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{{short description|Consonantal sound}}
{{infobox IPA
{{infobox IPA
|ipa number=105 (136)
|ipa number=105 (136)
|ipa symbol=ʈ͡ʂ
|ipa symbol=ʈʂ
|ipa symbol2=t͡ʂ
|ipa symbol2=ꭧ
|decimal1=648
|decimal1=648
|decimal2=865
|decimal2=865
|decimal3=642
|decimal3=642
|imagefile=Voiceless retroflex affricate (vector, no tiebar).svg
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0xAB67.svg
|imagesize=150px
|imagesize=150px
|x-sampa=ts`
|x-sampa=ts`
|kirshenbaum=ts.
}}
}}


The '''voiceless retroflex sibilant affricate''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ}}}}, sometimes simplified to {{angle bracket|{{IPA|tʂ}}}},<ref>Unlike the palato-alveolar and alveolar affricates, there is no obsolete ligature.</ref> and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is {{angle bracket|ts`}}.
The '''voiceless retroflex sibilant affricate''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|t̠&#865;ʂ}}, sometimes simplified to {{angbr IPA|tʂ}} or {{angbr IPA|ꭧ}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>ts`</code>. Its apical variant is {{angbr IPA|ʈ̺͡ʂ̺}} and laminal variant {{angbr IPA|ʈ̻͡ʂ̻}}.


