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'''''The Next Wave: Using Digital Technology to Further Social and Political Innovation''''' is a 2011 book which is written by [[Darrell M. West]], who is an author and political scientist, now Director of [[Brookings Institution|Brookings Institute]]. This book is composed in 9 chapters and topic is a social change with innovation in digital technology. Author argued that how changes of nation, society and private which is derived from increase in efficiency are going to be, when technology is combined with many parts of government, policies and society, and how we maximize effects of those changes.

{{Infobox book
{{Infobox book
| name = The next wave
| name = The Next Wave
| image = File:The Next Wave (book).jpg
| caption = Original 1st edition cover
| caption = Original 1st edition cover
| author = [[Darrell M. West]]
| author = [[Darrell M. West]]
| country = United States
| country = United States
| language = English
| language = English
| subject = [[Digital technology]]
| subject = [[Information technology|Digital technology]]
| publisher = [[BrookingsInstitutionPress (publisher)|BrookingsInstitutionPress ]]
| publisher = [[Brookings Institution Press]]
| release_date = 2013.10.16
| release_date = 1567.10.16
| media_type = Print ([[Paperback]])
| media_type = Print ([[Paperback]])
}}
}}


'''''The Next Wave: Using Digital Technology to Further Social and Political Innovation''''' is a 2011 book which is written by [[Darrell M. West]], who is an author and political scientist, now Director of the [[Brookings Institution]]. This book is composed of 9 chapters and its topic is a social change with innovation in digital technology. The author shows how changes in nation, society and private life, which are derived from increase in efficiency, are going to be when technology is combined with many parts of government, policies and society, and how we maximize effects of those changes.
==Part 1 Innovation with Technology==
===Chapter 1 Innovating Government Organizations===
Negative cases of corruption involving various irregularities, such as corruption scandals, unemployment rates, economic hardship, irrational wars, and trade imbalances, have diminished confidence in the government. The complexities of negative problems themselves and errors in delivering them result in such problems. Due to bureaucracy, awareness about productivity, efficiency is lack for government officers and willing to reform government is insufficient. Even reforming, with a way that establish new organization or reorganize the existing organization, it is hard to establish independent and innovative organization. Because, their reorganizing is based on the system and rules of existing organization.<ref>26p~29p</ref>
====Transparency and Accessibility of Services====
With technological innovations, the government can improve the public's confidence and satisfaction with government services. So, government can establish an interactive government through public's participation in policies and opinions based on technology. According to a 2010 survey conducted by the Pew Internet & American Life Project, more than 40 percent of respondents searched online for government data and one-third of the respondents dealt civil complaints online. The Obama administration publishes vast amounts of federal government data on [[Data.gov]] and each department picks up documents that are vital to individuals and businesses and uploaded them. And the Supreme Court in Wyoming, the United States, provides an online database of the Supreme Court's opinions. Thus, technological innovation improved accessibility to government information to raise satisfaction of public and restore confidence of government by ensuring transparency of the information.<ref>30p~31p</ref>
====Cooperation Among Departments====
With Social networking sites, decision makers at various levels can solve problems within department and problems among departments. They are rapidly communicating with each other by communicating information about the situation. The information sharing systems established by the U.S. Department of Defense was an example of this. This systems provides information about the status of soldiers in the command line for the headquarters of the front-line troops to ensure immediate insight into the problems.<ref>32p</ref>


==Review==
==== Swift Response ====
Ugur Gokay Ortasoz (University of Lille) reviewed this book for ''[[Political Studies Review]]'', writing that "In this empirical work Darrell West informs the reader in a comprehensive manner about the policies and usage of information technology, and he shows how to handle difficulties while still innovating systems for use in both the public and private sectors."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ortasoz|first=Ugur Gokay|date=2014-01-01|title=The Next Wave: Using Digital Technology to Further Social and Political Innovation by A1 - Darrell M. West . Washington DC: PB - Brookings Institution Press, 2011. 219pp., £18.99, ISBN 9780815721888|journal=Political Studies Review|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=138|doi=10.1111/1478-9302.12041_79|issn=1478-9302}}</ref>
An electronic tracking system is operated to confirm the progress of the task. Additionally, the evaluation of the quality of government services is measured through evaluation of the applicant. According to the Customer Satisfaction Index conducted by ForeSee Results, the public's satisfaction with public sector websites was high and reached the highest level in 2009 and maintained after 2009. By measuring the level of government services, public officials can judge what satisfaction and inconvenience are in the interaction between the public and the government.<ref>32p~33p</ref>


The book was also reviewed for the ''[[Contemporary Sociology]]''. The reviewer concluded that "This book will provide policymakers and business leaders with pragmatic evidence that digital technology can promote not only economic efficiency but also social and political innovation throughout society".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=March 2012 |title=The Next Wave: Using Digital Technology to Further Social and Political Innovation |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0094306112438191s |journal=Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews |language=en |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=260–261 |doi=10.1177/0094306112438191s |issn=0094-3061}}</ref>
==== Participation of the people and Social Networking ====
Digital technology allows the government to gather and review various opinions of experts and citizens in each field related to legislation. Social media is making interactive communication seamless. 1/4 of US senate used social media like Twitter, Facebook. Especially, the Democratic Party uses informal intranet 'Demcom.house.gov' for the purpose of vitalizing interactive communication among Congressmen of the Democrat. But, due to lack of understanding of technology and culture, frequency of using social media is low. And it is only being used for simple political games.  Social media should be utilized as a means of collecting opinions and evangelizing various opinions on parliamentary activities and evangelizing diverse opinions. Norman Ornstein, who is a political scientist and belonged to American Enterprises Institute, suggested constructing 'Legispedia', which is a website that opinions from officers of the Secretariat of the National Assembly and congressmen could be shared. National Journal made a beta site 'LinkedIn for Congress', which is called '3121'. With this site, information of officer's career, recruiting can be shared so increased efficiency and cooperation. <ref>31p, 34p~36p</ref>


