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{{Short description|American television writer (born 1959)}}
{{use mdy dates |date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|09|29}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|09|29}}
| image = Patric Verrone by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
| image = Patric Verrone by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| image_size =
| caption = Patric Verrone at the 2010 Comic Con in San Diego.
| caption = Verrone at the 2010 Comic Con in San Diego.
| birth_place = [[Glendale, Queens]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
| birth_place = [[Glendale, Queens]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_place =
| occupation = President of [[Writers Guild of America, west]]<br/>[[screenwriting|Television writer]]<br/>Historical figurine sculptor
| occupation = President of [[Writers Guild of America, West]]<br/>[[screenwriting|Television writer]]<br/>Historical figurine sculptor
| alma_mater = [[Harvard College]]<br/>[[Boston College]] (JD)
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
|alma_mater = [[Harvard College]]<br/>[[Boston College]] (JD)
| period =
| period =
| genre =
| genre =
| subject =
| subject =
| movement =
| movement =
| children = 3
| children = 3
| spouse = [[Maiya Williams]] (m. 1989)
| spouse = [[Maiya Williams]] (m. 1989)
| influences =
| influences =
| influenced =
| influenced =
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}}
}}


'''Patric Miller Verrone''' (born September 29, 1959) is an [[United States|American]] [[television]] [[screenwriting|writer]] and [[trade union|labor]] leader. He served as a writer and producer for several [[animation|animated]] television shows, most notably ''[[Futurama]]''.
'''Patric Miller Verrone''' (born September 29, 1959) is an American [[television]] [[screenwriting|writer]] and [[trade union|labor]] leader. He served as a writer and producer for several [[animation|animated]] television shows, most notably ''[[Futurama]]''.


==Schooling and pre-television career==
==Schooling and pre-television career==
Line 28: Line 29:


==Career in television==
==Career in television==
Verrone began his career as a [[variety show]] writer, which included a late 1980s job as monologue writer for ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson]]''.<ref name="digitalmediafx.com">[http://www.digitalmediafx.com/Columns/ShannonMuir/patricverrone.html Patric Verrone interview with Shannon Muir for digitalmediaFX.com (2nd paragraph)] Accessed January 31, 2007</ref> Shortly after his work on ''The Tonight Show'', Verrone wrote for the popular animated program ''[[Rugrats]]'' in 1991. From there, he worked for the entirety of ''[[The Critic]]'''s run on television, before moving on to write for ''[[Muppets Tonight]]'' (for which he won an [[Emmy Award|Emmy]]<ref>[http://imdb.com/title/tt0115279/awards Awards for Muppets Tonight on IMDB.com] Accessed on February 1, 2007</ref>) and ''[[Pinky and the Brain]]''. Eventually, Verrone became a major contributor for ''[[Futurama]]''. Subsequently, he wrote an episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' ([[Milhouse of Sand and Fog]] (2005)), developed the Cartoon Network series ''[[Class of 3000]]'' (including writing the pilot episode ''Home'' (2006)), and co-executive produced all four feature length ''[[Futurama]]'' direct-to-DVD movies.
Verrone began his career as a [[variety show]] writer, which included a late 1980s job as a monologue writer for ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson]]''.<ref name="digitalmediafx.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalmediafx.com/Columns/ShannonMuir/patricverrone.html |title=Animated Insights for Non Artists: Patric Verrone Interview |first=Shannon |last=Muir |work=digitalmediaFX.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021017002854/http://www.digitalmediafx.com/Columns/ShannonMuir/patricverrone.html |access-date=January 31, 2007|archive-date=October 17, 2002 }}</ref> Shortly after his work on ''The Tonight Show'', Verrone wrote for the popular animated program ''[[Rugrats]]'' in 1991. From there, he worked for the entirety of ''[[The Critic]]'''s run on television, before moving on to write for ''[[Muppets Tonight]]'' (for which he won an [[Emmy Award|Emmy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://imdb.com/title/tt0115279/awards |title=Awards for Muppets Tonight |work=IMDB.com |accessdate=February 1, 2007 }}</ref>) and ''[[Pinky and the Brain]]''. Eventually, Verrone became a major contributor for ''[[Futurama]]''. Subsequently, he wrote an episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' ([[Milhouse of Sand and Fog]] (2005)), developed the Cartoon Network series ''[[Class of 3000]]'' (including writing the pilot episode ''Home'' (2006)), and co-executive produced all four feature- length ''[[Futurama]]'' direct-to-DVD movies.