The affricate occurs in a number of languages:
The affricate occurs in a number of languages:
*[[Asturian language|Asturian]]: Speakers of the western dialects of this language use it instead of the [[voiced palatal fricative]], writing [[Ḷ|ḷḷ]] instead of [[ll]].
*[[Asturian language|Asturian]]: Speakers of the western dialects of this language use it instead of the [[voiced palatal fricative]], writing [[Ḷ|ḷḷ]] instead of [[ll]].
*[[Slavic languages]]: Polish, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Old [[Czech language|Czech]], Serbo-Croatian; some speakers of Russian may use it instead of the [[voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate]].
*[[Slavic languages]]: Polish, Belarusian, Old [[Czech language|Czech]], Serbo-Croatian; some speakers of Russian may use it instead of the [[voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate]].
*a number of [[Northwest Caucasian languages]] have retroflex affricates that contrast in secondary articulations like labialization.
*a number of [[Northwest Caucasian languages]] have retroflex affricates that contrast in secondary articulations like labialization.
*[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] and other [[Sinitic languages]].
*[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] and other [[Sinitic languages]].
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Features of the voiceless retroflex affricate:
Features of the voiceless retroflex affricate:
{{sibilant affricate}}
{{sibilant affricate}}
* Its [[place of articulation]] is [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]], which prototypically means {{cnspan|it is articulated [[Subapical consonant|subapical]] (with the tip of the tongue curled up)|date=October 2023}}, but more generally, it means that it is [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] without being [[palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]]. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be [[apical consonant|apical]] (pointed) or [[laminal consonant|laminal]] (flat).
{{retroflex}}
{{voiceless}}
{{voiceless}}
{{oral}}
{{oral}}
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==Occurrence==
==Occurrence==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
|-
|colspan=2| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|ady-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''чъ'''ыгы]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Ady-чъыгы.oga|[t͡ʂəɣə]}} || 'tree' ||
!colspan=2| Language
! Word
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! Meaning
! Notes
|-
|-
| [[Asturian language|Asturian]] || Some dialects<ref>{{cite book |lang=ast |url=http://www.academiadelallingua.com/diccionariu/normes.pdf |title=Normes ortográfiques |author=Academia de la Llingua Asturiana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323072940/http://www.academiadelallingua.com/diccionariu/normes.pdf |archive-date=2013-03-23 |page=14 |edition=6th revised |isbn=84-8168-394-9}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|García Arias|2003|p=34}}</ref> || {{lang|ast|'''ḷḷ'''obu}} || {{IPA|[t̠͡ʂoβu]}} || 'wolf' || Corresponds to standard {{IPA|/ʎ/}}.
|colspan=2| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] ||{{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''чъ'''ыгы]]}}|| {{Audio-IPA|чъыгы.ogg|[t͡ʂəɣə]}}|| 'tree'||
|-
|-
|colspan=2| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] || {{lang|be|[[Belarusian alphabet|па'''ч'''атак]]}} || {{IPA|[pat̠͡ʂatak]}} || 'the beginning' || Laminal. See [[Belarusian phonology]]
| [[Asturian language|Asturian]]
| Some dialects<ref>{{ast icon}} [http://www.academiadelallingua.com/diccionariu/normes.pdf ''Normes ortográfiques, Academia de la Llingua Asturiana] Page 14</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|García Arias|2003|p=34}}</ref>
| {{lang|ast|'''''ḷḷ'''obu''}}
|align=center| {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂoβu]}}
| 'wolf'
| Corresponds to standard {{IPA|/ʎ/}}
|-
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Wu|1984|p=?}}</ref> || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|中文]]}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Hanyu Pinyin|'''Zh'''ōngwén]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|zh-zhōngwén.ogg|[ʈ̺͡ʂ̺ʊŋ˥ u̯ən˧˥]}}|| 'Chinese language' || Apical.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Lee |first1=Wai-Sum |title=An articulatory and acoustical analysis of the syllable-initial sibilants and approximant in Beijing Mandarin |conference=Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences |date=1999 |pages=413–416 |s2cid=51828449 |url=https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS1999/papers/p14_0413.pdf }}</ref> Contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Mandarin phonology]]
|colspan=2| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]
| [[Belarusian alphabet|па'''ч'''атак]]
|align=center| {{IPA|[paʈ͡ʂatak]}}
| 'the beginning'
| [[Laminal consonant|Laminal]]. See [[Belarusian phonology]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Khanty language|Khanty]] || Eastern dialects || rowspan=2| {{lang|kca|'''ҷ'''ӓң'''ҷ'''}} ||rowspan=2| {{IPA|[t̠͡ʂaɳt̠͡ʂ]}} ||rowspan=2| 'knee' ||rowspan=2| Corresponds to a [[voiceless retroflex fricative]] {{IPA|/ʂ/}} in the northern dialects.
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Wu|1984|p=?}}</ref>
| {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|中文]]}}/{{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Hanyu Pinyin|'''''Zh'''ōngwén'']]}}
|align=center| {{Audio-IPA|zh-zhōngwén.ogg|[ʈ͡ʂʊŋ˥ u̯ən˧˥]}}
| 'Chinese language'
| Contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Mandarin phonology]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Khanty language|Khanty]]
| Eastern dialects
|rowspan=2|{{lang|kca|'''ҷ'''ӓң'''ҷ'''}}
|rowspan=2 align=center| {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂaɳʈ͡ʂ]}}
|rowspan=2| 'knee'
|rowspan=2| Corresponds to a [[voiceless retroflex fricative]] {{IPA|/ʂ/}} in the northern dialects
|-
|-
| Southern dialects
| Southern dialects
|-
|-
|colspan=2| [[Mapudungun]] || {{lang|arn|'''tr'''afoy}} || {{IPA|[t̠͡ʂa.ˈfoj]}} || 'it got broken' || Contrasts with a voiceless postalveolar affricate: {{lang|arn|'''ch'''afoy}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃa.ˈfoj]}} 'he/she coughed'