A review in ''[[Times Higher Education]]'' offers the following commentary about this book: "[West] champions technology as a key catalyst for change in many areas of society. [...] with the notable exception of education, where his commentary is thin, West is successful. He offers readers a panoramic view of the radical changes taking place in political and social life, healthcare, the military, commerce, publishing and the media. [...] This revolution, West's next wave, may or may not crash upon our shores, as is the case with all futurology; we must wait and see. Whatever the future holds, this book offers a fascinating window on our possible digital future."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/the-next-wave-using-digital-technology-to-further-social-and-political-innovation/418321.article|title=The Next Wave: Using Digital Technology to Further Social and Political Innovation|date=2011-12-01|work=Times Higher Education (THE)|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en}}
=== Chapter 2. Innovation in Medical Services ===
</ref>
Health care services prior to the Web-based innovation in technology were unable to maintain ongoing management of patients, and healthcare services were structured as a service provider, making it difficult to identify and assess the overall health of the medical information. However, with innovative medical services that utilize new technologies presented in the following cases, patient centered healthcare services have become available for patients and medical teams.<ref>38p~39p</ref>


== Analysis ==
==== Remote Diagnostic Equipment ====
The book is inspired by [[Alvin Toffler|Toffler's]] ''[[The Third Wave (Toffler book)|The Third Wave]]''.<ref name=":0" />
Remote medical service systems utilize sensors to check the information about the patient's bodies, giving medical teams information about the patient's physical condition and enabling immediate response to the patient's condition. the Magic Carpet, which is created by Intel, is a useful device for older people by automatically observing the patient's movements and cases of falling on top of the carpet. In the case of glucophone, which is approved by [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]](Food and Drug Administration), it informs the patient of information about patient's level of blood sugar and transfer it to the caregiver. About 11 million people of approximately 24 million diabetic patients are using self-absorbing kits.<ref> 40p~41p</ref>


==References==
==== Personal Alerts and Feedback ====
{{reflist}}
Patients sometimes forget about taking medicine. However, taking medication in a timely manner is important for treatment. Therefore, services that let patients take medicine timely through email and telephone technology are helpful. Proteus Biomedical is a micro chipset, when it is swallowd with medicine by patients, information of patient's taking medicine is transferred to doctor. The U.S. Dynamed Solution produces planner software that tells the patient about medications.<ref>42p~43p</ref>


{{DEFAULTSORT:Next Wave, The}}
==== Smartphone and Electronic Medical Records ====
[[Category:2011 non-fiction books]]
Recent smart phones provide sophisticated and diverse services, enabling medical staff to better manage patients ' information. Doctors use Sprint's app to manage the patient's findings. Air Strip Technologies is selling apps for pregnant women and doctors which measure the seriousness of status of babies and pregnant women. Microsoft Health Vault stores patient clinical records online and forwards them to doctors.<ref>43p~44p</ref>
[[Category:Books about the Digital Revolution]]
[[Category:Digital technology]]


==== Information Web Sites, Social Networking and Health Services Assessment ====
It was not easy for patients to access medical information pertaining to their illness or obtain information about hospitals in hospitals. The Internet allows patients to identify their symptoms or status of themselves with showing information of diseases or responding questions from patients. It also allows patients to share information about diseases with each other, even evaluate medical care from hospitals. Web sites like [[WebMD|WebMD.com]] / [https://medlineplus.gov/ MedlinePlus.gov] / [https://www.merckengage.com/ MerckSource.com] / [https://healthfinder.gov/ HealthFinder.gov] / [[Mayo Clinic|MayoClinic.com]] receives patient questions and associates them to the discussion group. In a network developed by [[PatientsLikeMe|Patients Like Me]], members are exchanging information about diseases such as symptoms, therapy, and treatment experiences. Additionally, [https://www.medicare.gov/hospitalcompare/search.html? hospitalcompare.hhs.gov] is posting data of medical quality of the 2,500 hospitals. [[Consumer Reports|Consumer Report]] provides consumers with the information of evaluating health care organizations and the ranking of them, based on consumer surveys and system survey data.<ref>44p~48p</ref>


{{polisci-book-stub}}
== Part 2 Platform ==
{{tech-book-stub}}

=== Chapter 3 Cloud Computing ===
The areas managed by the government and companies are becoming increasingly prevalent, and the amount of data generated is increasing exponentially. The U.S. federal government spends $ 20 billion annually on file servers, hardware and software purchases. It costs a huge amount of money to store and manage data. Cloud computing becomes an alternative. Cloud computing leverages the remote file server network to free users from the constraints of providing access to advanced software and resources anywhere, anytime. The National Institute of Standards and Technology ([[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]]) compiled the following as follows.<ref>58p~60p</ref>

5 characteristics of cloud computing are On-demand & self service / Ubiquitous Network Access / Resource Pool without area restriction / Prompt response / Exact service.

