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[[File:Marine Protected Areas Scotland.png|400px|thumb|A map showing the location of Marine Protected Areas in Scottish waters.]]
[[File:Marine Protected Areas Scotland 2021.png|400px|thumb|A map showing the location of Marine Protected Areas in Scottish waters as of December 2020.]]
In [[Scotland]], '''Marine Protected Areas''' (MPAs) are areas of sea defined so as to protect to habitats, wildlife, geology, undersea landforms, historic shipwrecks, and to demonstrate sustainable management of the sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/protected-areas-and-species/protected-areas/marine-protected-areas/scotlands-marine-protected-area-network|title=Scotland’s Marine Protected Area network|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref> As of December 2018, approximately 22% of Scotland's seas were covered by the Scottish MPA network.<ref name=p11/>
In [[Scotland]], '''Marine Protected Areas''' (MPAs) are designated areas of the sea aimed at protecting habitats, wildlife, geology, undersea landforms, historic shipwrecks, and demonstrating sustainable management of marine resources. As of December 2020, approximately 37% of Scotland's seas are covered by the Scottish MPA network, which comprises a total of 244 sites.<ref name=mpas>{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/protected-areas-and-species/protected-areas/marine-protected-areas-mpas|title=Scotland’s Marine Protected Areas|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=11 December 2020}}</ref>


==Designation==
==Designation==
[[File:Flame shells.jpg|thumb|The [[Loch Carron]] MPA is the site of the world's largest [[Limaria hians|flame shell]] bed.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-43485501|title=Plan to give Loch Carron permanent protection|publisher=BBC|date=2018-03-21|accessdate=2018-03-21}}</ref>]]
[[File:Flame shells.jpg|thumb|The [[Loch Carron]] MPA is the site of the world's largest [[Limaria hians|flame shell]] bed.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-43485501|title=Plan to give Loch Carron permanent protection|publisher=BBC|date=2018-03-21|accessdate=2018-03-21}}</ref>]]
⚫
As of December Scotland's MPA network comprises 231 sites protected by a variety of different [[conservation designation]]s, many of which are the same [[protected areas of Scotland|as those used on land]], such as [[Special Protection Area]]s (SPA) and [[Site of Special Scientific Interest|Sites of Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSI).<ref name=p11/><ref name=p32/> The legal framework differs depending on the designation: for example SSSIs are designated under the [[Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004]].<ref name=types>{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-10/Marine%20Protected%20Area%20-%20Different%20types%20of%20MPAs%20in%20Scotland.pdf|title=Different types of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Scotland|publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage|date=2014|accessdate=16 August 2019}}</ref> Where not designated under other conservation legislation MPAs are designated under one of two [[acts of parliament]], depending on their location:


As of December 2020, Scotland's MPA network comprises 244 sites protected under various [[conservation designation]]s.<ref name=network>{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/protected-areas-and-species/protected-areas/marine-protected-areas/scotlands-marine-protected-area-network|title=Scotland’s Marine Protected Area Network|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=11 December 2020}}</ref> Many of these designations are the same as those used on land, such as [[Special Protection Area]]s (SPAs) and [[Site of Special Scientific Interest|Sites of Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSIs).<ref name=p11>Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report. p. 11.</ref><ref name=p32>Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report. p. 32.</ref> This figure includes four sites designated in December 2020:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-55178743 |title=New sites given special status to protect marine life |publisher=BBC |date=3 December 2020 |accessdate=10 December 2020}}</ref><ref name=consult>{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.scot/2019-possible-nature-conservation-marine-protected-areas-consultation|title=2019 Possible Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas Consultation|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref> North-east [[Isle of Lewis|Lewis]]; [[Shiant]] East Bank; [[Sea of the Hebrides]]; and the [[Southern Trench]].
⚫
*The [[Marine (Scotland) Act 2010]] is an act of the [[Scottish Parliament]] which gives the Scottish Government the power to designate MPAs in Scottish Territorial Waters (waters 12 up to [[nautical miles]] of the coastline).

⚫
*The [[Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009]] is an act of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]] which gives the Scottish Government the power to designate MPAs in Scottish Offshore Waters (waters lying further from the coast than 12&nbsp;nm, and defined as Scottish by the [[Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999]]).<ref name=p5>Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report. p. 5.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotlink.org/files/publication/LINKReports/Valuing_the_benefits_MPA_Network_Scotland_Report_(final).pdf|title=Valuing the Benefits of Designating a Network of Scottish MPAs in Territorial and Offshore Waters|date=November 2012|author=Javier González-Álvarez|accessdate=15 August 2019|page=3}}</ref>
⚫
The legal framework for designating MPAs depends on the designation. For example, SSSIs are designated under the [[Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004]].<ref name=types>{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-10/Marine%20Protected%20Area%20-%20Different%20types%20of%20MPAs%20in%20Scotland.pdf|title=Different Types of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Scotland|publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage|date=2014|accessdate=16 August 2019}}</ref> Where sites are not designated under other conservation legislation, MPAs are designated under one of two acts of parliament, depending on their location:

