
+* [http://www.vlib.us/medieval/lectures/universities.html Medieval universities]
 {{Schools}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Cathedral schools| ]]
 [[Category:Medieval European education]]
 [[Category:Education in the United Kingdom]]
-[[Category:Independent schools in the United Kingdom|*]]
+[[Category:Private schools in the United Kingdom]]
 [[Category:School types]]