With these characteristics, Services are available like Software / Application app and program language / Platform / Data remote storage and Infrastructure.
In this book, Users are divided into 4 groups.

1.Private users - Specific group
2.Association users - for the purpose of sharing among groups
3.Public users - for the public(ordinary people) and organizations
4.Hybrid users - Using same data center and public cloud factors coexist

These services and features offered by the cloud computing help deliver savings. Mark Forman, the U.S. administrator of the Budget and Management bureau, estimated that 90 to 99 percent of cost of IT operations could be saved by cloud computing, while [[Rajen Sheth]], Google's executive and working in machine learning and A.I., thought it reduced 67 % of the cost by using the cloud instead of e-mail. In terms of labor costs, the cost of case with using a cloud can be reduced by 15 %. However, William Forrest, the analyst at [[McKinsey & Company|McKinsey]], predicted that cloud computing would create an additional cost of 144 percent. There are many variables to consider due to uncertainties in cost calculation. How much data is transferred to the cloud, and how much additional apps are used to add additional apps, increasing costs. The type of cloud user also affects the type and costs differ depending on the type. Nevertheless, adoption of cloud computing is still working.<ref>60p~63p</ref>

==== Real examples of cloud computing ====

===== E-mail service in L.A. City Authority =====
In 2009, the city of Los Angeles signed a contract to transfer employee e-mail accounts to a cloud-driven file server operated by Google. As a result, it could yield about 23 % savings. Also, existing 60 e-resolution servers were used to replace aging servers.<ref>63p~64p</ref>
===== Dial service for 311 in Florida =====
In 2009, the city of Miami used [[Microsoft Azure|Microsoft's Windows Azure platform]] to track [[3-1-1|311 services]]. the city was able to cut costs by 18 % in the first year of implementation, the cost savings of hardware, software, and labor were reduced by 75 %, because this Azure service is operated in the meter-rate system. So, city could pay cost as they use.<ref>66p~67p</ref>

===== Infra Platform with NASA =====
[[NASA]] introduced a cloud system called [[Nebula (computing platform)|Nebula]], this cloud system could change NASA with transform it into a platform based on traditional infrastructure. NASA was able to utilize the technology for scientific work requiring high intensity computing to withstand excessive traffic. In the existing infrastructure, it has spent a long period of time on equipment, staffing, and validation, whereas the introduction of Nebula has reduced equipment purchases by four to five months, shortening the duration of the workforce.<ref>68p~70p</ref>
===== Sustained development =====
The introduction of cloud computing services at various levels of government offers new alternatives to reducing costs, improving efficiency, and solving problems. Currently, the federal government is offering a cloud solution via [https://www.apps.gov/ www.Apps.gov] Government employees are buying and using claims-related cloud computing services, including the creation of a higher-affiliated computing executive, and developing the technology needed for the federal government's cloud computing by forming a human organization, and responding to the needs of each organization.<ref>71p~73p</ref>

==== Things needed to change ====
However, there are still many issues to be resolved. In other words, there are different legal treatments for cross-border cloud computing services, namely data integration, security issues, etc.<ref> 73p</ref>

===== Data Integration =====
Much of the cost is needed for managing federal data, because federal government does not make efficient use of the space that stores the actual data. So, introducing the meter-rate system in cloud computing and integrating data centers of which using rate is low will be helpful to reducing budgets and improving service.<ref> 73p~74p</ref>

===== Cases of Parliamentary and Court =====
Parliament is still impervious to these changes. Multiple services available can not be used because of security issue. In the case of [[Skype]], it was stipulated that the desktop was unavailable for using Skype, but ironically, the mobile, Wi-Fi Internet was available. In the case of courts, it is not indifferent to such changes. The judiciary does not have the slightest intention of utilizing the cloud, nor the willingness to change, compared to the administration and legislative branch. Moving the apps used by the judicial branch to the cloud can increase efficiency and decrease costs, such as the mention of the aforementioned email services.<ref>74p~75p</ref>
===== Government case =====
In the case of the government, the government has failed to realize the economies of scale by signing a service contract by department. There is also no uniform certification procedure, so procedures and timescales vary due to the agency's different standards. Therefore, the joint purchasing department is needed for increasing efficiency and establishing a common standard to achieve the same resolution.<ref>75p~76p</ref>
===== Cloud computing international conventions and norms =====
There is no uniform law for cloud computing among countries, and some countries are in a defensive position. In Europe, data protection guidelines help prevent data transferring to countries that lack privacy and confidentiality. There is no such thing when a clear and compatible approach to dealing with laws related to transactions, and the use of cloud can be effective.<ref>76p~77p</ref>
===== Moving information between platforms and cloud operations =====
There is still a lack of physical infrastructure that facilitates data portability between devices and clouds. To eliminate vendor monopoly situations and increase compatibility, an approved method is needed. Above all else, the level of awareness among the public needs to rise. No one puts his privacy on technology that is uncertain that one can safely guarantee confidentiality. The contract may increase the reliability of the technology by ensuring that the requirements of the service and the implementation of the service are addressed.<ref>77p~78p</ref>