|colspan=2| [[Northern Qiang language|Northern Qiang]]
| {{lang|cng|'''''zh'''es''}}
|align=center| {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂəs]}}
| 'day before yesterday'
| Contrasts with aspirated and voiced forms
|-
|-
|colspan=2| [[Northern Qiang language|Northern Qiang]] || {{lang|cng|'''zh'''es}} || {{IPA|[t̠͡ʂəs]}} || 'day before yesterday' || Contrasts with aspirated and voiced forms.
|rowspan=3| [[Polish language|Polish]]
| Standard<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jassem|2003|p=103}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hamann|2004|p=65}}</ref>
| {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''''cz'''as'']]}}
|align=center| {{Audio-IPA|Pl-czas-2.ogg|[ˈʈ͡ʂäs̪]}}
| 'time'
| Laminal. Transcribed {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} by most Polish scholars. See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=3| [[Polish language|Polish]] || Standard<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jassem|2003|p=103}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hamann|2004|p=65}}</ref> || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''cz'''as]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-czas-2.ogg|[ˈt̠͡ʂäs̪]}} || 'time' || Laminal. Transcribed {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} by most Polish scholars. See [[Polish phonology]]
| [[Dialects of Polish|Southeastern Cuyavian dialects]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17|title=Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu|publisher=Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl|date=|accessdate=2013-11-13}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''''c'''ena'']]}}
|align=center rowspan=2| {{IPA|[ˈʈ͡ʂɛn̪ä]}}
|rowspan=2| 'price'
|rowspan=2| Some speakers. It is a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of {{IPA|/ʈ͡ʂ/}} and {{IPA|/t͡s/}} into {{IPAblink|t̪͡s̪|t͡s}}
|-
|-
| [[Masovian dialect|Suwałki dialect]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58 |title=Gwary polskie - Szadzenie |publisher=Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl |date= |accessdate=2013-11-13}}</ref>
| [[Dialects of Polish|Southeastern Cuyavian dialects]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113203509/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-13|title=Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu|publisher=Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl|access-date=2013-11-13}}</ref> ||rowspan=2| {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''c'''ena]]}} ||rowspan=2| {{IPA|[ˈt̠͡ʂɛn̪ä]}} ||rowspan=2| 'price' ||rowspan=2| Some speakers. It is a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of {{IPA|/t̠͡ʂ/}} and {{IPA|/t͡s/}} into {{IPAblink|t̪͡s̪|t͡s}}.
|-
| [[Masovian dialect|Suwałki dialect]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113204558/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-13 |title=Gwary polskie - Szadzenie |publisher=Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl |access-date=2013-11-13 }}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]
| [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]] || [[Cajamarca–Cañaris Quechua|Cajamarca–Cañaris]] || {{lang|qu|'''ch'''upa}} || {{IPA|[t̠͡ʂupə]}} || 'tail' ||
|-
| [[Cajamarca–Cañaris Quechua|Cajamarca–Cañaris]]
|colspan=2|[[Russian language|Russian]] || {{lang|ru|[[Russian alphabet|лу́'''ч'''ше]]}} / lu'''ch'''she ||{{Audio-IPA|Ru-лучше.ogg|[ˈɫut͡ʂʂə]}} || 'better' ||
| {{lang|qu|'''''ch'''upa''}}
|align=center| {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂupə]}}
| 'tail'
|
|-
|-
|colspan=2| [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarića|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''ч'''еп]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''č'''ep]]}} || {{IPA|[t̠͡ʂe̞p]}} || 'cork' || Apical. It may be [[Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|palato-alveolar]] instead, depending on the dialect. See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|[[Russian language|Russian]]
|- ||
|Smolensk, Bryansk dialects
|colspan="2" |[[Silesian_language|Silesian]]
|кирпи'''ч'''
|{{Lang|szl|sz'''cz'''opek}}
|align=center|{{IPA|[kɪrˈpɪt͡ʂ]}}
|{{IPA|[ʂt̠͡ʂopɛk]}}
|'brick'
|'pike'
|
|
|-
|-
|colspan=2| [[Slovak language|Slovak]]{{sfnp|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}} || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak orthography|'''č'''akať]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̠͡ʂäkäc]}} || 'to wait' || Laminal.
|colspan=2| [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]]
| {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj’s Latin alphabet|'''''č'''okoláda'']]}} / {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|чоколада]]}}
|align=center| {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂo̞ko̞ˈɫǎ̠ːd̪a̠]}}
| 'chocolate'
| Laminal. It may be [[Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|palato-alveolar]] instead, depending on the dialect. See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
|-
|colspan=2| [[Torwali language|Torwali]]{{sfnp|Lunsford|2001|pp=16–20}} || {{lang|trw|[[Arabic alphabet|ڇووو]]|rtl=yes}} || {{IPA|[t̠͡ʂuwu]}} || 'to sew' || Contrasts with aspirated form.
|colspan=2| [[Slovak language|Slovak]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}}</ref>
| {{lang|sk|[[Slovak orthography|'''''č'''akať'']]}}
|align=center| {{IPA|[ˈʈ͡ʂakac]}}
| 'to wait'
| Laminal
|-
|-
|colspan=2| [[Torwali language|Torwali]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lunsford|2001|pp=16–20}}</ref>
| colspan="2" |[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
|'''tr'''à
| [[Arabic alphabet|?]]
|align=center| {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂuwu]}}
|{{IPA|[t̠͡ʂaː˨˩]}}
| 'to sew'
|'tea'
|Some speakers.
| Contrasts with aspirated form
|-
|-
|colspan=2| [[Nuosu language|Yi]]
|colspan=2| [[Nuosu language|Yi]] || [[Yi script|ꍈ]] / '''''zh'''a'' || {{IPA|[t̠͡ʂa˧]}} || 'a bit' || Contrasts with aspirated form.
| [[Yi script|ꍈ]]/'''''zh'''a''
|align=center| {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂa˧]}}
| 'a bit'
| Contrasts with aspirated form
|}
|}