===The Critic===
===''The Critic''===
While editor of ''The Harvard Lampoon'', Verrone met writers [[Al Jean]] and [[Mike Reiss]]. Jean and Reiss, who had just served as co-[[show runner]]s for ''[[The Simpsons]]'', were creating a new animated show called ''[[The Critic]]''. They asked Verrone to work on it and, as he says, "[He] could hardly refuse."<ref name="digitalmediafx.com"/>
While editor of ''The Harvard Lampoon'', Verrone met writers [[Al Jean]] and [[Mike Reiss]]. Jean and Reiss, who had just served as co-[[show runner]]s for ''[[The Simpsons]]'', were creating a new animated show called ''[[The Critic]]''. They asked Verrone to work on it and, as he says, "[He] could hardly refuse."<ref name="digitalmediafx.com"/>


While working on two seasons of ''The Critic'', Verrone would serve as [[television producer|co-producer]] and writer of three episodes:
While working on two seasons of ''The Critic'', Verrone would serve as [[television producer|co-producer]] and writer of three episodes:


# ''A Pig Boy and His Dog''
* "A Pig Boy and His Dog"
# ''All the Duke's Men''
* "All the Duke's Men"
# ''I Can't Believe It's a Clip Show''
* "I Can't Believe It's a Clip Show"


===Futurama===
===''Futurama''===
Verrone has written for ''[[Futurama]]'' since the first season. The [[Futurama (season 4)|fourth season]] episode "[[The Sting (Futurama)|The Sting]]," written by Verrone, garnered nominations for an [[Emmy Award]], [[Annie Award]] and a [[Writers Guild of America Award]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0149460/awards Awards for Futurama on IMDB.com] Accessed January 31, 2007</ref> In the original series, Verrone served as [[television producer|producer]] for fifty-nine episodes, but has been co-executive producer since the series' [[Futurama (season 5)|fifth season]]. Verrone has also scripted seven issues of ''[[Futurama Comics]]'', published by [[Bongo Comics]].
Verrone has written for ''[[Futurama]]'' since the first season. The [[Futurama (season 4)|fourth season]] episode "[[The Sting (Futurama)|The Sting]]," written by Verrone, garnered nominations for an [[Emmy Award]], [[Annie Award]] and a [[Writers Guild of America Award]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0149460/awards |title=Awards for Futurama |work=IMDB.com |access-date=January 31, 2007 }}</ref> In the original series, Verrone served as [[television producer|producer]] for fifty-nine episodes, but has been co-executive producer since the series' [[Futurama (season 5)|fifth season]]. Verrone has also scripted seven issues of ''[[Futurama Comics]]'', published by [[Bongo Comics]].


