Manure management: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Agricultural practice}} |
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{{Infobox industrial process |
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| name = Manure management |
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| caption = In Hawaii. using nut husks as a part of a manure management system |
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{{Pollution sidebar|Soil}} |
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'''Manure management''' refers to capture, storage, treatment, and utilization of animal [[manure]]s in an environmentally sustainable manner. It can be retained in various holding facilities. Animal manure (also referred to as animal waste) can occur in a liquid, slurry, or solid form. It is utilized by distribution on fields in amounts that enrich soils without causing water pollution or unacceptably high levels of nutrient enrichment. Manure management is a component of [[nutrient management]]. |
'''Manure management''' refers to capture, storage, treatment, and utilization of animal [[manure]]s in an environmentally sustainable manner. It can be retained in various holding facilities. Animal manure (also referred to as animal waste) can occur in a liquid, slurry, or solid form. It is utilized by distribution on fields in amounts that enrich soils without causing water pollution or unacceptably high levels of nutrient enrichment. Manure management is a component of [[nutrient management]]. |
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==Hazards== |
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In confined spaces the gasses from manure can lethally asphyxiate humans.<ref>{{cite web |title=Farm Owner and Son Asphyxiated in Manure Waste Pit--Minnesota |url= |
In confined spaces the gasses from manure can lethally asphyxiate humans.<ref>{{cite web |title=Farm Owner and Son Asphyxiated in Manure Waste Pit--Minnesota |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/In-house/full9229.html |date=October 15, 2014 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> There is also a drowning danger.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2012/05/24/man-2-sons-found-dead-in-md-manure-pit/ |date=May 24, 2012 |author=Mike Hellgren |title=Man, 2 Sons Found Dead In Kent County Manure Pit}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestand.org/2016/03/another-dairy-worker-drowns-in-manure-pit/ |title=Another dairy worker drowns in manure pit |author=David Groves |work=The Stand}}</ref> |
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==Risks posed by gases in livestock manure== |
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Livestock manure produces several gases including four main toxic gases, [[hydrogen sulfide]], methane, ammonia and carbon dioxide.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://nasdonline.org/48/d001616/manure-gas-dangers.html|title=National Ag Safety Database - National Ag Safety Database|website=nasdonline.org|access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref> In animal housing it is very common in swine and beef breeding to have manure storage under the building's floor. In this setup low concentrations of these toxic gases are commonly noted throughout the year.<ref name=":0" /> The highest concentrations of these gases are noted during manure agitation, stirring the manure to homogenize the manure for pumping out of the storage. During these times the concentrations easily approach levels that can pose health issues to the workers and animals in the facilities.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==Hydrogen sulfide== |
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[[Hydrogen Sulfide]] ({{chem|H|2|S}}), is a naturally occurring gas that is flammable, colorless and poisonous.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/hydrogen_sulfide#section=Top|title=hydrogen sulfide|last=Pubchem|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref> H2S has a characteristic rotten egg smell, though pungent at first it quickly deadens the sense of smell.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_Hurricane_Facts/hydrogen_sulfide_fact.pdf|title=OSHA Fact Sheet: Hydrogen Sulfide|last=OSHA|date=October 2005|website=OSHA|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=October 25, 2017}}</ref> People are typically only able to smell {{chem|H|2|S}} at low concentrations.<ref name=":1" /> {{chem|H|2|S}} is heavier than air causing the gas to travel close to the ground and collect in low-lying areas.<ref name=":1" /> Common names for hydrogen sulfide include [[hydrosulfuric acid]] (the product of it reacting with water), stink damp and sewer gas.<ref name=":1" /> |
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===Sources of hydrogen sulfide exposure=== |