⚫
* The [[Marine (Scotland) Act 2010]] is an act of the [[Scottish Parliament]] that gives the Scottish Government the power to designate MPAs in Scottish Territorial Waters (waters up to 12 [[nautical miles]] off the coastline).
⚫
* The [[Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009]] is an act of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]] that gives the Scottish Government the power to designate MPAs in Scottish Offshore Waters (waters lying further from the coast than 12 nautical miles, and defined as Scottish by the [[Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999]]).<ref name=p5>Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report. p. 5.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotlink.org/files/publication/LINKReports/Valuing_the_benefits_MPA_Network_Scotland_Report_(final).pdf|title=Valuing the Benefits of Designating a Network of Scottish MPAs in Territorial and Offshore Waters|date=November 2012|author=Javier González-Álvarez|accessdate=15 August 2019|page=3}}</ref>


Sites are designated as MPAs under these acts for one of three purposes:<ref name=faq>{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2019-06/Possible%20Marine%20Protected%20Area%20Consultation%20-%20Frequently%20Asked%20Questions%20-%20June%202019.pdf|title=Possible Marine Protected Area Consultation - Frequently Asked Questions|date=June 2019|publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage|accessdate=15 August 2019}}</ref>
Sites are designated as MPAs under these acts for one of three purposes:<ref name=faq>{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2019-06/Possible%20Marine%20Protected%20Area%20Consultation%20-%20Frequently%20Asked%20Questions%20-%20June%202019.pdf|title=Possible Marine Protected Area Consultation - Frequently Asked Questions|date=June 2019|publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage|accessdate=15 August 2019}}</ref>


*Nature Conservation MPAs are defined to protect biodiversity
* '''Nature Conservation MPAs''' are designated to protect biodiversity.
*Historical MPAs are used to protect sites such as marine wrecks and artefacts
* '''Historical MPAs''' are used to protect sites such as marine wrecks and artefacts.
*One Demonstration and Research MPA has been defined to test novel approaches to marine management
* '''Demonstration and Research MPAs''' are designated to test novel approaches to marine management.


In addition to the statutory MPAs, five sites are recognised as forming part of the Scottish MPA network, being categorised as "other area based measures": such areas, although not specifically created for nature conservation purposes, are considered to contribute to the protection of marine biodiversity. The makeup of the current network is detailed in the table below:<ref name=p11>Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report. p. 11.</ref><ref name=p32>Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report. p. 32.</ref>
In addition to the statutory MPAs, five sites are recognized as part of the Scottish MPA network, categorized as "other area-based measures." Although these areas were not specifically created for nature conservation purposes, they are considered to contribute to the protection of marine biodiversity. The makeup of the network as of December 2020 is detailed in the table below:<ref name=network/>


{|
{|
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||Nature Conservation ||[[Special Area of Conservation]] (SAC)|| 58
||Nature Conservation ||[[Special Area of Conservation]] (SAC)|| 58
|-
|-
||Nature Conservation||[[Special Protection Area]] (SPA)|| 47
||Nature Conservation||[[Special Protection Area]] (SPA)|| 56
|-
|-
||Nature Conservation||[[Site of Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSI)|| 65
||Nature Conservation||[[Site of Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSI)|| 65
Line 33: Line 36:
||Nature Conservation||[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] || 16
||Nature Conservation||[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] || 16
|-
|-
||Nature Conservation||Nature Conservation MPA|| 31
||Nature Conservation||Nature Conservation MPA|| 35
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | Total MPAs for nature conservation purposes|| 217
| colspan="2" | Total MPAs for nature conservation purposes|| 230
|-
|-
| Demonstration and Research||Demonstration and Research MPA||1
| Demonstration and Research||Demonstration and Research MPA||1
Line 43: Line 46:
| colspan="2" | Other Area Based Measures|| 5
| colspan="2" | Other Area Based Measures|| 5
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Total sites in Scottish MPA network'''|| 231
| colspan="2" | '''Total sites in Scottish MPA network'''|| 244
|-
|-
|}
|}
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==Management==
==Management==
The lead body for management of the MPAs is [[Marine Scotland]]. For nature conservation sites within territorial waters [[NatureScot]] is responsible for developing the network and providing scientific advice to Scottish Government on the selection of sites, and providing advice to Marine Scotland on management once sites are designated. The [[Joint Nature Conservation Committee]] fulfils this role for sites in offshore waters, and also has a coordinating role for nature conservation in all the UK's offshore waters.<ref name=types/> [[Historic Environment Scotland]] is responsible for historic MPAs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pub-prod-sdk.azurewebsites.net/enwiki/api/file/fe79b62c-e82a-474b-84fd-aa6f00dcafdf|title=Scotland's Historic Marine Protected Areas|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|accessdate=16 August 2019|date=14 June 2019}}</ref>
The lead body for the management of MPAs in Scotland is [[Marine Scotland]]. For nature conservation sites within territorial waters, [[NatureScot]] is responsible for developing the network, providing scientific advice to the Scottish Government on site selection, and advising Marine Scotland on management once sites are designated. The [[Joint Nature Conservation Committee]] (JNCC) fulfills this role for sites in offshore waters and also has a coordinating role for nature conservation across all the UK's offshore waters.<ref name=types/> [[Historic Environment Scotland]] is responsible for managing historic MPAs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pub-prod-sdk.azurewebsites.net/enwiki/api/file/fe79b62c-e82a-474b-84fd-aa6f00dcafdf|title=Scotland's Historic Marine Protected Areas|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|accessdate=16 August 2019|date=14 June 2019}}</ref>


