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[[File:Melanocytoma Histopathology HE20x.jpg|thumb]]
A '''melanocytoma''' is a rare pigmented tumor that has been described as a variant of the [[melanocytic nevus]].<ref name="Shields2006"/> It is most commonly seen on or adjacent to the [[optic nerve]]<ref name="Reidy1985">{{cite journal|last1=Reidy|first1=James J.|last2=Apple|first2=David J.|last3=Steinmetz|first3=Robert L.|last4=Craythorn|first4=Judy M.|last5=Loftfield|first5=Katherine|last6=Gieser|first6=Stephen C.|last7=Brady|first7=Steven E.|title=Melanocytoma: Nomenclature, pathogenesis, natural history and treatment|journal=Survey of Ophthalmology|volume=29|issue=5|year=1985|pages=319–327|issn=00396257|doi=10.1016/0039-6257(85)90107-9}}</ref> but also on the [[Meninges#Leptomeninges|leptomeninge]]s of the brain or spine.<ref name=schindler>{{cite journal |author=Schindler CU, Kuchelmeister K, Richter HP, Schachenmayr W |title=Das meningeale Melanozytom|journal=Pathologe |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=325–9 |year=1998 ||pmid=9746920}}</ref><ref name="Reidy1985"/><ref name=wang>F. Wang u. a.: ''Malignant transformation of spinal meningeal melanocytoma. Case report and review of the literature.'' In: ''[[Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine]]'' 6, 2007, S.&nbsp;451–454. PMID 17542513 (Review)</ref> Meningeal melonocytomas are usually found in the area of the base of the brain and brain stem.<ref name="SethiDuhan2011">{{cite journal|last1=Sethi|first1=Divya|last2=Duhan|first2=Amrita|last3=Sen|first3=Rajeev|last4=Goyal|first4=Vandana|last5=Modi|first5=Shilpi|title=Spinal meningeal melanocytoma|journal=Asian Journal of Neurosurgery|volume=6|issue=2|year=2011|pages=111|issn=1793-5482|doi=10.4103/1793-5482.92176}}</ref>
A '''melanocytoma''' is a rare pigmented tumor that has been described as a variant of the [[melanocytic nevus]]<ref name="Shields2006"/> and is derived from the [[neural crest]].<ref name="SethiDuhan2011">{{cite journal|last1=Sethi|first1=Divya|last2=Duhan|first2=Amrita|last3=Sen|first3=Rajeev|last4=Goyal|first4=Vandana|last5=Modi|first5=Shilpi|title=Spinal meningeal melanocytoma|journal=Asian Journal of Neurosurgery|volume=6|issue=2|year=2011|pages=110–2|issn=1793-5482|doi=10.4103/1793-5482.92176|pmid=22347335|pmc=3277064 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The term "melanocytoma" was introduced by Limas and Tio in 1972.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Limas C, Tio FO| title=Meningeal melanocytoma ("melanotic meningioma"). Its melanocytic origin as revealed by electron microscopy| journal= Cancer| volume=30| issue=5| pages=1286–94| pmid=4343293| year=1972| doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197211)30:5<1286::aid-cncr2820300522>3.0.co;2-v| doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=shanti/>


==Histology==
While the melanocytoma is generally considered to be a benign tumor,<ref name="Reidy1985"/> it has a potential for growth, recurrence, and transformation to a [[malignant melanoma]].<ref name="Mohmad2011">{{cite journal|last1=Mohmad|first1=Zalilawati|last2=Aik Kah|first2=Tan|last3=Chui Yong|first3=Ku|last4=Wan Abdul Halim|first4=Wan Haslina|last5=Kong Yong|first5=Then|title=Melanocytoma of the optic nerve head - a diagnostic dilemma|journal=Clinics and Practice|volume=1|issue=3|year=2011|pages=60|issn=2039-7283|doi=10.4081/cp.2011.e60}}</ref><ref>P. M. Sharma u. a.: ''Malignant transformation of optic disc melanocytoma? A clinical dilemma at presentation with a review of the literature.'' In: ''Ophthalmologica'' 216, 2002, S.&nbsp;292–295. PMID 12207136 (Review).</ref><ref name=wang/> A patient whose melanocytoma grew aggressively leading to a fatal outcome was described by Bydon et al.<ref name="BydonGutierrez2003">{{cite journal|last1=Bydon|first1=Ali|last2=Gutierrez|first2=Jorge A.|last3=Mahmood|first3=Asim|title=Meningeal Melanocytoma: An Aggressive Course for a Benign Tumor| journal=Journal of Neuro-Oncology|volume=64|issue=3|year=2003|pages=259–263|issn=0167594X|doi=10.1023/A:1025628802228}}</ref>
⚫
Histologically, the tumor is characterized by large, uniformly shaped polyhedral nevus cells that are pigmented and closely packed.<ref name="Mohmad2011"/> Typically, it lacks signs of malignancy, such as a high mitotic rate, necrosis, or infiltrative growth.<ref name=schindler/> Similar to malignant melanoma, it exhibits an immunohistochemical profile with S-100 protein-, vimentin-, and HMB-45-positive tumor cells.<ref name=schindler/>