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Hydrogen sulfide naturally occurs in hot springs, crude petroleum and natural gas.<ref name=":2" /> {{chem|H|2|S}} is also produced from the bacterial breakdown of animal and human wastes and organic materials in the absence of oxygen ([[anaerobic digestion]]).<ref name=":1" /> {{chem|H|2|S}} is also a common metabolic end product of [[sulfate reducing bacteria]] which convert sulfates and hydrocarbons into carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in the absence of free oxygen. There are multiple industrial sources of hydrogen sulfide. Such sources include: natural gas/petroleum drilling and refining, wastewater treatment, coke ovens, tanneries and paper mills.<ref name=":2" /> Hydrogen sulfide is found in hydrocarbons both directly as an impurity and is produced by sulfate reducing microorganisms which can "eat" methane or other hydrocarbons, using sulfate as the electron receptor, similar to how aerobic metabolism uses oxygen. Other non-industrial sources of {{chem|H|2|S}} include emissions from livestock facilities and the land applications of animal manure.<ref name=":3">Hoff, Steven J.; Harmon, Jay D.; Bundy, Dwaine S.; and Zelle, Brian C., "Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia Receptor Concentrations in a Community of Multiple Swine Emission Sources: Preliminary Study" (2008). ''Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Publications''. 86. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_pubs/86</ref><ref name=":4">Muhlbauer, Ross V.; Swestka, Randy John; Burns, Robert T.; Xin, Hongwei; Hoff, Steven J.; and Li, Hong, "Development and Testing of a Hydrogen Sulfide Detection System for Use in Swine Housing" (2008). ''Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Conference Proceedings and Presentations''. 145. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_conf/145</ref> During the agitation or mixing of swine manure in a deep pit storage system the concentration of hydrogen sulfide was observed in one study at levels exceeding 300 ppm inside the barn.<ref name=":4" /> In a study examining the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in a residential cohort during manure application, it was reported the levels never exceeded the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry acute exposure MRL of 70 ppb and only 14 readings at 1-minute intervals reported levels above the intermediate exposure MRL of 20 ppb.<ref name=":3" /> There are currently strong recommendations from both Pork Producer Associations and Land Grant Universities that suggest having to employees in a barn during agitation and pumping, maintain proper ventilation levels during agitation and pumping of manure, and to not enter a manure storage without proper equipment and training.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.extension.iastate.edu/article/pumping-manure-deep-pits|title=Use Caution When Pumping Manure From Deep-pits {{!}} Iowa State University Extension and Outreach|website=www.extension.iastate.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref> |
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===Effects=== |
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====Acute==== |
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Hydrogen sulfide is most commonly inhaled, though through prolonged exposure skin and eye irritations resulting in painful dermatitis and burning eyes can occur.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mmg/mmg.asp?id=385&tid=67|title=ATSDR - Medical Management Guidelines (MMGs): Hydrogen Sulfide Carbonyl Sulfide|website=www.atsdr.cdc.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref> Symptoms of acute exposure include nausea, headaches, disturbed equilibrium, tremors, convulsions and skin and eye irritations.<ref name=":5" /> At high levels, inhalation of hydrogen sulfide will result in unconsciousness and death due to its effect on the body resulting in the lack of oxygen use in the cells.<ref name=":5" /> the typical odor threshold for H2S is 0.01 to 1.5 ppm with the loss of smell occurring at levels around levels of 100 to 150 ppm.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hydrogensulfide/hazards.html|title=Safety and Health Topics {{!}} Hydrogen Sulfide - Hazards {{!}} Occupational Safety and Health Administration|website=www.osha.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref> Concentrations of 500 to 700 ppm can result in death within 30 to 60 minutes, 700 to 1000 ppm result in death within minutes, while death is nearly instantaneous at levels of 1000 to 2000 ppm.<ref name=":6" /> |
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====Chronic==== |
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Chronic exposure to hydrogen sulfide can cause several long term health issues, though {{chem|H|2|S}} does not accumulate in the body.<ref name=":6" /> Repeated or prolonged exposures have been reported to cause low blood pressure, headache, loss of appetite, chronic cough, inflammation of the eye membrane, weight loss and ataxia.<ref name=":6" /> |