===Chapter 4 High-Speed Broad Band===
Today, the technological age is the benefit of the new digital app and the network connectivity is essential for continued innovation. Each country uses high-speed [[broadband]] to generate new income and ideas. The reason is that the new app requires a new app for medical services, education, energy, and private participation. Many major countries have emphasized broadband infrastructure deployment as a cornerstone of future development by emphasizing the implementation of broadband infrastructure. High-fast broadband is essential to developing new digital tools such as mapping, telemedicine, virtual reality, online gaming, VOD, supercomputing, and video conferencing. <ref>80p~82p</ref>
====National Economy and Broad Band====
Many countries focus on establishing broadband infrastructure for economic recovery, which has weakened due to the recent [[financial crisis]]. The reason is that there is a strong link between investments in communications and economic growth. <ref>83p</ref>
=====Key policy=====
In Canada, the government recently referred to restrictions on Internet [[network]] operations for the first time in western countries. Finland declared that the legal rights to broadband were to the people. In addition, the Broadband Access Act is not legally a legal right, but as a basic citizen of the Constitution. And Japan has developed a joint development of Japanese Telegraph and Telephone Lines and ultra-fast broadband. Lastly, Korea currently has the highest bandwidth in the world, and nearly all of the population uses high-speed broadband at affordable prices. This is because the government demanded that the government allocate public institutions to private firms through investments. <ref>84p~90p</ref>
=====Economic Development and Broad Band=====
Digital infrastructure is increasing due to the influence of broadband on national economic development. Broadband will spur economic development, creating new products, businesses and services. This growth is predicted to be partly due to network deployment and the rest of the broadband [[deployment]] and innovation fueled by its growth. <ref>91p</ref>
=====Socio-cultural connection=====
High-speed broadband enables social and cultural networking. Broadband people into knowledge networks and help social contacts. [[Digital technology]] enables communities to activate and fast broadband speeds can connect people in new ways and build digital communities. <ref>92p~93p</ref>
=====Citizen participation=====
High-speed broadband enables citizens to engage in civic engagement and understand politics and government in a new way. Many public agencies have developed interactive mapping [[software]] to enable citizens to collect, organize and organize local information, and thus to engage in public discussion of video and [[multimedia]]. <ref>94p~96p</ref>
=====Public sector service=====
Broadband is essential for the introduction of online services in the public sector. Develop [[Smart card|smart cards]] that enable citizens to work quickly and efficiently online, and provide smart services available for mobile devices. Broadband allows e-biasing and online government services. There is quite a close relationship between broadband proliferation and [[E-government|e-Government]] and [[e-commerce]]. In general, the nation's largest broadband player has developed largely in both the public sector and the private sector. <ref>97p~100p</ref>
* High-fast broadband speeds promote economic development, social connections, civic engagement, online governments, and promote new app development in healthcare, education, energy and entertainment.
High-speed broadband also facilitates remote health care, [[Geographic information system|GIS]] mapping, [[social media]], remote education, smart energy grids, [[file sharing]], and video conferencing. <ref>101p</ref>

==Part3 Party policy==
===Chapter 5 Public Sector / Private Sector===
It is often said that the private sector is more innovative and entrepreneurial than the public sector. For profit businesses, companies have a culture of innovation that is innovative in order to survive in competitive market situations and to introduce new technologies to foster new technologies in order to foster new technologies. On the other hand, the public sector is a challenge to businesses, entrepreneurship and innovation because they do not have the obligation to earn profits as a result of a private sector, such as a private business. <ref>104P</ref>
====Comparison Between Public Sector and Private Sector====
In terms of [[multimedia]], [[interactivity]] and [[personalization]], the government's Web site is outdated. Internet users prefer interactivity, information accessibility, electronic services, and feedback. This capability allows users to use and manage information to suit their needs. However, the private sector is not ahead of the public sector in all sectors. The use of disabled people is more convenient than the private sector, and the government's privacy policies and consumer protection devices are ahead of the government. <ref>106p</ref>
=====Online information=====
Both the publication and [[database]] accessibility were considered superior to both the private sector and the public sector. Providing audio and video clips was superior to the public sector. <ref>107p</ref>
=====Electronic service=====
Private companies have higher rates of e-commerce than the government. Most corporate sites and state sites provided more than three services. Because the government is good at online services, it is important for the government to pay attention to e-government services because it benefits both the government and the public. With the improvement of e-services, the government can lower the costs of service and the public can easily access government services. <ref>108p</ref>
=====Various services=====
There are many interesting characteristics on the commercial site. There are rumors sites, creative ideas, political participation sites, illegal websites, illegal or unethical acts, and reporting sites. The government site has many state agencies that offer various convenience features to visitors. <ref>109p</ref>
=====Privacy and Security=====
Increasingly, sites that explain privacy and security are increasing on commercial sites rather than public sector. However, the privacy protections for consumers are more thorough than those of for-profit businesses. <ref>110p</ref>
=====Reading level=====
Business sites indicated that reading difficulties were significantly higher compared to state offices and federal government sites. <ref>111p</ref>
=====Accessibility for persons with disabilities=====
The accessibility of the disabled is better suited for the public sector. The corporate site was far below the state government and federal government agencies. <ref>112p</ref>
=====Foreign language accessibility=====
Foreign language accessibility was much better for foreign language accessibility. The corporate site provided various foreign language options compared to state agencies and federal government agencies. <ref>112p</ref>
=====Advertisements performance fees=====
The corporate site has much larger commercial advertising than the state of the state and federal government agencies. Rates and premium fees were similar to minor differences in private and public sector sites. <ref>113p</ref>
=====Accessibility=====
Whether the user could provide feedback, the company posted a high level of corporate identity, and the interaction between the company and the private sector was excellent. However, there was little difference between the public sector and the private sector that could personalize site information to personalize personal characteristics. <ref>113p</ref>
====Corporate example of innovation====
The importance of innovation exists in improving economic development, efficiency, and productivity. The private sector has achieved economies of scale through technological innovation and improved organizational efficiency. <ref>114p</ref>
=====WELLS FARGE FARGO=====
[[Wells Fargo]] is a large financial firm with offices all over the world. The company has recently reduced its technological costs through innovation, and Wells Fargo's website is successful in terms of customer satisfaction as well as online features. In addition, the customer understands the customer's voice and functions in order to understand the customer and performs a qualitative analysis of the customer. <ref>115p~117p</ref>
=====AT&T=====
[[AT&T]] Corp. has become a telecom company that provides mobile and wireless communication today. AT&T focuses on what customers can do with technology rather than technology. Customers ' ideas have been obtained in many ways, and secured with user information to maximize customer satisfaction. <ref>118p~120p</ref>
=====FEDEX=====
[[FedEx]] is the industry's largest supplier of global markets. From the outset, FedEx was aware of the value of urgent delivery and real-time delivery of real-time delivery technology. Technology was thought to be the backbone of the business and this insight led to the company's innovation. So the next step was to incorporate insights into new technologies and customer services. The technological innovation of FedEx accurately identified and understood the customer's personality. <ref>121p~123p</ref>
* Most of the technological innovations are dominated by the public sector. Features such as interaction, personalization, and verbal translation are superior to governmental agencies. However, in the convenience of disabled people or privacy policies, the government's website is better equipped. Public sector Web sites value widespread public interest protection. <ref>124p</ref>