Activities undertaken in an MPA can be managed through voluntary measures, or by implementation of Marine Conservation Orders or Inshore Fishing Orders. Management measures (such as restrictions on the type of fishing gear that can be used) may be in place for all or part of an MPA, and may only apply at certain times of year.<ref name=faq/> Environmental groups have criticised the government for failing to enforce fishing rules around MPAs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theferret.scot/fines-fishermen-prosecution/|title=Fines to rogue fishermen fall and illegal fishing escapes prosecution|date=2019-10-06|website=The Ferret|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref>
Activities undertaken in an MPA can be managed through voluntary measures or by implementing Marine Conservation Orders or Inshore Fishing Orders. Management measures, such as restrictions on the type of fishing gear that can be used, may be in place for all or part of an MPA and may only apply at certain times of the year.<ref name=faq/> Environmental groups have criticized the government for failing to enforce fishing rules around MPAs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theferret.scot/fines-fishermen-prosecution/|title=Fines to rogue fishermen fall and illegal fishing escapes prosecution|date=2019-10-06|website=The Ferret|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref>


==List of MPAs==
==List of MPAs==
These tables list those MPAs not covered by other designations (i.e. excluding SACs, SPAs, and SSSIs etc.) as of August 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/home|title=SiteLink|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/search|title=Search|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|accessdate=16 August 2019}}</ref>
These tables list those MPAs not covered by other designations (i.e. excluding SACs, SPAs, and SSSIs etc.) as of December 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/home|title=SiteLink|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/search|title=Search|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|accessdate=16 August 2019}}</ref>


