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{{short description|Consonantal sound}}
The '''voiceless retroflex affricate''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbols in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound are {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂ]}}, sometimes simplified to {{IPA|[tʂ]}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is ts\. The affricate occurs in a number of languages; [[Mandarin Chinese]] contrasts an [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] and non-aspirated form (''ch'' and ''zh'' respectively), a number of [[Northwest Caucasian languages]] have retroflex affricates that contrast in secondary articulations like labialization.
{{infobox IPA
|ipa number=105 (136)
|ipa symbol=ʈʂ
|ipa symbol2=ꭧ
|decimal1=648
|decimal2=865
|decimal3=642
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0xAB67.svg
|imagesize=150px
|x-sampa=ts`
}}


The '''voiceless retroflex sibilant affricate''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|t̠&#865;ʂ}}, sometimes simplified to {{angbr IPA|tʂ}} or {{angbr IPA|ꭧ}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>ts`</code>. Its apical variant is {{angbr IPA|ʈ̺͡ʂ̺}} and laminal variant {{angbr IPA|ʈ̻͡ʂ̻}}.
==Features==


The affricate occurs in a number of languages:
Features of the voiceless retroflex affricate:
*[[Asturian language|Asturian]]: Speakers of the western dialects of this language use it instead of the [[voiced palatal fricative]], writing [[Ḷ|ḷḷ]] instead of [[ll]].
*[[Slavic languages]]: Polish, Belarusian, Old [[Czech language|Czech]], Serbo-Croatian; some speakers of Russian may use it instead of the [[voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate]].
*a number of [[Northwest Caucasian languages]] have retroflex affricates that contrast in secondary articulations like labialization.
*[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] and other [[Sinitic languages]].


==Features==
* Its [[manner of articulation]] is [[Sibilant consonant|sibilant]] [[affricate consonant|affricate]], which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then directing it through a groove in the tongue and over the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency [[turbulence]].
Features of the voiceless retroflex affricate:
* Its [[place of articulation]] is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue curled up, but more generally means that it is [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] without being [[palatalization|palatalized]].
{{sibilant affricate}}
* Its [[phonation]] type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibration of the vocal cords.
* Its [[place of articulation]] is [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]], which prototypically means {{cnspan|it is articulated [[Subapical consonant|subapical]] (with the tip of the tongue curled up)|date=October 2023}}, but more generally, it means that it is [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] without being [[palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]]. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be [[apical consonant|apical]] (pointed) or [[laminal consonant|laminal]] (flat).
* It is an [[oral consonant]], which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
{{voiceless}}
* It is a [[central consonant]], which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
{{oral}}
* The [[airstream mechanism]] is [[pulmonic egressive]], which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the [[lung]]s and through the vocal tract, rather than from the [[glottis]] or the mouth.
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}