==Optic melanocytoma==
⚫
Histologically, the tumor is described by large, uniformly shaped polyhedral nevus cells that are pigmented and closely packed<ref name="Mohmad2011"/> Typically, it lacks signs of malignancy such as high mitotic rate, necroses or infiltrative growth.<ref name=schindler/> Like the malignant melanoma, it shows an immunohistological profile with S-100 protein-, vimentin- and HMB-45-positive tumor cells.<ref name=schindler/>
⚫
{{see|Optic nerve tumor}}
A melanocytoma most commonly occurs on or adjacent to the [[optic nerve]]<ref name="Reidy1985">{{cite journal|last1=Reidy|first1=James J.|last2=Apple|first2=David J.|last3=Steinmetz|first3=Robert L.|last4=Craythorn|first4=Judy M.|last5=Loftfield|first5=Katherine|last6=Gieser|first6=Stephen C.|last7=Brady|first7=Steven E.|title=Melanocytoma: Nomenclature, pathogenesis, natural history and treatment|journal=Survey of Ophthalmology|volume=29|issue=5|year=1985|pages=319–327|issn=0039-6257|doi=10.1016/0039-6257(85)90107-9|pmid=3992470}}</ref> as an optic melanocytoma. The lesion can be found at any age, and its location and size may lead to clinical symptoms. While melanocytomas are generally considered to be benign tumors,<ref name="Reidy1985"/> they have the potential for growth, recurrence, and transformation into [[malignant melanoma]].<ref name="Mohmad2011">{{cite journal|last1=Mohmad|first1=Zalilawati|last2=Aik Kah|first2=Tan|last3=Chui Yong|first3=Ku|last4=Wan Abdul Halim|first4=Wan Haslina|last5=Kong Yong|first5=Then|title=Melanocytoma of the optic nerve head - a diagnostic dilemma|journal=Clinics and Practice|volume=1|issue=3|year=2011|pages=60|issn=2039-7283|doi=10.4081/cp.2011.e60|pmid=24765321|pmc=3981369}}</ref> Because malignant transformation is rare, optic melanocytomas can usually be managed with observation.<ref name="Shields2006">{{cite journal|last1=Shields|first1=Jerry A.|last2=Demirci|first2=Hakan|last3=Mashayekhi|first3=Arman|last4=Eagle|first4=Ralph C.|last5=Shields|first5=Carol L.|title=Melanocytoma of the Optic Disk: A Review|journal=Survey of Ophthalmology|volume=51|issue=2|year=2006|pages=93–104|issn=0039-6257|doi=10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.12.011|pmid=16500211|url=https://jdc.jefferson.edu/willsfp/104}}</ref> Therefore, in asymptomatic patients, regular monitoring via fundoscopy is recommended, potentially supported by ocular ultrasonography.<ref>P. M. Sharma u. a.: ''Malignant transformation of optic disc melanocytoma? A clinical dilemma at presentation with a review of the literature.'' In: ''Ophthalmologica'' 216, 2002, S. 292–295. {{PMID|12207136}} (Review).</ref><ref name=murray2010/><ref name="Lisker-CervantesAncona-Lezama2017">{{cite journal|last1=Lisker-Cervantes|first1=Andrés|last2=Ancona-Lezama|first2=David Arturo|last3=Arroyo-Garza|first3=Luis Javier|last4=Martinez|first4=Jaime D.|last5=Barreiro|first5=Roberta Gomez Diaz|last6=Valdepeña-López-Velarde|first6=Victor Daniel|last7=Morales-Canton|first7=Virgilio|last8=Moragrega-Adame|first8=Eduardo|title=Ocular ultrasound findings in optic disk melanocytoma|journal=Revista Mexicana de Oftalmología|volume=91|issue=6|year=2017|pages=316–320|issn=0187-4519|doi=10.1016/j.mexoft.2017.03.003|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Meningeal melanocytoma==