===Historic MPAs===
===Historic MPAs===
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!Advisory body
!Advisory body
|-
|-
||[[HMS Campania (1914)|HMS Campania]]||7.1<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/document/600000720 | title=Historic Marine Protected Area: Campania|accessdate=22 October 2020|publisher=Historic Environment Scotlan}}</ref> ||1 November 2013<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/HMPA4 |title = Campania Historic MPA (HMPA4)|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref>||Historic||HES
||[[HMS Campania (1914)|HMS Campania]]||7.1<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/document/600000720 | title=Historic Marine Protected Area: Campania|accessdate=22 October 2020|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland}}</ref> ||1 November 2013<ref>{{HEScotland | num=HMPA4 |desc = Campania Historic MPA |accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref>||Historic||HES
|-
|-
||[[HMS Dartmouth (1655)|HMS Dartmouth]]||0.8<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/document/600000721 | title=Historic Marine Protected Area: Dartmouth|accessdate=22 October 2020|publisher=Historic Environment Scotlan}}</ref> ||1 November 2013<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/HMPA6 |title = Dartmouth Historic MPA (HMPA6)|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref>||Historic||HES
||[[HMS Dartmouth (1655)|HMS Dartmouth]]||0.8<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/document/600000721 | title=Historic Marine Protected Area: Dartmouth|accessdate=22 October 2020|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland}}</ref> ||1 November 2013<ref>{{HEScotland | num=HMPA6 |desc = Dartmouth Historic MPA |fewer-links=yes|accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref>||Historic||HES
|-
|-
||[[Drumbeg, Sutherland|Drumbeg]]||7.1<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/document/600000748 | title=Historic Marine Protected Area: Drumbeg|accessdate=23 October 2020|publisher=Historic Environment Scotlan}}</ref>|| 18 March 2013<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/HMPA1 |title = Drumbeg Historic MPA (HMPA1)|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref>||Historic||HES
||[[Drumbeg, Sutherland|Drumbeg]]||7.1<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/document/600000748 | title=Historic Marine Protected Area: Drumbeg|accessdate=23 October 2020|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland}}</ref>|| 18 March 2013<ref>{{HEScotland | num=HMPA1 |desc = Drumbeg Historic MPA |fewer-links=yes|accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref>||Historic||HES
|-
|-
||[[Duart Point]]||1.8<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/document/600000840|title=Historic Marine Protect Area: Duart Point|accessdate=22 October 2020|publisher=Historic Environment Scotlan}}</ref>||1 November 2013<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/HMPA7 |title = Duart Point Historic MPA (HMPA7)|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref>||Historic||HES
||[[Duart Point]]||1.8<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/document/600000840|title=Historic Marine Protect Area: Duart Point|accessdate=22 October 2020|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland}}</ref>||1 November 2013<ref>{{HEScotland | num=HMPA7 |desc = Duart Point Historic MPA |fewer-links=yes|accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref>||Historic||HES
|-
|-
||[[Iona I]]||2.5<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/document/600016160 |title=Historic Marine Protected Area: Iona I|accessdate=23 October 2020|publisher=Historic Environment Scotlan}}</ref>||26 October 2016<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/HMPA8 |title = Iona I (HMPA8)|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref>||Historic||HES
||[[Iona I]]||2.5<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/document/600016160 |title=Historic Marine Protected Area: Iona I|accessdate=23 October 2020|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland}}</ref>||26 October 2016<ref>{{HEScotland | num=HMPA8 |desc = Iona I |fewer-links=yes|accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref>||Historic||HES
|-
|-
||[[Kinlochbervie]]||28.3<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/document/600000728 |title=Historic Marine Protected Area: Kinlochbervie|accessdate=23 October 2020|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland}}</ref>||1 November 2013<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/HMPA3 |title = Kinlochbervie Historic MPA (HMPA3)|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref>||Historic||HES
||[[Kinlochbervie]]||28.3<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/document/600000728 |title=Historic Marine Protected Area: Kinlochbervie|accessdate=23 October 2020|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland}}</ref>||1 November 2013<ref>{{HEScotland | num=HMPA3 |desc = Kinlochbervie Historic MPA |fewer-links=yes|accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref>||Historic||HES
|-
|-
|[[Mingary]]||19.6<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/document/600000732|title=Historic Marine Protected Area: Mingary|accessdate=23 October 2020|publisher=Historic Environment Scotlan}}</ref>||1 November 2013<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/HMPA2 |title = Mingary Historic MPA (HMPA2)|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref>||Historic||HES
|[[Mingary]]||19.6<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/document/600000732|title=Historic Marine Protected Area: Mingary|accessdate=23 October 2020|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland}}</ref>||1 November 2013<ref>{{HEScotland | num=HMPA2 |desc = Mingary Historic MPA |fewer-links=yes|accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref>||Historic||HES
|-
|-
||[[Out Skerries]]||22.8<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/document/600000737 |title=Historic Marine Protected Area: Out Skerries|accessdate=23 October 2020|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland}}</ref>||1 November 2013<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/HMPA5 |title = Out Skerries Historic MPA (HMPA5)|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref>||Historic||HES
||[[Out Skerries]]||22.8<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/document/600000737 |title=Historic Marine Protected Area: Out Skerries|accessdate=23 October 2020|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland}}</ref>||1 November 2013<ref>{{HEScotland | num=HMPA5 |desc = Out Skerries Historic MPA |fewer-links=yes|accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref>||Historic||HES
|-
|-
|}
|}
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||[[Mousa]] to [[Boddam, Shetland|Boddam]]||13||7 August 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10410 | title=SiteLink: Mousa to Boddam MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation||NatureScot
||[[Mousa]] to [[Boddam, Shetland|Boddam]]||13||7 August 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10410 | title=SiteLink: Mousa to Boddam MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation||NatureScot
|-
|-
||North-east [[Faroe–Shetland Channel]]||23682||7 August 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10450 | title=SiteLink: North-east Faroe-Shetland Channel MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation ||JNCC
||North-east [[Faroe–Shetland Channel]]||23682||7 August 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10450 | title=SiteLink: North-east Faroe-Shetland Channel MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation||JNCC
|-
||North-east [[Isle of Lewis|Lewis]]||90700||3 December 2020<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10476 | title=SiteLink: North-east Lewis MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=10 December 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation||NatureScot
|-
|-
||North-west [[Orkney]]||4365||7 August 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10451 | title=SiteLink: North-west Orkney MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation|| JNCC
||North-west [[Orkney]]||4365||7 August 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10451 | title=SiteLink: North-west Orkney MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation|| JNCC
|-
|-
||[[Norwegian Boundary Sediment Plain]]||164||7 August 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10452 | title=SiteLink: Norwegian Boundary Sediment Plain MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation || JNCC
||[[Norwegian Boundary Sediment Plain]]||164||7 August 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10452 | title=SiteLink: Norwegian Boundary Sediment Plain MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation||JNCC
|-
|-
||[[Noss Head]]||8||7 August 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10411 | title=SiteLink: Noss Head MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation||NatureScot
||[[Noss Head]]||8||7 August 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10411 | title=SiteLink: Noss Head MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation||NatureScot
|-
||[[Red Rocks and Longay Marine Protected Area|Red Rocks and Longay]]||12||16 December 2021<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10584 | title=SiteLink: Red Rocks and Longay MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=27 January 2022}}</ref>||Nature Conservation||NatureScot
|-
|-
||[[Papa Westray]]||33||7 August 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10412 | title=SiteLink: Papa Westray MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation||NatureScot
||[[Papa Westray]]||33||7 August 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10412 | title=SiteLink: Papa Westray MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation||NatureScot
|-
||[[Sea of the Hebrides]]||10039||3 December 2020<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10474 | title=SiteLink: Sea of the Hebrides MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=10 December 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation||NatureScot
|-
||[[Shiant]] East Bank||25200||3 December 2020<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10475 | title=SiteLink: Shiant East Bank MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=10 December 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation||NatureScot
|-
|-
||[[Small Isles]]||803||18 November 2016<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10422 | title=SiteLink: Small Isles MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation||NatureScot
||[[Small Isles]]||803||18 November 2016<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10422 | title=SiteLink: Small Isles MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation||NatureScot
|-
||[[Southern Trench]]||239800||3 December 2020<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10477 | title=SiteLink: Southern Trench MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=10 December 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation||NatureScot
|-
|-
||South [[Isle of Arran|Arran]]||280||7 August 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10423 | title=SiteLink: South Arran MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation ||NatureScot
||South [[Isle of Arran|Arran]]||280||7 August 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10423 | title=SiteLink: South Arran MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation ||NatureScot
|-
|-
||The [[Barra Fan and Hebrides Terrace Seamount Marine Protected Area|Barra Fan and Hebrides Terrace Seamount]]||4373||7 August 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10456 | title=SiteLink: The Barra Fan and Hebrides Terrace Seamount MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>|| Nature Conservation || JNCC
||The [[Barra Fan and Hebrides Terrace Seamount Marine Protected Area|Barra Fan and Hebrides Terrace Seamount]]||4373||7 August 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10456 | title=SiteLink: The Barra Fan and Hebrides Terrace Seamount MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>||Nature Conservation||JNCC
|-
|-
||[[Turbot Bank]]||251||7 August 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10457 | title=SiteLink: Turbot Bank MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>|| Nature Conservation || JNCC
||[[Turbot Bank]]||251||7 August 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10457 | title=SiteLink: Turbot Bank MPA(NC)|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>|| Nature Conservation || JNCC
Line 166: Line 179:


===Demonstration and Research MPA===
===Demonstration and Research MPA===
There is one Demonstration and Research MPA, in the waters surrounding [[Fair Isle]]. The MPA was designated on 9 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10499 | title=Fair Isle MPA(DR)|publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> The aims of this MPA designation are defined as being:
There is one Demonstration and Research Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the waters surrounding [[Fair Isle]]. This MPA was designated on 9 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10499 | title=Fair Isle MPA (DR)|publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> The aims of this MPA designation are defined as follows:

{{quote|To demonstrate and research the use of an ecosystem approach, which includes the following -<br>
{{quote|To demonstrate and research the use of an ecosystem approach, which includes the following -<br>
a) the environmental monitoring of seabirds and of other mobile marine species;<br>
a) the environmental monitoring of seabirds and of other mobile marine species;<br>
Line 172: Line 186:
c) the development and implementation of a local sustainable shellfish fishery;<br>
c) the development and implementation of a local sustainable shellfish fishery;<br>
d) the development of a research programme into local fisheries which includes research on species composition, size, distribution and temporal and spatial changes in fish stocks;<br>
d) the development of a research programme into local fisheries which includes research on species composition, size, distribution and temporal and spatial changes in fish stocks;<br>
e) based upon the research undertaken under sub-paragraph (d), the development of a sustainable-use management programme for local fisheries.|Scottish Government<ref>Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report. p. 45}}</ref>}}
e) based upon the research undertaken under sub-paragraph (d), the development of a sustainable-use management programme for local fisheries.|Scottish Government<ref>Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report. p. 45</ref>}}


===Other area based measures===
===Other area based measures===
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===Proposed NCMPAs===
===Proposed NCMPAs===
During 2019 NatureScot commenced a consultation exercise to consider whether four new areas should be designated as Nature Conservation MPAs, with the consultation having closed on 30 August 2019. The four sites being considered are:<ref name=consult>{{cite web| url=https://www.nature.scot/2019-possible-nature-conservation-marine-protected-areas-consultation|title=2019 possible Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas consultation|publisher=NatureScot|accessdate=7 October 2020}}</ref>
As of 2020, two additional Historic Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been proposed, following a consultation exercise conducted by [[Historic Environment Scotland]] that closed on 27 November.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.gov.scot/publications/proposal-designate-two-historic-marine-protected-areas/pages/4/|title=Proposal to designate two historic marine protected areas: consultation. Appendix A|publisher=Scottish Government|accessdate=10 December 2019}}</ref> The two proposed sites are:<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.gov.scot/publications/proposal-designate-two-historic-marine-protected-areas/pages/3/|title=Proposal to designate two historic marine protected areas: consultation. The Proposals)|publisher=Scottish Government|accessdate=10 December 2019}}</ref>

*North-east [[Isle of Lewis|Lewis]]
*[[Shiant]] East Bank
*[[Sea of the Hebrides]]
*[[Southern Trench]]

The sites were designated in December 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-55178743 |title=New sites given special status to protect marine life |publisher=BBC |date=4 December 2020 |accessdate=10 December 2020}}</ref>