Verrone's writing credits for ''[[List of Futurama episodes|Futurama]]'' include:
Verrone's writing credits for ''[[List of Futurama episodes|Futurama]]'' include:
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* "[[A Fishful of Dollars]]" {{small|1ACV06 (1999)}}
* "[[A Fishful of Dollars]]" {{small|1ACV06 (1999)}}
* "[[I Second That Emotion (Futurama)|I Second That Emotion]]" {{small|2ACV01 (1999)}}
* "[[I Second That Emotion (Futurama)|I Second That Emotion]]" {{small|2ACV01 (1999)}}
* "[[Put Your Head on My Shoulders]]" {{small|2ACV07 (2000)}}
* "[[A Clone of My Own]]" {{small|2ACV10 (2000)}}
* "[[A Clone of My Own]]" {{small|2ACV10 (2000)}}
* "[[The Problem with Popplers]]" {{small|2ACV15 (2000)}} – teleplay; story by [[Darin Henry]]
* "[[The Problem with Popplers]]" {{small|2ACV15 (2000)}} – teleplay; story by [[Darin Henry]]
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* "[[31st Century Fox]]" {{small|7ACV11 (2012)}}
* "[[31st Century Fox]]" {{small|7ACV11 (2012)}}
* "[[Saturday Morning Fun Pit]]" {{small|7ACV19 (2013)}}
* "[[Saturday Morning Fun Pit]]" {{small|7ACV19 (2013)}}
* "The Impossible Stream" {{small|8ACV01 (2023)}}


==Writers Guild of America, West==
==Writers Guild of America, West==
On October 23, 2002, The Animation Writers Caucus (AWC) of the [[Writers Guild of America, West]] awarded Verrone a Lifetime Achievement honor of the Animation Writing Award.<ref>[http://www.wga.org/subpage_newsevents.aspx?id=1419 Animation Writers Honor Patric Verrone With Lifetime Achievement Award] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001162409/http://www.wga.org/subpage_newsevents.aspx?id=1419 |date=2006-10-01 }} Accessed January 31, 2007</ref>
On October 23, 2002, The Animation Writers Caucus (AWC) of the [[Writers Guild of America, West]] awarded Verrone a Lifetime Achievement honor of the Animation Writing Award.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.wga.org/subpage_newsevents.aspx?id=1419 |title=Animation Writers Honor Patric Verrone With Lifetime Achievement Award |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001162409/http://www.wga.org/subpage_newsevents.aspx?id=1419 |archive-date=2006-10-01 |access-date=January 31, 2007 }}</ref>


In 2005, Verrone was elected president of the [[Writers Guild of America, west]] with 68 percent of the vote, after pledging to devote up to 30 percent of the Guild's budget to organizing writers in reality television, animation, cable, and independent film. He had previously served as secretary-treasurer for the organization and on the board of directors.<ref>[http://www.wga.org/subpage_newsevents.aspx?id=508 2005 WGAw Officer and Board Election Results] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613095915/http://wga.org/subpage_newsevents.aspx?id=508 |date=2010-06-13 }} Accessed January 31, 2007</ref>
In 2005, Verrone was elected president of the Writers Guild of America, West with 68 percent of the vote, after pledging to devote up to 30 percent of the Guild's budget to organizing writers in reality television, animation, cable, and independent film. He had previously served as secretary-treasurer for the organization and on the board of directors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wga.org/subpage_newsevents.aspx?id=508 |title=2005 WGAw Officer and Board Election Results |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613095915/http://wga.org/subpage_newsevents.aspx?id=508 |archive-date=2010-06-13 |accessdate=January 31, 2007 }}</ref>


Reelected president with more than 90 percent of the vote in September 2007, Verrone subsequently led the Writers Guild through a strike from November 5, 2007, to February 12, 2008.
Reelected president with more than 90 percent of the vote in September 2007, Verrone subsequently led the Writers Guild through a strike from November 5, 2007, to February 12, 2008.


Verrone could not seek reelection in 2009 due to term limits under union rules. [[John Wells (TV producer)|John Wells]], a former WGAw president from 1999–2001, won the election to succeed him. In 2011, Verrone ran for a third term for President, and lost to Chris Keyser by a 20 percent margin. In 2013, Verrone ran for and was elected to a seat on the union's board of directors.<ref>{{cite news | title = WGAW Announces Final Results of 2009 Officers and Board of Directors Election | url = http://www.wga.org/content/default.aspx?id=3798 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191258/http://www.wga.org/content/default.aspx?id=3798 | archivedate = 2016-03-04 | df = }}</ref>
Verrone could not seek reelection in 2009 due to term limits under union rules. [[John Wells (TV producer)|John Wells]], a former WGAw president from 1999 to 2001, won the election to succeed him. In 2011, Verrone ran for a third term for president, and lost to Chris Keyser by a 20 percent margin. In 2013, Verrone ran for and was elected to a seat on the union's board of directors.<ref>{{cite press release |title=WGAW Announces Final Results of 2009 Officers and Board of Directors Election |url=http://www.wga.org/content/default.aspx?id=3798 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191258/http://www.wga.org/content/default.aspx?id=3798 |archivedate=2016-03-04 }}</ref>