==Occurrence==
==Occurrence==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
|-
|colspan=2| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|ady-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''чъ'''ыгы]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Ady-чъыгы.oga|[t͡ʂəɣə]}} || 'tree' ||
| align="center"| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]||align="center"|[[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Wu|1984|p=?}}</ref> ||align="center"| {{lang|zh-cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|中文]]}}/{{lang|zh-cmn-Latn|[[Hanyu Pinyin|'''''Zh'''ōngwén'']]}} ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂʊŋ˥ uən˧˥]}}||align="center"|'Chinese'|| Contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Standard Mandarin]]
|-
|-
| [[Asturian language|Asturian]] || Some dialects<ref>{{cite book |lang=ast |url=http://www.academiadelallingua.com/diccionariu/normes.pdf |title=Normes ortográfiques |author=Academia de la Llingua Asturiana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323072940/http://www.academiadelallingua.com/diccionariu/normes.pdf |archive-date=2013-03-23 |page=14 |edition=6th revised |isbn=84-8168-394-9}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|García Arias|2003|p=34}}</ref> || {{lang|ast|'''ḷḷ'''obu}} || {{IPA|[t̠͡ʂoβu]}} || 'wolf' || Corresponds to standard {{IPA|/ʎ/}}.
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Polish language|Polish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jassem|2003|p=103}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hamann|2004|p=65}}</ref> ||align="center"| {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''''cz'''as'']]}} ||align="center"| {{Audio-IPA|Czas.ogg|[ʈ͡ʂas] }}||align="center"| 'time'|| See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] ||align="center"| {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|'''ч'''отири]]}} ||align="center"| {{IPA|[t͡ʂo̞ˈtɪrɪ]}}||align="center"| 'four' || See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|colspan=2| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] || {{lang|be|[[Belarusian alphabet|па'''ч'''атак]]}} || {{IPA|[pat̠͡ʂatak]}} || 'the beginning' || Laminal. See [[Belarusian phonology]]
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Wu|1984|p=?}}</ref> || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|中文]]}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Hanyu Pinyin|'''Zh'''ōngwén]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|zh-zhōngwén.ogg|[ʈ̺͡ʂ̺ʊŋ˥ u̯ən˧˥]}}|| 'Chinese language' || Apical.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Lee |first1=Wai-Sum |title=An articulatory and acoustical analysis of the syllable-initial sibilants and approximant in Beijing Mandarin |conference=Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences |date=1999 |pages=413–416 |s2cid=51828449 |url=https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS1999/papers/p14_0413.pdf }}</ref> Contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Mandarin phonology]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Khanty language|Khanty]] || Eastern dialects || rowspan=2| {{lang|kca|'''ҷ'''ӓң'''ҷ'''}} ||rowspan=2| {{IPA|[t̠͡ʂaɳt̠͡ʂ]}} ||rowspan=2| 'knee' ||rowspan=2| Corresponds to a [[voiceless retroflex fricative]] {{IPA|/ʂ/}} in the northern dialects.
|-
| Southern dialects
|-
|colspan=2| [[Mapudungun]] || {{lang|arn|'''tr'''afoy}} || {{IPA|[t̠͡ʂa.ˈfoj]}} || 'it got broken' || Contrasts with a voiceless postalveolar affricate: {{lang|arn|'''ch'''afoy}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃa.ˈfoj]}} 'he/she coughed'
|-
|colspan=2| [[Northern Qiang language|Northern Qiang]] || {{lang|cng|'''zh'''es}} || {{IPA|[t̠͡ʂəs]}} || 'day before yesterday' || Contrasts with aspirated and voiced forms.
|-
|rowspan=3| [[Polish language|Polish]] || Standard<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jassem|2003|p=103}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hamann|2004|p=65}}</ref> || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''cz'''as]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-czas-2.ogg|[ˈt̠͡ʂäs̪]}} || 'time' || Laminal. Transcribed {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} by most Polish scholars. See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
| [[Dialects of Polish|Southeastern Cuyavian dialects]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113203509/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-13|title=Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu|publisher=Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl|access-date=2013-11-13}}</ref> ||rowspan=2| {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''c'''ena]]}} ||rowspan=2| {{IPA|[ˈt̠͡ʂɛn̪ä]}} ||rowspan=2| 'price' ||rowspan=2| Some speakers. It is a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of {{IPA|/t̠͡ʂ/}} and {{IPA|/t͡s/}} into {{IPAblink|t̪͡s̪|t͡s}}.
|-
| [[Masovian dialect|Suwałki dialect]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113204558/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-13 |title=Gwary polskie - Szadzenie |publisher=Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl |access-date=2013-11-13 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]] || [[Cajamarca–Cañaris Quechua|Cajamarca–Cañaris]] || {{lang|qu|'''ch'''upa}} || {{IPA|[t̠͡ʂupə]}} || 'tail' ||
|-
|colspan=2|[[Russian language|Russian]] || {{lang|ru|[[Russian alphabet|лу́'''ч'''ше]]}} / lu'''ch'''she ||{{Audio-IPA|Ru-лучше.ogg|[ˈɫut͡ʂʂə]}} || 'better' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarića|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''ч'''еп]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''č'''ep]]}} || {{IPA|[t̠͡ʂe̞p]}} || 'cork' || Apical. It may be [[Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|palato-alveolar]] instead, depending on the dialect. See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|- ||
|colspan="2" |[[Silesian_language|Silesian]]
|{{Lang|szl|sz'''cz'''opek}}
|{{IPA|[ʂt̠͡ʂopɛk]}}
|'pike'
|
|-
|colspan=2| [[Slovak language|Slovak]]{{sfnp|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}} || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak orthography|'''č'''akať]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̠͡ʂäkäc]}} || 'to wait' || Laminal.
|-
|colspan=2| [[Torwali language|Torwali]]{{sfnp|Lunsford|2001|pp=16–20}} || {{lang|trw|[[Arabic alphabet|ڇووو]]|rtl=yes}} || {{IPA|[t̠͡ʂuwu]}} || 'to sew' || Contrasts with aspirated form.
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
|'''tr'''à
|{{IPA|[t̠͡ʂaː˨˩]}}
|'tea'
|Some speakers.
|-
|colspan=2| [[Nuosu language|Yi]] || [[Yi script|ꍈ]] / '''''zh'''a'' || {{IPA|[t̠͡ʂa˧]}} || 'a bit' || Contrasts with aspirated form.
|}
|}