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*[[Index of phonetics articles]]
*[[Index of phonetics articles]]


==References==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==Bibliography==
==References==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{Citation
*{{Citation
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|pages=34–36
|pages=34–36
|isbn = 84-8168-341-8
|isbn = 84-8168-341-8
|url=https://archive.org/details/gramaticahistori0000llib/page/34
}}
}}
*{{Citation
*{{Citation
|last=Hamann
|last = Hamann
|first=Silke
|first = Silke
|year=2004
|year = 2004
|title=Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages
|title = Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|journal = Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=34
|volume = 34
|issue=1
|issue = 1
|pages=53–67
|pages = 53–67
|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001604
|doi = 10.1017/S0025100304001604
|s2cid = 2224095
|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf
|url = http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf
|access-date = 2015-04-09
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150414230437/http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf
|archive-date = 2015-04-14
|url-status = dead
}}
}}
*{{Citation
*{{Citation
|doi=10.1017/S0025100310000162
|doi=10.1017/S0025100310000162
|last=Hanulíková
|last1=Hanulíková
|first=Adriana
|first1=Adriana
|last2=Hamann
|last2=Hamann
|first2=Silke
|first2=Silke
Line 172: Line 129:
|pages=373–378
|pages=373–378
|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf
|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf
|doi-access=free
}}
}}
*{{Citation
*{{Citation
Line 183: Line 141:
|pages=103–107
|pages=103–107
|doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001191
|doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001191
|doi-access=free
}}
}}
*{{Citation
*{{Citation
|last = Ladefoged
|last1 = Ladefoged
|first = Peter
|first1 = Peter
|authorlink=Peter Ladefoged
|author-link=Peter Ladefoged
|last2=Wu
|last2=Wu
|first2=Zongji
|first2=Zongji
Line 194: Line 153:
|journal=Journal of Phonetics
|journal=Journal of Phonetics
|volume=11
|volume=11
|issue = 3
|pages=267–278
|pages=267–278
|doi = 10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30883-6
|doi-access=free
}}
}}
*{{Citation
*{{cite thesis
|last= Lunsford
|last= Lunsford
|first= Wayne A.
|first= Wayne A.
|title= An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan
|title= An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan
|degree= M.A.
|journal= M.A. thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
|publisher=University of Texas
|location=Arlington
|year= 2001
|year= 2001
|url= http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf
|url= http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070612230829/http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf
|archive-date= 2007-06-12
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Landau
|first1=Ernestina
|last2=Lončarića
|first2=Mijo
|last3=Horga
|first3=Damir
|last4=Škarić
|first4=Ivo
|year=1999
|chapter=Croatian
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-65236-0
|pages=66–69
|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofintern0000inte/page/66/
}}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|ʈʂ}}