A meningeal melanocytoma is a rare, pigmented tumor found on the [[Meninges#Leptomeninges|leptomeninges]] of the brain,<ref name=schindler>{{cite journal |author=Schindler CU, Kuchelmeister K, Richter HP, Schachenmayr W |title=Das meningeale Melanozytom|journal=Pathologe |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=325–9 |year=1998 |pmid=9746920|doi=10.1007/s002920050292|s2cid=41524594}}</ref><ref name="Reidy1985"/> typically in the area of the base of the brain and brainstem,<ref name="SethiDuhan2011">{{cite journal|last1=Sethi|first1=Divya|last2=Duhan|first2=Amrita|last3=Sen|first3=Rajeev|last4=Goyal|first4=Vandana|last5=Modi|first5=Shilpi|title=Spinal meningeal melanocytoma|journal=Asian Journal of Neurosurgery|volume=6|issue=2|year=2011|pages=110–2|issn=1793-5482|doi=10.4103/1793-5482.92176|pmid=22347335|pmc=3277064 |doi-access=free }}</ref> or the spine.<ref name=shanti>{{cite journal|last1=Shanthi|first1=Vissa|last2=Ramakrishna|first2=BA|last3=Bheemaraju|first3=Vydehi Venkata|last4=Rao|first4=Nandam Mohan|last5=Athota|first5=Venkata Ramana Murthy|title=Spinal meningeal melanocytoma: A rare meningeal tumor|journal=Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology|volume=13|issue=4|year=2010|pages=308–10|issn=0972-2327|doi=10.4103/0972-2327.74192|pmid=21264144|pmc=3021939 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=wang>{{Cite journal |pmid = 17542513|year = 2007|last1 = Wang|first1 = F.|title = Malignant transformation of spinal meningeal melanocytoma. Case report and review of the literature|journal = Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine|volume = 6|issue = 5|pages = 451–4|last2 = Li|first2 = X.|last3 = Chen|first3 = L.|last4 = Pu|first4 = X.|doi = 10.3171/spi.2007.6.5.451}}</ref> Symptoms may be absent or related to the tumor's growth and location. Similar to optic melanocytomas, the main concerns include growth, recurrence, and malignant transformation. Meningeal melanocytomas account for 0.06-0.1% of brain tumors.<ref name="Elazim">{{cite journal|last1=Elazim|first1=Ahmed Abd|last2=Elbadry|first2=Rasha|last3=Mohamed|first3=Kazim|last4=Issa|first4=Mamdouh|last5=Ayyad|first5=Ali|title=Primary meningeal melanocytoma of the cerebellopontine angle associated with ipsilateral nevus of Ota: A case report|journal=Surgical Neurology International|volume=9|issue=1|year=2018|pages=245|issn=2152-7806|doi=10.4103/sni.sni_235_18|pmid=30613434|pmc=6293867 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In a 2003 review of 95 cases by Rahimi-Movaghar et al., 45 were intracranial (mostly [[Supratentorial region|supratentorial]]) and 50 were spinal or located along spinal roots.<ref name=Rahimi-Movaghar>{{cite journal|last1=Rahimi-Movaghar|first1=Vafa|last2=Karimi|first2=Mehrbod|title=Meningeal melanocytoma of the brain and oculodermal melanocytosis (nevus of Ota): case report and literature review|journal=Surgical Neurology|volume=59|issue=3|year=2003|pages=200–210|issn=0090-3019|doi=10.1016/S0090-3019(02)01052-2|pmid=12681556}}</ref> The authors noted that the median age was 40 years for patients with intracranial tumors and 49 years for those with spinal tumors. The lesions were more common in women (57.9%). The review reported a recurrence rate of 26.3% and a mortality rate of 10.5% over a 46-month period.<ref name=Rahimi-Movaghar/>