In 2019, Verrone was on the negotiating committee for the "WGA-Agency Agreement", and joined other [[Writers Guild of America|WGA]] members in firing his agents as part of [[Writers Guild of America|the guild's]] stand against the [[Association of Talent Agents|ATA]] after the two sides were unable to come to an agreement on a new "Code of Conduct" that addressed the practice of [[Movie packaging|packaging]].<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Robb |access-date=May 25, 2023 |title=WGA: More Than 7,000 Writers Have Fired Their Agents |date=22 April 2019 |url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/writers-guild-agents-fired-total-hollywood-fight-packaging-1202599639/ |publisher=Deadline}}</ref>


==Historical figurines business==
==Historical figurines business==
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Aside from his work with the WGA and on television, Verrone also sculpts, paints, and sells historical figurines. His LinkedIn bio states:
Aside from his work with the WGA and on television, Verrone also sculpts, paints, and sells historical figurines. His LinkedIn bio states:


<blockquote>I spend eight hours a day running a Hollywood labor union, eight hours making a living writing and producing television animation or sculpting and selling historical figurines on eBay, leaving eight hours to eat, sleep, and spend time with my wife and kids.<ref>[http://www.linkedin.com/pub/7/a33/113 Patric Verrone Bio on LinkedIn.com] Accessed September 3, 2008</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>I spend eight hours a day running a Hollywood labor union, eight hours making a living writing and producing television animation or sculpting and selling historical figurines on eBay, leaving eight hours to eat, sleep, and spend time with my wife and kids.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.linkedin.com/pub/7/a33/113 |title=Patric Verrone |work=LinkedIn.com |accessdate=September 3, 2008 }}</ref></blockquote>


The figurines are made to match sets made by [[Louis Marx and Company]] in the 1950s and 60s.
The figurines are made to match sets made by [[Louis Marx and Company]] in the 1950s and 1960s.


Verrone has crafted the associate justices currently serving on the U.S. Supreme Court, as well as all the other Chief Justices, and a few historically significant and recent justices. He says his long term intention is to create a figurine of each of the 110 justices in the Court's history.
Verrone has crafted the associate justices currently serving on the U.S. Supreme Court, as well as all the other Chief Justices, and a few historically significant and recent justices. He says his long term intention is to create a figurine of each of the 110 justices in the Court's history.


He also has sculpted figurines of the six U.S Presidents that Marx never made, every major party presidential nominee since 1944, and a series of famous American figurines including Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Mark Twain, and Frederick Douglass.
He also has sculpted figurines of the eight U.S. Presidents that Marx never made, every major party presidential nominee since 1944, and a series of famous American figurines including [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[Mark Twain]], and [[Frederick Douglass]].


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
In 1989, Verrone married television writer and novelist [[Maiya Williams]]. They have three children and live in [[Pacific Palisades, California]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0894890/bio Patric Verrone Bio on IMDB.com] Accessed January 31, 2007</ref>
In 1989, Verrone married television writer and novelist [[Maiya Williams]]. They have three children and live in [[Pacific Palisades, California]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0894890/bio |title=Patric Verrone Bio |work=IMDB.com |accessdate=January 31, 2007 }}</ref>