Two further Historic MPAs are also proposed as of 2019, with an [[Historic Environment Scotland]] consultation exercise having closed on 27 November.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.gov.scot/publications/proposal-designate-two-historic-marine-protected-areas/pages/4/|title=Proposal to designate two historic marine protected areas: consultation. Appendix A|publisher=Scottish Government|accessdate=10 December 2019}}</ref> The two proposed sites are:<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.gov.scot/publications/proposal-designate-two-historic-marine-protected-areas/pages/3/|title=Proposal to designate two historic marine protected areas: consultation. The Proposals)|publisher=Scottish Government|accessdate=10 December 2019}}</ref>


*The wreck of the [[Swedish East India Company]] ship ''Queen of Sweden'' in [[Bressay Sound]], [[Shetland]]
* The wreck of the [[Swedish East India Company]] ship ''Queen of Sweden'' in [[Bressay Sound]], [[Shetland]].
*10.7&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of [[Scapa Flow]], [[Orkney]], including the site of the [[Scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow|scuttled German High Seas Fleet]].
* A 10.7 km<sup>2</sup> area in [[Scapa Flow]], [[Orkney]], including the site of the [[Scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow|scuttled German High Seas Fleet]].


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
*[https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/protected-areas-and-species/protected-areas/marine-protected-areas/scotlands-marine-protected-area-network Scotland’s Marine Protected Area network] - NatureScot
*[https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/protected-areas-and-species/protected-areas/marine-protected-areas/scotlands-marine-protected-area-network Scotland's Marine Protected Area network] - NatureScot
*[https://www.historicenvironment.scot/advice-and-support/listing-scheduling-and-designations/marine-heritage/ Marine Heritage] - Historic Environment Scotland
*[https://www.historicenvironment.scot/advice-and-support/listing-scheduling-and-designations/marine-heritage/ Marine Heritage] - Historic Environment Scotland


Latest revision as of 07:22, 9 August 2024

A map showing the location of Marine Protected Areas in Scottish waters as of December 2020.

In Scotland, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are designated areas of the sea aimed at protecting habitats, wildlife, geology, undersea landforms, historic shipwrecks, and demonstrating sustainable management of marine resources. As of December 2020, approximately 37% of Scotland's seas are covered by the Scottish MPA network, which comprises a total of 244 sites.[1]

Designation

[edit]
The Loch Carron MPA is the site of the world's largest flame shell bed.[2]

As of December 2020, Scotland's MPA network comprises 244 sites protected under various conservation designations.[3] Many of these designations are the same as those used on land, such as Special Protection Areas (SPAs) and Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs).[4][5] This figure includes four sites designated in December 2020:[6][7] North-east Lewis; Shiant East Bank; Sea of the Hebrides; and the Southern Trench.

The legal framework for designating MPAs depends on the designation. For example, SSSIs are designated under the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004.[8] Where sites are not designated under other conservation legislation, MPAs are designated under one of two acts of parliament, depending on their location:

Sites are designated as MPAs under these acts for one of three purposes:[11]

  • Nature Conservation MPAs are designated to protect biodiversity.
  • Historical MPAs are used to protect sites such as marine wrecks and artefacts.
  • Demonstration and Research MPAs are designated to test novel approaches to marine management.

In addition to the statutory MPAs, five sites are recognized as part of the Scottish MPA network, categorized as "other area-based measures." Although these areas were not specifically created for nature conservation purposes, they are considered to contribute to the protection of marine biodiversity. The makeup of the network as of December 2020 is detailed in the table below:[3]

Purpose Designation Number
Nature Conservation Special Area of Conservation (SAC) 58
Nature Conservation Special Protection Area (SPA) 56
Nature Conservation Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) 65
Nature Conservation Ramsar 16
Nature Conservation Nature Conservation MPA 35
Total MPAs for nature conservation purposes 230
Demonstration and Research Demonstration and Research MPA 1
Historic Historic MPA 8
Other Area Based Measures 5
Total sites in Scottish MPA network 244

Management

[edit]

The lead body for the management of MPAs in Scotland is Marine Scotland. For nature conservation sites within territorial waters, NatureScot is responsible for developing the network, providing scientific advice to the Scottish Government on site selection, and advising Marine Scotland on management once sites are designated. The Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) fulfills this role for sites in offshore waters and also has a coordinating role for nature conservation across all the UK's offshore waters.[8] Historic Environment Scotland is responsible for managing historic MPAs.[12]

Activities undertaken in an MPA can be managed through voluntary measures or by implementing Marine Conservation Orders or Inshore Fishing Orders. Management measures, such as restrictions on the type of fishing gear that can be used, may be in place for all or part of an MPA and may only apply at certain times of the year.[11] Environmental groups have criticized the government for failing to enforce fishing rules around MPAs.[13]

List of MPAs

[edit]

These tables list those MPAs not covered by other designations (i.e. excluding SACs, SPAs, and SSSIs etc.) as of December 2020.[14][15]