A 2001 review by Rades et al. concluded that complete resection is the best treatment option.<ref name=rades>{{cite journal|last1=Rades|first1=Dirk|last2=Heidenreich|first2=Fedor|last3=Tatagiba|first3=Marcos|last4=Brandis|first4=Almuth|last5=Karstens|first5=Johann Hinrich|title=Therapeutic options for meningeal melanocytoma|journal=Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine|volume=95|issue=2|year=2001|pages=225–231|issn=1547-5654|doi=10.3171/spi.2001.95.2.0225|pmid=11599841}}</ref> If resection is incomplete, postoperative [[radiotherapy]] is recommended.{{cn|date=July 2021}}

==Differential diagnosis==
⚫
Pigmented tumors can raise concerns about the possibility of a [[malignant melanoma]], a condition that may present both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.<ref name=murray2010>{{cite journal|last1=Murray|first1=Timothy G.|title=Clinical imaging and high-resolution ultrasonography in melanocytoma management|journal=Clinical Ophthalmology|year=2010|volume=4|pages=855–859|issn=1177-5483|doi=10.2147/OPTH.S11891|pmid=20714362|pmc=2921292|doi-access=free}}</ref> In the differential diagnosis, other conditions such as [[schwannoma]] and [[meningioma]] with pigmentation should also be considered.<ref name=wang></ref>

==Veterinary medicine==
Melanocytomas have been described in animals, including dogs and cats.<ref>{{Cite journal |pmid = 17824163|pmc = 1899854|year = 2007|last1 = Martens|first1 = A. L.|title = Unusual presentation of an anterior uveal melanocytoma in a 3-year-old poodle|journal = The Canadian Veterinary Journal |volume = 48|issue = 7|pages = 748–750}}</ref><ref>Wilcock B, Dubielzig R.R., Render J.A. Histological Classification of Ocular and Otic Tumors of Domestic Animals. In: Schulman F.Y., editor. WHO International Histological Classification of Tumors of Domestic Animals. IX. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; Washington, D.C.: 2002.</ref>


==Management==
⚫
Pigmented tumors raise the possibility of a [[malignant melanoma]], a condition that may present diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas.<ref name=murray2010>{{cite journal|last1=Timothy Murray|first1=Timothy G.|title=Clinical imaging and high-resolution ultrasonography in melanocytoma management|journal=Clinical Ophthalmology|year=2010|pages=855|issn=1177-5483|doi=10.2147/OPTH.S11891}}</ref> In the differential diagnosis, [[schwannoma]] and [[meningioma]] with pigmentation are to be considered as well.<ref name=wang/>
Because malignant transformation is rare, optical melanocytomas can usually be observed.<ref name="Shields2006">{{cite journal|last1=Shields|first1=Jerry A.|last2=Demirci|first2=Hakan|last3=Mashayekhi|first3=Arman|last4=Eagle|first4=Ralph C.|last5=Shields|first5=Carol L.|title=Melanocytoma of the Optic Disk: A Review|journal=Survey of Ophthalmology|volume=51|issue=2|year=2006|pages=93–104|issn=00396257|doi=10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.12.011}}</ref> Besides [[fundoscopy]], ocular [[ultrasound]] may be helpful.<ref name=murray2010/><ref name="Lisker-CervantesAncona-Lezama2017">{{cite journal|last1=Lisker-Cervantes|first1=Andrés|last2=Ancona-Lezama|first2=David Arturo|last3=Arroyo-Garza|first3=Luis Javier|last4=Martinez|first4=Jaime D.|last5=Barreiro|first5=Roberta Gomez Diaz|last6=Valdepeña-López-Velarde|first6=Victor Daniel|last7=Morales-Canton|first7=Virgilio|last8=Moragrega-Adame|first8=Eduardo|title=Ocular ultrasound findings in optic disk melanocytoma|journal=Revista Mexicana de Oftalmología|volume=91|issue=6|year=2017|pages=316–320|issn=01874519|doi=10.1016/j.mexoft.2017.03.003}}</ref> Regarding meningeal melanocytomas, a review by Rades et al concludes that complete resection is the best treatment.<ref name=rades>{{cite journal|last1=Rades|first1=Dirk|last2=Heidenreich|first2=Fedor|last3=Tatagiba|first3=Marcos|last4=Brandis|first4=Almuth|last5=Karstens|first5=Johann Hinrich|title=Therapeutic options for meningeal melanocytoma|journal=Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine|volume=95|issue=2|year=2001|pages=225–231|issn=1547-5654|doi=10.3171/spi.2001.95.2.0225}}</ref> If resection is incomplete, postoperative [[radiotherapy]] should be applied.
==See also==
==See also==
⚫
* [[Optic nerve tumor]]
* [[Dermal melanocytoma]]
* [[Dermal melanocytoma]]
* [[Melanocytic tumors of uncertain malignant potential]]
* [[Melanocytic tumors of uncertain malignant potential]]
Line 15: Line 28:
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist|30em}}