{{IPA navigation}}
{{IPA navigation}}
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[[Category:Alveolar consonants]]
[[Category:Alveolar consonants]]
[[Category:Affricates]]
[[Category:Affricates]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Voiceless oral consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]

Latest revision as of 09:24, 9 August 2024

Voiceless retroflex affricate
ʈʂ
ꭧ
IPA number105 (136)
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)&#648;​&#865;​&#642;
Unicode (hex)U+0288 U+0361 U+0282
X-SAMPAts`

The voiceless retroflex sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨t̠͡ʂ⟩, sometimes simplified to ⟨tʂ⟩ or ⟨ꭧ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ts`. Its apical variant is ⟨ʈ̺͡ʂ̺⟩ and laminal variant ⟨ʈ̻͡ʂ̻⟩.

The affricate occurs in a number of languages:

Features

[edit]

Features of the voiceless retroflex affricate:

  • Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up)[citation needed], but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe чъыгы [t͡ʂəɣə]ⓘ 'tree'
Asturian Some dialects[1][2] ḷḷobu [t̠͡ʂoβu] 'wolf' Corresponds to standard /ʎ/.
Belarusian пачатак [pat̠͡ʂatak] 'the beginning' Laminal. See Belarusian phonology
Chinese Mandarin[3] 中文 / Zhōngwén [ʈ̺͡ʂ̺ʊŋ˥ u̯ən˧˥]ⓘ 'Chinese language' Apical.[4] Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology
Khanty Eastern dialects ҷӓңҷ [t̠͡ʂaɳt̠͡ʂ] 'knee' Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex fricative /ʂ/ in the northern dialects.
Southern dialects
Mapudungun trafoy [t̠͡ʂa.ˈfoj] 'it got broken' Contrasts with a voiceless postalveolar affricate: chafoy [t͡ʃa.ˈfoj] 'he/she coughed'
Northern Qiang zhes [t̠͡ʂəs] 'day before yesterday' Contrasts with aspirated and voiced forms.
Polish Standard[5][6] czas [ˈt̠͡ʂäs̪]ⓘ 'time' Laminal. Transcribed /t͡ʃ/ by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology
Southeastern Cuyavian dialects[7] cena [ˈt̠͡ʂɛn̪ä] 'price' Some speakers. It is a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of /t̠͡ʂ/ and /t͡s/ into [t͡s].
Suwałki dialect[8]
Quechua Cajamarca–Cañaris chupa [t̠͡ʂupə] 'tail'
Russian лу́чше / luchshe [ˈɫut͡ʂʂə]ⓘ 'better'
Serbo-Croatian[9] чеп / čep [t̠͡ʂe̞p] 'cork' Apical. It may be palato-alveolar instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Silesian szczopek [ʂt̠͡ʂopɛk] 'pike'
Slovak[10] čakať [ˈt̠͡ʂäkäc] 'to wait' Laminal.
Torwali[11] ڇووو [t̠͡ʂuwu] 'to sew' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Vietnamese trà [t̠͡ʂaː˨˩] 'tea' Some speakers.
Yi ꍈ / zha [t̠͡ʂa˧] 'a bit' Contrasts with aspirated form.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Academia de la Llingua Asturiana. Normes ortográfiques (PDF) (in Asturian) (6th revised ed.). p. 14. ISBN 84-8168-394-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-23.
  2. ^ García Arias (2003:34)
  3. ^ Ladefoged & Wu (1984:?)
  4. ^ Lee, Wai-Sum (1999). An articulatory and acoustical analysis of the syllable-initial sibilants and approximant in Beijing Mandarin (PDF). Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. pp. 413–416. S2CID 51828449.
  5. ^ Jassem (2003:103)
  6. ^ Hamann (2004:65)
  7. ^ "Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
  8. ^ "Gwary polskie - Szadzenie". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
  9. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  10. ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
  11. ^ Lunsford (2001), pp. 16–20.

References

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