==Political Candidacy==
==Political candidacy==
In March 2014 Verrone became a [http://www.patricverrone.com/ candidate] for California State Senate in SD 26 on the west side of Los Angeles, other candidates include former assembly member Betsy Butler and women's reproductive rights advocate Sandra Fluke. Verrone lost in the primary to Ben Allen (D) and Sandra Fluke (D).<ref>http://ballotpedia.org/California_State_Senate_District_26</ref>
In March 2014, Verrone became a candidate for California State Senate in [[California's 26th State Senatorial district|SD 26]] on the [[Westside (Los Angeles County)|west side]] of Los Angeles. Other candidates included former assembly member [[Betsy Butler]] and women's reproductive rights advocate Sandra Fluke. Verrone lost in the primary to [[Ben Allen (California politician)|Ben Allen]] (D) and [[Sandra Fluke]] (D).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ballotpedia.org/California_State_Senate_District_26 |work=Ballotpedia |access-date=May 25, 2023 |title=California State Senate District 26}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Patric Verrone}}
* {{IMDb name|0894890}}
* {{IMDb name|0894890}}
* [http://www.patricverrone.com/ Patric Verrone for State Senate 2014]


{{Animation Writers Caucus}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American television writers]]
[[Category:American television writers]]
[[Category:Male television writers]]
[[Category:American male television writers]]
[[Category:American labor leaders]]
[[Category:American trade union leaders]]
[[Category:Boston College Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Boston College Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard College alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Lampoon alumni]]
[[Category:Primetime Emmy Award winners]]
[[Category:The Harvard Lampoon alumni]]
[[Category:Writers Guild of America]]
[[Category:Writers Guild of America]]
[[Category:American people of Italian descent]]

Latest revision as of 09:06, 8 August 2024

Patric Verrone
Verrone at the 2010 Comic Con in San Diego.
Verrone at the 2010 Comic Con in San Diego.
Born (1959-09-29) September 29, 1959 (age 65)
Glendale, Queens, New York, U.S.
OccupationPresident of Writers Guild of America, West
Television writer
Historical figurine sculptor
Alma materHarvard College
Boston College (JD)
SpouseMaiya Williams (m. 1989)
Children3

Patric Miller Verrone (born September 29, 1959) is an American television writer and labor leader. He served as a writer and producer for several animated television shows, most notably Futurama.

Schooling and pre-television career

[edit]

Verrone graduated magna cum laude from Harvard College in 1981 where he was an editor of the Harvard Lampoon. He graduated from Boston College Law School in 1984 after serving as editor of the Boston College Law Review. He practiced law in Florida and California before becoming a television writer.

Career in television

[edit]

Verrone began his career as a variety show writer, which included a late 1980s job as a monologue writer for The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.[1] Shortly after his work on The Tonight Show, Verrone wrote for the popular animated program Rugrats in 1991. From there, he worked for the entirety of The Critic's run on television, before moving on to write for Muppets Tonight (for which he won an Emmy[2]) and Pinky and the Brain. Eventually, Verrone became a major contributor for Futurama. Subsequently, he wrote an episode of The Simpsons (Milhouse of Sand and Fog (2005)), developed the Cartoon Network series Class of 3000 (including writing the pilot episode Home (2006)), and co-executive produced all four feature- length Futurama direct-to-DVD movies.

The Critic

[edit]

While editor of The Harvard Lampoon, Verrone met writers Al Jean and Mike Reiss. Jean and Reiss, who had just served as co-show runners for The Simpsons, were creating a new animated show called The Critic. They asked Verrone to work on it and, as he says, "[He] could hardly refuse."[1]

While working on two seasons of The Critic, Verrone would serve as co-producer and writer of three episodes:

  • "A Pig Boy and His Dog"
  • "All the Duke's Men"
  • "I Can't Believe It's a Clip Show"

Futurama

[edit]

Verrone has written for Futurama since the first season. The fourth season episode "The Sting," written by Verrone, garnered nominations for an Emmy Award, Annie Award and a Writers Guild of America Award.[3] In the original series, Verrone served as producer for fifty-nine episodes, but has been co-executive producer since the series' fifth season. Verrone has also scripted seven issues of Futurama Comics, published by Bongo Comics.