[[Category:Ocular neoplasia]]
[[Category:Ocular neoplasia]]
[[Category:Begnign tumors]]
[[Category:Brain tumor]]
[[Category:Brain tumor]]
[[Category:Nervous system neoplasia]]
[[Category:Nervous system neoplasia]]
[[Category:Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms]]

Latest revision as of 07:36, 9 August 2024

A melanocytoma is a rare pigmented tumor that has been described as a variant of the melanocytic nevus[1] and is derived from the neural crest.[2] The term "melanocytoma" was introduced by Limas and Tio in 1972.[3][4]

Histology

[edit]

Histologically, the tumor is characterized by large, uniformly shaped polyhedral nevus cells that are pigmented and closely packed.[5] Typically, it lacks signs of malignancy, such as a high mitotic rate, necrosis, or infiltrative growth.[6] Similar to malignant melanoma, it exhibits an immunohistochemical profile with S-100 protein-, vimentin-, and HMB-45-positive tumor cells.[6]

Optic melanocytoma

[edit]
Further information: Optic nerve tumor

A melanocytoma most commonly occurs on or adjacent to the optic nerve[7] as an optic melanocytoma. The lesion can be found at any age, and its location and size may lead to clinical symptoms. While melanocytomas are generally considered to be benign tumors,[7] they have the potential for growth, recurrence, and transformation into malignant melanoma.[5] Because malignant transformation is rare, optic melanocytomas can usually be managed with observation.[1] Therefore, in asymptomatic patients, regular monitoring via fundoscopy is recommended, potentially supported by ocular ultrasonography.[8][9][10]

Meningeal melanocytoma

[edit]

A meningeal melanocytoma is a rare, pigmented tumor found on the leptomeninges of the brain,[6][7] typically in the area of the base of the brain and brainstem,[2] or the spine.[4][11] Symptoms may be absent or related to the tumor's growth and location. Similar to optic melanocytomas, the main concerns include growth, recurrence, and malignant transformation. Meningeal melanocytomas account for 0.06-0.1% of brain tumors.[12]

In a 2003 review of 95 cases by Rahimi-Movaghar et al., 45 were intracranial (mostly supratentorial) and 50 were spinal or located along spinal roots.[13] The authors noted that the median age was 40 years for patients with intracranial tumors and 49 years for those with spinal tumors. The lesions were more common in women (57.9%). The review reported a recurrence rate of 26.3% and a mortality rate of 10.5% over a 46-month period.[13]

A 2001 review by Rades et al. concluded that complete resection is the best treatment option.[14] If resection is incomplete, postoperative radiotherapy is recommended.[citation needed]

Differential diagnosis

[edit]

Pigmented tumors can raise concerns about the possibility of a malignant melanoma, a condition that may present both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.[9] In the differential diagnosis, other conditions such as schwannoma and meningioma with pigmentation should also be considered.[11]

Veterinary medicine

[edit]