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===Regulations for exposures=== |
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The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) have set recommended exposure limits (REL NIOSH) and permissible exposure limits (PEL OSHA) for {{chem|H|2|S}} exposure in the workplace.<ref name=":6" /> NIOSH's REL for a 10-minute maximum exposure is 10 ppm, OSHA's PEL for general industry, i.e. agriculture, construction, etc., is 20 ppm and OSHA's PEL levels are enforceable.<ref name=":6" /> NIOSH also reports an IDLH or immediately dangerous to life and health, at 100 ppm, this is the level at which the effects of exposure would interfere with a person's ability to escape.<ref name=":6" /> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Animal feeding operation]] |
*[[Animal feeding operation]] |
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*[[Slurry pit]] |
*[[Slurry pit]] |
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*[[Atmospheric methane]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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[https://web.archive.org/web/20110212033139/http://ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/05jun/97-905.pdf Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110212033139/http://ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/05jun/97-905.pdf Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition] |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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[[Category:Organic fertilizers]] |
[[Category:Organic fertilizers]] |
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[[Category:Livestock]] |
[[Category:Livestock]] |
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{{agri-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 18:11, 8 August 2024
 In Hawaii. using nut husks as a part of a manure management system |
| Part of a series on |
| Pollution |
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 |
Manure management refers to capture, storage, treatment, and utilization of animal manures in an environmentally sustainable manner. It can be retained in various holding facilities. Animal manure (also referred to as animal waste) can occur in a liquid, slurry, or solid form. It is utilized by distribution on fields in amounts that enrich soils without causing water pollution or unacceptably high levels of nutrient enrichment. Manure management is a component of nutrient management.
In confined spaces the gasses from manure can lethally asphyxiate humans.[1] There is also a drowning danger.[2][3]
Risks posed by gases in livestock manure
[edit]Livestock manure produces several gases including four main toxic gases, hydrogen sulfide, methane, ammonia and carbon dioxide.[4] In animal housing it is very common in swine and beef breeding to have manure storage under the building's floor. In this setup low concentrations of these toxic gases are commonly noted throughout the year.[4] The highest concentrations of these gases are noted during manure agitation, stirring the manure to homogenize the manure for pumping out of the storage. During these times the concentrations easily approach levels that can pose health issues to the workers and animals in the facilities.[4]
Hydrogen sulfide
[edit]Hydrogen Sulfide (H
2S), is a naturally occurring gas that is flammable, colorless and poisonous.[5] H2S has a characteristic rotten egg smell, though pungent at first it quickly deadens the sense of smell.[6] People are typically only able to smell H
2S at low concentrations.[5] H
2S is heavier than air causing the gas to travel close to the ground and collect in low-lying areas.[5] Common names for hydrogen sulfide include hydrosulfuric acid (the product of it reacting with water), stink damp and sewer gas.[5]
Sources of hydrogen sulfide exposure
[edit]Hydrogen sulfide naturally occurs in hot springs, crude petroleum and natural gas.[6] H
2S is also produced from the bacterial breakdown of animal and human wastes and organic materials in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic digestion).[5] H
2S is also a common metabolic end product of sulfate reducing bacteria which convert sulfates and hydrocarbons into carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in the absence of free oxygen. There are multiple industrial sources of hydrogen sulfide. Such sources include: natural gas/petroleum drilling and refining, wastewater treatment, coke ovens, tanneries and paper mills.[6] Hydrogen sulfide is found in hydrocarbons both directly as an impurity and is produced by sulfate reducing microorganisms which can "eat" methane or other hydrocarbons, using sulfate as the electron receptor, similar to how aerobic metabolism uses oxygen. Other non-industrial sources of H