Verrone's writing credits for Futurama include:

Writers Guild of America, West

[edit]

On October 23, 2002, The Animation Writers Caucus (AWC) of the Writers Guild of America, West awarded Verrone a Lifetime Achievement honor of the Animation Writing Award.[4]

In 2005, Verrone was elected president of the Writers Guild of America, West with 68 percent of the vote, after pledging to devote up to 30 percent of the Guild's budget to organizing writers in reality television, animation, cable, and independent film. He had previously served as secretary-treasurer for the organization and on the board of directors.[5]

Reelected president with more than 90 percent of the vote in September 2007, Verrone subsequently led the Writers Guild through a strike from November 5, 2007, to February 12, 2008.

Verrone could not seek reelection in 2009 due to term limits under union rules. John Wells, a former WGAw president from 1999 to 2001, won the election to succeed him. In 2011, Verrone ran for a third term for president, and lost to Chris Keyser by a 20 percent margin. In 2013, Verrone ran for and was elected to a seat on the union's board of directors.[6]

In 2019, Verrone was on the negotiating committee for the "WGA-Agency Agreement", and joined other WGA members in firing his agents as part of the guild's stand against the ATA after the two sides were unable to come to an agreement on a new "Code of Conduct" that addressed the practice of packaging.[7]

Historical figurines business

[edit]

Aside from his work with the WGA and on television, Verrone also sculpts, paints, and sells historical figurines. His LinkedIn bio states:

I spend eight hours a day running a Hollywood labor union, eight hours making a living writing and producing television animation or sculpting and selling historical figurines on eBay, leaving eight hours to eat, sleep, and spend time with my wife and kids.[8]

The figurines are made to match sets made by Louis Marx and Company in the 1950s and 1960s.

Verrone has crafted the associate justices currently serving on the U.S. Supreme Court, as well as all the other Chief Justices, and a few historically significant and recent justices. He says his long term intention is to create a figurine of each of the 110 justices in the Court's history.

He also has sculpted figurines of the eight U.S. Presidents that Marx never made, every major party presidential nominee since 1944, and a series of famous American figurines including Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Mark Twain, and Frederick Douglass.

Personal life

[edit]

In 1989, Verrone married television writer and novelist Maiya Williams. They have three children and live in Pacific Palisades, California.[9]

Political candidacy

[edit]

In March 2014, Verrone became a candidate for California State Senate in SD 26 on the west side of Los Angeles. Other candidates included former assembly member Betsy Butler and women's reproductive rights advocate Sandra Fluke. Verrone lost in the primary to Ben Allen (D) and Sandra Fluke (D).[10]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Muir, Shannon. "Animated Insights for Non Artists: Patric Verrone Interview". digitalmediaFX.com. Archived from the original on October 17, 2002. Retrieved January 31, 2007.
  2. ^ "Awards for Muppets Tonight". IMDB.com. Retrieved February 1, 2007.
  3. ^ "Awards for Futurama". IMDB.com. Retrieved January 31, 2007.
  4. ^ "Animation Writers Honor Patric Verrone With Lifetime Achievement Award" (Press release). Archived from the original on October 1, 2006. Retrieved January 31, 2007.
  5. ^ "2005 WGAw Officer and Board Election Results". Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2007.
  6. ^ "WGAW Announces Final Results of 2009 Officers and Board of Directors Election" (Press release). Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
  7. ^ Robb, David (April 22, 2019). "WGA: More Than 7,000 Writers Have Fired Their Agents". Deadline. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  8. ^ "Patric Verrone". LinkedIn.com. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
  9. ^ "Patric Verrone Bio". IMDB.com. Retrieved January 31, 2007.
  10. ^ "California State Senate District 26". Ballotpedia. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
[edit]