===Chapter 6 Mobile Communication===
The United States uses the digital platform to develop new apps with the aim of connecting individuals and businesses with the digital platform. And with such a huge innovation, the market faces new opportunities and challenges. The attention of the nation's leaders was focused on the broadband policy, which is an absolute component of the U.S. infrastructure and long-term economic development. <ref>126p</ref>
====Americanism / Spanish / Japanese Consumer Analysis====
Spain adopted the opening and innovation policies of the telecom market. Japan, on the other hand, is a country that has yet to open its mobile communication. And the United States and Britain have an intermediate system that combines service providers, new technologies, and broadband policies. <ref>128p</ref>
=====Consumer analysis result=====
1. The U.S. consumer has a large desire for an app that can be controlled by individuals and has a desire to replace it with a mobile phone on a regular basis. Americans believe that the new device is driven by the new device and the new Internet capabilities that [[Google]] is leading. The biggest complaint is the period of service agreement. And the most popular feature is the game.
2. Attitudes differ by age. The younger generation has the highest number of physicians, including mobile phones, music, [[Social networking service|social networking]], and additional intention to add games, music downloads and chat networks to mobile phones, and the biggest improvement is the biggest improvement in the development of multi-purpose single devices.
3. There are racial differences in the number of applications. Black music, Hispanic social networking sites, and Asian communities prefer local phone numbers, and interest rates for low-cost [[International Telephone & Telegraph|international telephone]] bills are the highest.
4. Additional controller-controlled costs are the highest in black, Asian, and higher-cost.
5. The Spanish consumers consider the most mobile phone as an extension of the [[computer]], and have an additional download app cost. They also have the highest paying doctor for new products. This seems to be the main reason why the Spanish government implemented the deal.
6. The most popular feature of the mobile phone is the chat function and international telephone rates, and the reason why I download apps is not knowing the lack of interest, fare, and how to do it. And the most important thing in common with mobile phones is service charges. <ref>129p~136p</ref>
* Thus, the importance of innovation in communication policy is very large. If the choice is given to consumers, they will choose the option, and will pay additional costs because they believe that they will be more valuable. These features were particularly noticeable among young people. Age is the most positive aspect of [[Mobile phone|mobile phones]], and the availability of [[App|apps]] for downloading apps is the highest, and app control is the highest. Increasing the accessibility of the [[telecom]] and high-speed [[Network|networks]] is paramount when the government is making new investments in the government. New platforms will drive innovation and innovation and will drive digital revolution in individuals, businesses and services. <ref>137p~139p</ref>