Melanocytomas have been described in animals, including dogs and cats.[15][16]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Shields, Jerry A.; Demirci, Hakan; Mashayekhi, Arman; Eagle, Ralph C.; Shields, Carol L. (2006). "Melanocytoma of the Optic Disk: A Review". Survey of Ophthalmology. 51 (2): 93–104. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.12.011. ISSN 0039-6257. PMID 16500211.
  2. ^ a b Sethi, Divya; Duhan, Amrita; Sen, Rajeev; Goyal, Vandana; Modi, Shilpi (2011). "Spinal meningeal melanocytoma". Asian Journal of Neurosurgery. 6 (2): 110–2. doi:10.4103/1793-5482.92176. ISSN 1793-5482. PMC 3277064. PMID 22347335.
  3. ^ Limas C, Tio FO (1972). "Meningeal melanocytoma ("melanotic meningioma"). Its melanocytic origin as revealed by electron microscopy". Cancer. 30 (5): 1286–94. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197211)30:5<1286::aid-cncr2820300522>3.0.co;2-v. PMID 4343293.
  4. ^ a b Shanthi, Vissa; Ramakrishna, BA; Bheemaraju, Vydehi Venkata; Rao, Nandam Mohan; Athota, Venkata Ramana Murthy (2010). "Spinal meningeal melanocytoma: A rare meningeal tumor". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 13 (4): 308–10. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.74192. ISSN 0972-2327. PMC 3021939. PMID 21264144.
  5. ^ a b Mohmad, Zalilawati; Aik Kah, Tan; Chui Yong, Ku; Wan Abdul Halim, Wan Haslina; Kong Yong, Then (2011). "Melanocytoma of the optic nerve head - a diagnostic dilemma". Clinics and Practice. 1 (3): 60. doi:10.4081/cp.2011.e60. ISSN 2039-7283. PMC 3981369. PMID 24765321.
  6. ^ a b c Schindler CU, Kuchelmeister K, Richter HP, Schachenmayr W (1998). "Das meningeale Melanozytom". Pathologe. 19 (4): 325–9. doi:10.1007/s002920050292. PMID 9746920. S2CID 41524594.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b c Reidy, James J.; Apple, David J.; Steinmetz, Robert L.; Craythorn, Judy M.; Loftfield, Katherine; Gieser, Stephen C.; Brady, Steven E. (1985). "Melanocytoma: Nomenclature, pathogenesis, natural history and treatment". Survey of Ophthalmology. 29 (5): 319–327. doi:10.1016/0039-6257(85)90107-9. ISSN 0039-6257. PMID 3992470.
  8. ^ P. M. Sharma u. a.: Malignant transformation of optic disc melanocytoma? A clinical dilemma at presentation with a review of the literature. In: Ophthalmologica 216, 2002, S. 292–295. PMID 12207136 (Review).
  9. ^ a b Murray, Timothy G. (2010). "Clinical imaging and high-resolution ultrasonography in melanocytoma management". Clinical Ophthalmology. 4: 855–859. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S11891. ISSN 1177-5483. PMC 2921292. PMID 20714362.
  10. ^ Lisker-Cervantes, Andrés; Ancona-Lezama, David Arturo; Arroyo-Garza, Luis Javier; Martinez, Jaime D.; Barreiro, Roberta Gomez Diaz; Valdepeña-López-Velarde, Victor Daniel; Morales-Canton, Virgilio; Moragrega-Adame, Eduardo (2017). "Ocular ultrasound findings in optic disk melanocytoma". Revista Mexicana de Oftalmología. 91 (6): 316–320. doi:10.1016/j.mexoft.2017.03.003. ISSN 0187-4519.
  11. ^ a b Wang, F.; Li, X.; Chen, L.; Pu, X. (2007). "Malignant transformation of spinal meningeal melanocytoma. Case report and review of the literature". Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 6 (5): 451–4. doi:10.3171/spi.2007.6.5.451. PMID 17542513.
  12. ^ Elazim, Ahmed Abd; Elbadry, Rasha; Mohamed, Kazim; Issa, Mamdouh; Ayyad, Ali (2018). "Primary meningeal melanocytoma of the cerebellopontine angle associated with ipsilateral nevus of Ota: A case report". Surgical Neurology International. 9 (1): 245. doi:10.4103/sni.sni_235_18. ISSN 2152-7806. PMC 6293867. PMID 30613434.
  13. ^ a b Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Karimi, Mehrbod (2003). "Meningeal melanocytoma of the brain and oculodermal melanocytosis (nevus of Ota): case report and literature review". Surgical Neurology. 59 (3): 200–210. doi:10.1016/S0090-3019(02)01052-2. ISSN 0090-3019. PMID 12681556.
  14. ^ Rades, Dirk; Heidenreich, Fedor; Tatagiba, Marcos; Brandis, Almuth; Karstens, Johann Hinrich (2001). "Therapeutic options for meningeal melanocytoma". Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 95 (2): 225–231. doi:10.3171/spi.2001.95.2.0225. ISSN 1547-5654. PMID 11599841.
  15. ^ Martens, A. L. (2007). "Unusual presentation of an anterior uveal melanocytoma in a 3-year-old poodle". The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 48 (7): 748–750. PMC 1899854. PMID 17824163.
  16. ^ Wilcock B, Dubielzig R.R., Render J.A. Histological Classification of Ocular and Otic Tumors of Domestic Animals. In: Schulman F.Y., editor. WHO International Histological Classification of Tumors of Domestic Animals. IX. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; Washington, D.C.: 2002.
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