==References==
==See also==
*[[Index of phonetics articles]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==Bibliography==
==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Citation
*{{Citation
|last=Hamann
|last=García Arias
|first=Silke
|first=Xosé Lluis
|year=2004
|year=2003
|title=Gramática Histórica de la Lengua Asturiana
|title=Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages
|publisher=Academia de la Llingua Asturiana
|place=Oviedo
|pages=34–36
|isbn = 84-8168-341-8
|url=https://archive.org/details/gramaticahistori0000llib/page/34
}}
*{{Citation
|last = Hamann
|first = Silke
|year = 2004
|title = Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages
|journal = Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume = 34
|issue = 1
|pages = 53–67
|doi = 10.1017/S0025100304001604
|s2cid = 2224095
|url = http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf
|access-date = 2015-04-09
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150414230437/http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf
|archive-date = 2015-04-14
|url-status = dead
}}
*{{Citation
|doi=10.1017/S0025100310000162
|last1=Hanulíková
|first1=Adriana
|last2=Hamann
|first2=Silke
|year=2010
|title=Slovak
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=34
|volume=40
|issue=1
|issue=3
|pages=53-67
|pages=373–378
|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf
|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001604
|doi-access=free
}}
}}
*{{Citation
*{{Citation
Line 46: Line 139:
|volume=33
|volume=33
|issue=1
|issue=1
|pages=103-107
|pages=103–107
|doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001191
|doi-access=free
}}
}}
*{{Citation
*{{Citation
|last = Ladefoged
|last1 = Ladefoged
|first = Peter
|first1 = Peter
|authorlink=Peter Ladefoged
|author-link=Peter Ladefoged
|last2=Wu
|last2=Wu
|first2=Zongji
|first2=Zongji
Line 58: Line 153:
|journal=Journal of Phonetics
|journal=Journal of Phonetics
|volume=11
|volume=11
|issue = 3
|pages=267-278
|pages=267–278
|doi = 10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30883-6
|doi-access=free
}}
}}
*{{cite thesis
|last= Lunsford
|first= Wayne A.
|title= An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan
|degree= M.A.
|publisher=University of Texas
|location=Arlington
|year= 2001
|url= http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070612230829/http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf
|archive-date= 2007-06-12
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Landau
|first1=Ernestina
|last2=Lončarića
|first2=Mijo
|last3=Horga
|first3=Damir
|last4=Škarić
|first4=Ivo
|year=1999
|chapter=Croatian
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-65236-0
|pages=66–69
|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofintern0000inte/page/66/
}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
{{Consonants}}
* {{phoible|ʈʂ}}