==Part 4 Rule==
===Chapter 7 [[Tailor-made]] medical treatment, [[Health information technology]]===
The [[federal government]] hopes to improve the therapeutic rate and reduced cost of [[healthcare system]] through genetically engineered treatments. <ref>142p~144p</ref>
====The obstacle of tailor-made medical treatment====
Tailor-made medical treatment through health information technology is being delayed due to policies and operational issues. [[Privacy]] and [[confidentiality]] laws make it difficult for researchers to access information. In terms of policy [[reimbursement]] about insurance, compensation programs that do not align with tailor-made medical treatment goals also undermine the development of tailor-made medical treatment. <ref>145p</ref>
====Three Revolutions of Healthcare====
=====Innovating the healthcare delivery system=====
The medical service sector has shifted from vertical delivery systems to increasing transparency, entry into new entrants, and increased patient involvement. Customer-oriented medical practices emerged, and people were able to receive medical services via online monitoring devices and mobile health apps, and improved scan and image resolution. <ref>146p~147p</ref>
=====Digital revolution=====
The increase in digital resources for patients has increased the interaction between patients and the clinical workforce. In 2009, the United States set the goal of expanding [[electronic health records]] by 10 percent to 90 percent in 2015.<ref>147p</ref>
=====Gene revolution=====
Scientists found that by incorporating genetic sequence analysis data into electronic health records, it can improve the effectiveness of the therapeutic hit rate and reduce costs. This was the result of research on linkage between gene structure, disease and treatment effects and adverse reactions. The results showed that what the genes responsible for the disease play a role, and what medicines work. A study on what type of situation is the most advantageous for a particular patient have found that genetic information is crucial to determining optimal treatments. It is because people vary according to humans ' ability to metabolize medicines based on special combinations of [[gene]]s, [[enzyme]]s, and [[protein]]s. <ref>148p~150p</ref>
====Policy Issues and Proposals====
=====Data Sharing Network=====
The current information system is not inter-connected because there is no connection between each healthcare system. Since data cannot have mutual contrast after the incorporation of information, tailor-made medical treatment requires a system to analyze the overall health care coverage. The [[caBIG]](Cancer Biomedical Informatics Grid) network that is started in the [[National Cancer Institute]], 2003, is a nationwide biomedical information network spanning over 50 cancer centers, academia, and industry. This is a typical example of data exchange that is connected with standardized converged infrastructure and open source and commercial software apps.<ref>150p~152p</ref>
===== [[Medical terminology]] and data coding =====
The different medical [[jargon]] of the researchers, doctors, and industry makes it difficult to generalize documents and interfere with the connectivity of health electronic systems. Therefore, the United States needs a [[departmentalization]] of coding and proper medical coding protocols through the machine. Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms that is used in 15 nations and Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium of expert network are representative examples of improving coding and language expression. .<ref>152p~154p</ref>
===== Privacy regulation and access control =====
Gene information is very personal information because it varies from person to person. So people have afraid to discrimination that can be made through medical treatment. For privacy protection the U.S. Congress passed health insurance laws in 1996([[HIPAA]]), Recovery and Reinvestment Methods ([[ARRA]]), and laws against gene discrimination in 2008. Health authorities are currently granting patients permission to use tissue samples to access patient records. However, it is difficult to achieve the benefits of genomics as well as the benefits of tailor-made medical treatment. Patients, doctors, researchers, and public health authorities also want different information depending on their interests. It is also necessary to find a balance point. <ref>154p~158p</ref>
===== Harmony among state laws =====
Currently, medical care is complex in terms of different genetic rules and requirements. The integration of state laws for medical research and health care providers is needed. <ref>158p~159p</ref>
===== Payment compensation policy =====
In order to foster customized health care, we need to foster a link between policy objectives and desirable outcomes by giving patients a monetary incentive to promote health care. <ref>159p~161p</ref>
===== Fast learning feedback and predictive modeling =====
Fast learning feedback should be developed through knowledge management to ensure that the latest research results apply to treatment. Constructing an integrated database will help clinicians obtain the latest knowledge and test researchers’ [[hypothesis]]. Knowledge-integration creates vast amounts of information that exceeds human cognitive capabilities, and predictive modeling will narrow the scope of medical information. Kaiser Model and Guy Jingger Health Systems are examples of predictive modeling. <ref>161p~164p</ref>
==== Necessary for change====
1. Create rules to encourage health information technology to better use for tailor-made medical treatment in Director General for Public Affairs and Welfare in Ministry of Health and Welfare
2. Create a device that facilitates the secondary utilization of information by connecting the information in various sources to the database instead of dividing research into a clinic.
3. Create privacy rules that balance privacy and innovation.
4. Create a classification code of various molecular tests and genetic testing to link genetic information research results to diagnosis and treatment.
5. Create data systems and standardize jargon to allow researchers to compare and assess information
6. Activate the feedback link, build a super-fast learning model, and accelerate knowledge management to enable clinicians and health authorities to make evidence-based decisions.
7. Introduction of predictive models to clinic for doctors to control the flow of information about treatment and diagnosis that is connected with vital signs, genetic background, laboratory examination information and patients’ medical history.
8. Support for CMS and NIH project costs to show the innovation value of health care services<ref>164p~165p</ref>
=== Chapter 8 Digital media ===
==== Financial difficulty and journalistic identity ====
Due to the popularization of the Internet, many people have moved from traditional paper media to free online content. Social, economic, and technological convergence trends have come as a disaster in paper newspapers. The media lost their subscribers and advertisers and gained new agile Web competitors. In the news environments where platforms and delivery systems have diversified, the media has resulted in a decrease in the quantity of articles and qualitative imbalances. In the current multi-digital media world, information strategy is needed. <ref>167p~171p</ref>
==== Reorganization of Press agency ====