Historic MPAs

[edit]
Name Size (ha) Date Type Advisory body
HMS Campania 7.1[16] 1 November 2013[17] Historic HES
HMS Dartmouth 0.8[18] 1 November 2013[19] Historic HES
Drumbeg 7.1[20] 18 March 2013[21] Historic HES
Duart Point 1.8[22] 1 November 2013[23] Historic HES
Iona I 2.5[24] 26 October 2016[25] Historic HES
Kinlochbervie 28.3[26] 1 November 2013[27] Historic HES
Mingary 19.6[28] 1 November 2013[29] Historic HES
Out Skerries 22.8[30] 1 November 2013[31] Historic HES

Nature Conservation MPAs

[edit]
Name Size (km2) Date Type Advisory body
Central Fladen 925 7 August 2014[32] Nature Conservation JNCC
Clyde Sea Sill 712 7 August 2014[33] Nature Conservation NatureScot
East Caithness Cliffs 114 7 August 2014[34] Nature Conservation NatureScot
East of Gannet and Montrose Fields 1839 7 August 2014[35] Nature Conservation JNCC
Faroe–Shetland Sponge Belt 5278 7 August 2014[36] Nature Conservation JNCC
Fetlar to Haroldswick 216 18 November 2016[37] Nature Conservation NatureScot
Firth of Forth Banks Complex 2130 7 August 2014[38] Nature Conservation JNCC
Geikie Slide and Hebridean Slope 2215 7 August 2014[39] Nature Conservation JNCC
Hatton-Rockall Basin 1256 7 August 2014[40] Nature Conservation JNCC
Loch Carron 23 19 May 2019[41] Nature Conservation NatureScot
Loch Creran 12 7 August 2014[42] Nature Conservation NatureScot
Loch Sunart 49 7 August 2014[43] Nature Conservation NatureScot
Loch Sunart to the Sound of Jura 741 7 August 2014[44] Nature Conservation NatureScot
Loch Sween 41 7 August 2014[45] Nature Conservation NatureScot
Lochs Duich, Long and Alsh 37 7 August 2014[46] Nature Conservation NatureScot
Monach Isles 62 7 August 2014[47] Nature Conservation NatureScot
Mousa to Boddam 13 7 August 2014[48] Nature Conservation NatureScot
North-east Faroe–Shetland Channel 23682 7 August 2014[49] Nature Conservation JNCC
North-east Lewis 90700 3 December 2020[50] Nature Conservation NatureScot
North-west Orkney 4365 7 August 2014[51] Nature Conservation JNCC
Norwegian Boundary Sediment Plain 164 7 August 2014[52] Nature Conservation JNCC
Noss Head 8 7 August 2014[53] Nature Conservation NatureScot
Red Rocks and Longay 12 16 December 2021[54] Nature Conservation NatureScot
Papa Westray 33 7 August 2014[55] Nature Conservation NatureScot
Sea of the Hebrides 10039 3 December 2020[56] Nature Conservation NatureScot
Shiant East Bank 25200 3 December 2020[57] Nature Conservation NatureScot
Small Isles 803 18 November 2016[58] Nature Conservation NatureScot
Southern Trench 239800 3 December 2020[59] Nature Conservation NatureScot
South Arran 280 7 August 2014[60] Nature Conservation NatureScot
The Barra Fan and Hebrides Terrace Seamount 4373 7 August 2014[61] Nature Conservation JNCC
Turbot Bank 251 7 August 2014[62] Nature Conservation JNCC
Upper Loch Fyne and Loch Goil 88 7 August 2014[63] Nature Conservation NatureScot
West of Scotland 107773 9 October 2020[64] Nature Conservation JNCC
West Shetland Shelf 4083 7 August 2014[65] Nature Conservation JNCC
Wester Ross 599 7 August 2014[66] Nature Conservation NatureScot
Wyre and Rousay Sounds 16 7 August 2014[67] Nature Conservation NatureScot

Demonstration and Research MPA

[edit]

There is one Demonstration and Research Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the waters surrounding Fair Isle. This MPA was designated on 9 November 2016.[68] The aims of this MPA designation are defined as follows:

To demonstrate and research the use of an ecosystem approach, which includes the following -

a) the environmental monitoring of seabirds and of other mobile marine species;
b) the environmental monitoring of the factors which influence the populations of seabirds and of other mobile species;
c) the development and implementation of a local sustainable shellfish fishery;
d) the development of a research programme into local fisheries which includes research on species composition, size, distribution and temporal and spatial changes in fish stocks;

e) based upon the research undertaken under sub-paragraph (d), the development of a sustainable-use management programme for local fisheries.