{{IPA navigation}}
[[Category:Alveolar consonants]]


[[Category:Alveolar consonants]]
{{ling-stub}}
[[Category:Affricates]]

[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[ja:無声そり舌破擦音]]
[[Category:Voiceless oral consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]

Latest revision as of 09:24, 9 August 2024

Voiceless retroflex affricate
ʈʂ
ꭧ
IPA number105 (136)
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)&#648;​&#865;​&#642;
Unicode (hex)U+0288 U+0361 U+0282
X-SAMPAts`

The voiceless retroflex sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨t̠͡ʂ⟩, sometimes simplified to ⟨tʂ⟩ or ⟨ꭧ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ts`. Its apical variant is ⟨ʈ̺͡ʂ̺⟩ and laminal variant ⟨ʈ̻͡ʂ̻⟩.

The affricate occurs in a number of languages:

Features

[edit]

Features of the voiceless retroflex affricate:

  • Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up)[citation needed], but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe чъыгы [t͡ʂəɣə]ⓘ 'tree'
Asturian Some dialects[1][2] ḷḷobu [t̠͡ʂoβu] 'wolf' Corresponds to standard /ʎ/.
Belarusian пачатак [pat̠͡ʂatak] 'the beginning' Laminal. See Belarusian phonology
Chinese Mandarin[3] 中文 / Zhōngwén [ʈ̺͡ʂ̺ʊŋ˥ u̯ən˧˥]ⓘ 'Chinese language' Apical.[4] Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology
Khanty Eastern dialects ҷӓңҷ [t̠͡ʂaɳt̠͡ʂ] 'knee' Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex fricative /ʂ/ in the northern dialects.
Southern dialects
Mapudungun trafoy [t̠͡ʂa.ˈfoj] 'it got broken' Contrasts with a voiceless postalveolar affricate: chafoy [t͡ʃa.ˈfoj] 'he/she coughed'
Northern Qiang zhes [t̠͡ʂəs] 'day before yesterday' Contrasts with aspirated and voiced forms.
Polish Standard[5][6] czas [ˈt̠͡ʂäs̪]ⓘ 'time' Laminal. Transcribed /t͡ʃ/ by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology
Southeastern Cuyavian dialects[7] cena [ˈt̠͡ʂɛn̪ä] 'price' Some speakers. It is a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of /t̠͡ʂ/ and /t͡s/ into [t͡s].
Suwałki dialect[8]
Quechua Cajamarca–Cañaris chupa [t̠͡ʂupə] 'tail'
Russian лу́чше / luchshe [ˈɫut͡ʂʂə]ⓘ 'better'
Serbo-Croatian[9] чеп / čep [t̠͡ʂe̞p] 'cork' Apical. It may be palato-alveolar instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Silesian szczopek [ʂt̠͡ʂopɛk] 'pike'
Slovak[10] čakať [ˈt̠͡ʂäkäc] 'to wait' Laminal.
Torwali[11] ڇووو [t̠͡ʂuwu] 'to sew' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Vietnamese trà [t̠͡ʂaː˨˩] 'tea' Some speakers.
Yi ꍈ / zha [t̠͡ʂa˧] 'a bit' Contrasts with aspirated form.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Academia de la Llingua Asturiana. Normes ortográfiques (PDF) (in Asturian) (6th revised ed.). p. 14. ISBN 84-8168-394-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-23.
  2. ^ García Arias (2003:34)
  3. ^ Ladefoged & Wu (1984:?)
  4. ^ Lee, Wai-Sum (1999). An articulatory and acoustical analysis of the syllable-initial sibilants and approximant in Beijing Mandarin (PDF). Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. pp. 413–416. S2CID 51828449.
  5. ^ Jassem (2003:103)
  6. ^ Hamann (2004:65)
  7. ^ "Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
  8. ^ "Gwary polskie - Szadzenie". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
  9. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  10. ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
  11. ^ Lunsford (2001), pp. 16–20.

References

[edit]
[edit]
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