New news industry represents United States and expresses diverse views and democratic. <ref>172p</ref>
===== Niche journalism =====
Unlike the decline of traditional press agency, the issue of niche and professional publications is prosperous. Information sources published in Washington have increased by more than 50 percent over the past 20 years, up from 140 to 225. <[[Government Technology]]>, <Energy Trader>, and <Food Chemical News> are famous between professionals. <ref>172p~173p</ref>
===== Portal and Web site =====
Portals such as portal Yahoo, Google News and AOL have changed their roles to news information brokers that attract people through collecting various articles. These popular and specialized websites can be useful for democratic political systems in a variety of ways, gathering content and gathering the best ones. <ref>174p</ref>
===== [[Civic journalism]] and [[Democratization]] of coverage =====
The decentralization of news is characteristic of the digital press. Citizens comment on blogs and create articles. Media operated by citizens are interactive and democratic. <ref>175p~176p</ref>
===== Policy contents new business operators and new investigative methods =====
On behalf of the existing press, the policy contents were reported in universities, think tanks, nonprofit organizations, and foundations. There was also a need for a new nonprofit news-centric business model. There were cases where the foundation reported subsidies to cover specific areas and to report a policy article in depth. The [[Spencer Foundation]] sponsored <[[Education Week]]> to report educational research. Investigative journalism is the most difficult part of reports because it requires a lot of time and resources. The Center for Public Integrity offered a model of reporting various areas of investigative journalism and providing information to the press for free. <ref>176p~178p</ref>
==== Education article ====
Several foundations provided subsidies for education articles because they have worries about decreasing education related articles. Since incomes from donations may not last longer, non-profit organizations should have non-support resources and other business minds. Education media companies have a problem about balance between the free online content to generate traffic and the publication to encourage advertisers and keeping a subscriber. The founders of online <InsideHigherEd.com> say that we need many business models for sustainability and need a niche market strategy. <ref>178p~187p</ref>
==== Information strategy of news industry ====
===== Contents charging =====
Unless it is an area of specialized information, readers are not willing to pay for the news media. The multI-purpose newspapers such as <[[Financial times]]>, <Wall-street journal>, <New York times> participated in paying content in different ways since 2011. Like them, news media should make new model to prepare income sources to fund original contents production. <ref>187p~191p</ref>
===== Online news presentation =====
Various [[storytellers]], [[pop-up ads]], and slow [[broadband]] make it uncomfortable to read online articles. Higher levels of service should be raised to attract readers and pay for paid content. <ref>191p~192p</ref>
===== Anti-trust Clause and Press pass =====
Current [[anti-trust]] clause obstructs the multiple use of news media. [[Jonathan Rauch]] journalist suggested making a simple payment by press pass and allowing readers to access various digital news sites. It means making the anti-trust rules slows to make the reader appear as a news aggregator. <ref>192p</ref>
===== A [[tax deduction]] of a news subscription =====
News reading tax refund without regard to job associations can be a policy for democratic development because it can contribute to enhancing the level of sophistication of the citizenry, encouraging civic discourse, and keeping the citizens in politician’s mind. Furthermore, it helps online news content charging. <ref>193p~194p</ref>
===== [[Tax exemption]] and [[Non-profit organization]] =====
Maryland Senator Benjamin Cardin proposed newspapers support laws to convert newspapers into duty-free and non-profit organizations. Under the applicable law, if a person pays for a charity, he or she can receive a tax refund and secure a tax-free ad and a subscription fee. This law means funding necessity financial aid for the industry for the long-term welfare of the nation. <ref>194p</ref>
=== Chapter 9 Privacy and Security ===
Generally vulnerability to security is human factors rather than the platform. New technologies such as [[cloud computing]] bring innovation without problems about privacy or security. <ref>196p~197p</ref>
==== Cloud vs. Desktop ====
Desktop, laptop, and mobile devices have a large security problem that is caused by theft, loss, and information leakage. However, the cloud operator is able to achieve high levels of security because the size of the customer is large enough to enable secure investments in security. <ref>197p~198p</ref>
==== Privacy, security, and innovation ====
It is important that privacy rules make a balance point between security and privacy innovation. Currently, data exchange is difficult due to information control. However, cloud computing is expected to enable users to gain access to specific data and enable data sharing so that helping connectivity and system integration.<ref>198p~199p</ref>
==== Threat factor ====
There is happened an information security problem between operators, intervals, customers in cloud computing. Operators are generally not responsible for negative consequences, so operators and intervals should assure that they are doing their best to ensure that they are committed to the security. <ref>201p</ref>
==== Access control ====
The cloud app allows information owners to determine who can see information, and to track the information invaders. This allows system administrators to control information and balance innovation, privacy, and security. <ref>202p</ref>
==== Transparency ====
The operator shall establish a clear descriptive text to ensure that the customer understands the details of privacy before receiving the data. Cloud can check operational status in real time. <ref>203p</ref>
==== Security device ====
A cloud-based site warns that a user has a warning when accessing a user's account and can create additional security questions or protocols when someone accesses them. The cloud app is safer because it automatically updates security patches. <ref>204p</ref>
==== [[Parliament]]ary action ====
Regardless of the platform, all users should be guaranteed the same level of privacy. The current method of privacy is inconsistent with the clauses and uncertain. Privacy protection will be strengthened if the law enforcement agencies can manage digital information. <ref>205p</ref>
==== Government agency cloud security ====
Government agency needs to provide protection against the responsibilities of each agency for the cloud, and the security of the information manager must be kept intact. The question of costs could be solved by storing the information of institutions that require high security maintenance in domestic safety facilities. <ref>206p~207p</ref>
==== Legal action ====
Under the differential privacy protection concept, privacy rights are significantly reduced when moving from desktop to cloud. So consumers should understand the legal nature of the cloud and confirm their rights. <ref>207p~208p</ref>