— Scottish Government[69]

Other area based measures

[edit]
Name Size (km2)
East Coast of Scotland (sand eels) 21,320[70]
West of Scotland (blue ling) 6,009[70]
Rosemary Bank (blue ling) 8,955[70]
West Rockall Mound 5,124[70]
North West Rockall 346[70]

Proposed NCMPAs

[edit]

As of 2020, two additional Historic Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been proposed, following a consultation exercise conducted by Historic Environment Scotland that closed on 27 November.[71] The two proposed sites are:[72]

References

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • "Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report" (PDF). Scottish Government. December 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2019.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "Scotland's Marine Protected Areas". NatureScot. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  2. ^ "Plan to give Loch Carron permanent protection". BBC. 2018-03-21. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
  3. ^ a b "Scotland's Marine Protected Area Network". NatureScot. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  4. ^ Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report. p. 11.
  5. ^ Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report. p. 32.
  6. ^ "New sites given special status to protect marine life". BBC. 3 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  7. ^ "2019 Possible Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas Consultation". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  8. ^ a b "Different Types of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Scotland" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage. 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  9. ^ Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report. p. 5.
  10. ^ Javier González-Álvarez (November 2012). "Valuing the Benefits of Designating a Network of Scottish MPAs in Territorial and Offshore Waters" (PDF). p. 3. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  11. ^ a b "Possible Marine Protected Area Consultation - Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage. June 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  12. ^ "Scotland's Historic Marine Protected Areas". Historic Environment Scotland. 14 June 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  13. ^ "Fines to rogue fishermen fall and illegal fishing escapes prosecution". The Ferret. 2019-10-06. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
  14. ^ "SiteLink". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  15. ^ "Search". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  16. ^ "Historic Marine Protected Area: Campania". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  17. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Campania Historic MPA (HMPA4)". Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  18. ^ "Historic Marine Protected Area: Dartmouth". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  19. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Dartmouth Historic MPA (HMPA6)". Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  20. ^ "Historic Marine Protected Area: Drumbeg". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  21. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Drumbeg Historic MPA (HMPA1)". Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  22. ^ "Historic Marine Protect Area: Duart Point". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  23. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Duart Point Historic MPA (HMPA7)". Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  24. ^ "Historic Marine Protected Area: Iona I". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  25. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Iona I (HMPA8)". Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  26. ^ "Historic Marine Protected Area: Kinlochbervie". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  27. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Kinlochbervie Historic MPA (HMPA3)". Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  28. ^ "Historic Marine Protected Area: Mingary". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  29. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Mingary Historic MPA (HMPA2)". Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  30. ^ "Historic Marine Protected Area: Out Skerries". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  31. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Out Skerries Historic MPA (HMPA5)". Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  32. ^ "SiteLink: Central Fladen MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  33. ^ "SiteLink: Clyde Sea Sill MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  34. ^ "SiteLink: East Caithness Cliffs MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  35. ^ "SiteLink: East of Gannet and Montrose Fields MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  36. ^ "SiteLink: Faroe-Shetland Sponge Belt MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  37. ^ "SiteLink: Fetlar to Haroldswick MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  38. ^ "SiteLink: Firth of Forth Banks Complex MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  39. ^ "SiteLink: Geikie Slide and Hebridean Slope MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  40. ^ "SiteLink: Hatton-Rockall Basin MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  41. ^ "SiteLink: Loch Carron MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  42. ^ "SiteLink: Loch Creran MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  43. ^ "SiteLink: Loch Sunart MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  44. ^ "SiteLink: Loch Sunart to the Sound of Jura MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  45. ^ "SiteLink: Loch Sween MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  46. ^ "SiteLink: Lochs Duich, Long and Alsh MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  47. ^ "SiteLink: Monach Isles MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  48. ^ "SiteLink: Mousa to Boddam MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  49. ^ "SiteLink: North-east Faroe-Shetland Channel MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  50. ^ "SiteLink: North-east Lewis MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  51. ^ "SiteLink: North-west Orkney MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  52. ^ "SiteLink: Norwegian Boundary Sediment Plain MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  53. ^ "SiteLink: Noss Head MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  54. ^ "SiteLink: Red Rocks and Longay MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  55. ^ "SiteLink: Papa Westray MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  56. ^ "SiteLink: Sea of the Hebrides MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  57. ^ "SiteLink: Shiant East Bank MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  58. ^ "SiteLink: Small Isles MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  59. ^ "SiteLink: Southern Trench MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  60. ^ "SiteLink: South Arran MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  61. ^ "SiteLink: The Barra Fan and Hebrides Terrace Seamount MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  62. ^ "SiteLink: Turbot Bank MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  63. ^ "SiteLink: Upper Loch Fyne and Loch Goil MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  64. ^ "SiteLink: West of Scotland MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  65. ^ "SiteLink: West Shetland Shelf MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  66. ^ "SiteLink: Wester Ross MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  67. ^ "SiteLink: Wyre and Rousay Sounds MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  68. ^ "Fair Isle MPA (DR)". NatureScot.
  69. ^ Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report. p. 45
  70. ^ a b c d e Scottish MPA network - Parliamentary Report. p. 31.
  71. ^ "Proposal to designate two historic marine protected areas: consultation. Appendix A". Scottish Government. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  72. ^ "Proposal to designate two historic marine protected areas: consultation. The Proposals)". Scottish Government. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
[edit]
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