2S include emissions from livestock facilities and the land applications of animal manure.[7][8] During the agitation or mixing of swine manure in a deep pit storage system the concentration of hydrogen sulfide was observed in one study at levels exceeding 300 ppm inside the barn.[8] In a study examining the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in a residential cohort during manure application, it was reported the levels never exceeded the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry acute exposure MRL of 70 ppb and only 14 readings at 1-minute intervals reported levels above the intermediate exposure MRL of 20 ppb.[7] There are currently strong recommendations from both Pork Producer Associations and Land Grant Universities that suggest having to employees in a barn during agitation and pumping, maintain proper ventilation levels during agitation and pumping of manure, and to not enter a manure storage without proper equipment and training.[9]
Effects
[edit]Acute
[edit]Hydrogen sulfide is most commonly inhaled, though through prolonged exposure skin and eye irritations resulting in painful dermatitis and burning eyes can occur.[10] Symptoms of acute exposure include nausea, headaches, disturbed equilibrium, tremors, convulsions and skin and eye irritations.[10] At high levels, inhalation of hydrogen sulfide will result in unconsciousness and death due to its effect on the body resulting in the lack of oxygen use in the cells.[10] the typical odor threshold for H2S is 0.01 to 1.5 ppm with the loss of smell occurring at levels around levels of 100 to 150 ppm.[11] Concentrations of 500 to 700 ppm can result in death within 30 to 60 minutes, 700 to 1000 ppm result in death within minutes, while death is nearly instantaneous at levels of 1000 to 2000 ppm.[11]
Chronic
[edit]Chronic exposure to hydrogen sulfide can cause several long term health issues, though H
2S does not accumulate in the body.[11] Repeated or prolonged exposures have been reported to cause low blood pressure, headache, loss of appetite, chronic cough, inflammation of the eye membrane, weight loss and ataxia.[11]
Regulations for exposures
[edit]The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) have set recommended exposure limits (REL NIOSH) and permissible exposure limits (PEL OSHA) for H
2S exposure in the workplace.[11] NIOSH's REL for a 10-minute maximum exposure is 10 ppm, OSHA's PEL for general industry, i.e. agriculture, construction, etc., is 20 ppm and OSHA's PEL levels are enforceable.[11] NIOSH also reports an IDLH or immediately dangerous to life and health, at 100 ppm, this is the level at which the effects of exposure would interfere with a person's ability to escape.[11]
See also
[edit]- Manure
- Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation
- Animal feeding operation
- Slurry pit
- Atmospheric methane
References
[edit]- ^ "Farm Owner and Son Asphyxiated in Manure Waste Pit--Minnesota". cdc.gov. October 15, 2014.
- ^ Mike Hellgren (May 24, 2012). "Man, 2 Sons Found Dead In Kent County Manure Pit".
- ^ David Groves. "Another dairy worker drowns in manure pit". The Stand.
- ^ a b c "National Ag Safety Database - National Ag Safety Database". nasdonline.org. Retrieved 2017-12-04.
- ^ a b c d e Pubchem. "hydrogen sulfide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-12-04.
- ^ a b c OSHA (October 2005). "OSHA Fact Sheet: Hydrogen Sulfide" (PDF). OSHA. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
- ^ a b Hoff, Steven J.; Harmon, Jay D.; Bundy, Dwaine S.; and Zelle, Brian C., "Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia Receptor Concentrations in a Community of Multiple Swine Emission Sources: Preliminary Study" (2008). Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Publications. 86. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_pubs/86
- ^ a b Muhlbauer, Ross V.; Swestka, Randy John; Burns, Robert T.; Xin, Hongwei; Hoff, Steven J.; and Li, Hong, "Development and Testing of a Hydrogen Sulfide Detection System for Use in Swine Housing" (2008). Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Conference Proceedings and Presentations. 145. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_conf/145
- ^ "Use Caution When Pumping Manure From Deep-pits | Iowa State University Extension and Outreach". www.extension.iastate.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-04.
- ^ a b c "ATSDR - Medical Management Guidelines (MMGs): Hydrogen Sulfide Carbonyl Sulfide". www.atsdr.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2017-12-04.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Safety and Health Topics | Hydrogen Sulfide - Hazards | Occupational Safety and Health Administration". www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2017-12-04.