=Review=
* Ugur Gokay Ortasoz(University of Lille) said "In this empirical work Darrell West informs the reader in a comprehensive manner about the policies and usage of information technology, and he shows how to handle difficulties while still innovating systems for use in both the public and private sectors."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ortasoz|first=Ugur Gokay|date=2014-01-01|title=Book Review: General Politics: The Next Wave: Using Digital Technology to Further Social and Political Innovation|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12041_79|journal=Political Studies Review|volume=12|issue=1|pages=138–138|doi=10.1111/1478-9302.12041_79|issn=1478-9299}}</ref>


* Ugur Gokay Ortasoz(University of Lille) also said "This book will provide policymakers and business leaders with pragmatic evidence that digital technology can promote not only economic efficiency but also social and political innovation throughout society."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ortasoz|first=Ugur Gokay|date=2014-01-01|title=The Next Wave: Using Digital Technology to Further Social and Political Innovation by A1 - Darrell M. West . Washington DC: PB - Brookings Institution Press , 2011. 219pp., £18.99, ISBN 9780815721888|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1478-9302.12041_79/abstract|journal=Political Studies Review|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=138–138|doi=10.1111/1478-9302.12041_79|issn=1478-9302}}</ref>


* Kevin Estering(Professor of political science at the University of California, Berkeley) says "An interesting look at the technologies of cutting-edge technologies such as cloud computing, ultrafast broadband, electronics, and digital media. However, the value of the book lies in the evaluation and proposal of institutional and organizational factors that hinder the introduction of technologies needed for social and political transformation rather than this in-depth investigation. I am sure it will be a book that will help improve government policy and improve social development."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.brookings.edu/book/the-next-wave/|title=The Next Wave : Using Digital Technology to Further Social and Political Innovation|last=|first=|date=|work=Brookings|access-date=2017-12-11|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref>


* Beth Simon (Professor of New York University School of Law) says "How technology innovation can reduce costs and improve the quality of life, and consequently improve the quality of our lives by transforming technology and government policies. As a social scientist who does not hesitate to criticize various constraints in the public sector, we provide ourselves with the concrete roadmap needed to transform ourselves and our organization."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.brookings.edu/book/the-next-wave/|title=The Next Wave : Using Digital Technology to Further Social and Political Innovation|last=|first=|date=|work=Brookings|access-date=2017-12-11|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref>


* Times Higher Education(THE) offers "This revolution, West's next wave, may or may not crash upon our shores. As is the case with all futurology, we must wait and see. Whatever the future holds, this book offers a fascinating window on our possible digital future."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/the-next-wave-using-digital-technology-to-further-social-and-political-innovation/418321.article|title=The Next Wave: Using Digital Technology to Further Social and Political Innovation|date=2011-12-01|work=Times Higher Education (THE)|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en}}
</ref>
==bibliography==
* 《'''The Next Wave: Using Digital Technology to Further Social and Political Innovation'''》

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:The next wave}}
[[Category:2011 books]]
[[Category:Books about Digital technology]]
[[Category:Books about the Digital Revolution]]
[[Category:Digital technology]]

Latest revision as of 22:01, 7 August 2024

The Next Wave
Original 1st edition cover
AuthorDarrell M. West
LanguageEnglish
SubjectDigital technology
PublisherBrookings Institution Press
Publication date
1567.10.16
Publication placeUnited States
Media typePrint (Paperback)

The Next Wave: Using Digital Technology to Further Social and Political Innovation is a 2011 book which is written by Darrell M. West, who is an author and political scientist, now Director of the Brookings Institution. This book is composed of 9 chapters and its topic is a social change with innovation in digital technology. The author shows how changes in nation, society and private life, which are derived from increase in efficiency, are going to be when technology is combined with many parts of government, policies and society, and how we maximize effects of those changes.

Review

[edit]

Ugur Gokay Ortasoz (University of Lille) reviewed this book for Political Studies Review, writing that "In this empirical work Darrell West informs the reader in a comprehensive manner about the policies and usage of information technology, and he shows how to handle difficulties while still innovating systems for use in both the public and private sectors."[1]

The book was also reviewed for the Contemporary Sociology. The reviewer concluded that "This book will provide policymakers and business leaders with pragmatic evidence that digital technology can promote not only economic efficiency but also social and political innovation throughout society".[2]

A review in Times Higher Education offers the following commentary about this book: "[West] champions technology as a key catalyst for change in many areas of society. [...] with the notable exception of education, where his commentary is thin, West is successful. He offers readers a panoramic view of the radical changes taking place in political and social life, healthcare, the military, commerce, publishing and the media. [...] This revolution, West's next wave, may or may not crash upon our shores, as is the case with all futurology; we must wait and see. Whatever the future holds, this book offers a fascinating window on our possible digital future."[3]

Analysis

[edit]

The book is inspired by Toffler's The Third Wave.[3]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ortasoz, Ugur Gokay (2014-01-01). "The Next Wave: Using Digital Technology to Further Social and Political Innovation by A1 - Darrell M. West . Washington DC: PB - Brookings Institution Press, 2011. 219pp., £18.99, ISBN 9780815721888". Political Studies Review. 12 (1): 138. doi:10.1111/1478-9302.12041_79. ISSN 1478-9302.
  2. ^ "The Next Wave: Using Digital Technology to Further Social and Political Innovation". Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews. 41 (2): 260–261. March 2012. doi:10.1177/0094306112438191s. ISSN 0094-3061.
  3. ^ a b "The Next Wave: Using Digital Technology to Further Social and Political Innovation". Times Higher Education (THE). 2011-12-01. Retrieved 2017-12-11.


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