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'''Hippoidea''' is a [[Taxonomic rank|superfamily]] of [[Decapoda|decapod]] [[crustacean]]s known as '''sand crabs''', '''mole crabs''', '''sand bugs''', or '''sand fleas'''.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Larval development in the sand crab, ''Emerita emeritus'' (L., 1767) (Anomura, Hippoidea) reared in the laboratory |author1=Sunil Israel |author2=T. Senthil Murugan |author3=V. P. Venugopalan |author4=T. Subramoniam |author5=N. Munuswamy |author6=G. van der Velde |year=2006 |journal=[[Crustaceana]] |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=441–458 |doi=10.1163/156854006777554857}}</ref><ref>[http://fishingdestinguide.com/baitSANDFLEAS.html Sand Fleas (Mole Crabs or Sand Crabs) Prime surf fishing bait]</ref><ref>http://www.baymoon.com/~ilga/crabs/ ''All About Mole Crabs''</ref>
'''Hippoidea''' is a [[Taxonomic rank|superfamily]] of [[Decapoda|decapod]] [[crustacean]]s known as '''mole crabs''' or sand crabs.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Larval development in the sand crab, ''Emerita emeritus'' (L., 1767) (Anomura, Hippoidea) reared in the laboratory |author1=Sunil Israel |author2=T. Senthil Murugan |author3=V. P. Venugopalan |author4=T. Subramoniam |author5=N. Munuswamy |author6=G. van der Velde |year=2006 |journal=[[Crustaceana]] |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=441–458 |doi=10.1163/156854006777554857}}</ref><ref>[http://fishingdestinguide.com/baitSANDFLEAS.html Sand Fleas (Mole Crabs or Sand Crabs) Prime surf fishing bait]</ref><ref>http://www.baymoon.com/~ilga/crabs/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018100413/http://www.baymoon.com/~ilga/crabs/ |date=2016-10-18 }} ''All About Mole Crabs''</ref>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
Hippoids are [[adaptation|adapted]] to burrowing into [[sand]]y [[beach]]es, a habit they share with [[Raninidae|raninid]] crabs, and the [[parallel evolution]] of the two groups is striking.<ref name="Fraaije">{{cite journal |title=The first record of albuneid crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the Cretaceous |author=René H. B. Fraaije |url=http://www.city.mizunami.gifu.jp/sightseeing/mizunami/cultural_property/institution/Bull29/BMFM29-069-072(116kB).pdf |journal=[[Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum]] |volume=29 |pages=69–72}}</ref> In the family [[Hippidae]], the body is almost [[ovoid]], the first [[pereiopod]]s have no [[claw]]s, and the [[telson]] is long, none of which are seen in related groups.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Arthropoda/Crustacea/Malacostraca/Eumalacostraca/Eucarida/Decapoda/Anomura/Decapoda_Anomura__Key.html |title=Key to Infraorder Anomura |author1=J. Maxwell |author2=D. Cowles |author3=H. Helmstetler |year=2006 |publisher=[[Walla Walla University]] |accessdate=January 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930074214/http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Arthropoda/Crustacea/Malacostraca/Eumalacostraca/Eucarida/Decapoda/Anomura/Decapoda_Anomura__Key.html |archive-date=September 30, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unlike most other [[Decapoda|decapods]], sand crabs cannot [[walk]]; instead, they use their [[arthropod leg|legs]] to dig into the sand.<ref name="Faulkes">{{cite journal |title=Digging in sand crabs (Decapoda, Anomura, Hippoidea): interleg coordination |author1=Zen Faulkes |author2=Dorothy H. Paul |journal=[[Journal of Experimental Biology]] |volume=200 |pages=793–805 |date=February 1, 1997|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/200/4/793 |pmid=9318562 |issue=4}}</ref> Members of the family [[Hippidae]] beat their [[uropod]]s to swim.<ref name="Faulkes"/>
Hippoids are [[adaptation|adapted]] to burrowing into [[sand]]y [[beach]]es, a habit they share with [[Raninidae|raninid]] crabs, and the [[parallel evolution]] of the two groups is striking.<ref name="Fraaije">{{cite journal |title=The first record of albuneid crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the Cretaceous |author=René H. B. Fraaije |url=http://www.city.mizunami.gifu.jp/sightseeing/mizunami/cultural_property/institution/Bull29/BMFM29-069-072(116kB).pdf |journal=[[Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum]] |volume=29 |pages=69–72 |access-date=2007-09-01 |archive-date=2012-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207125752/http://www.city.mizunami.gifu.jp/sightseeing/mizunami/cultural_property/institution/Bull29/BMFM29-069-072(116kB).pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the family [[Hippidae]], the body is almost [[ovoid]], the first [[pereiopod]]s have no [[claw]]s, and the [[telson]] is long, none of which are seen in related groups.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Arthropoda/Crustacea/Malacostraca/Eumalacostraca/Eucarida/Decapoda/Anomura/Decapoda_Anomura__Key.html |title=Key to Infraorder Anomura |author1=J. Maxwell |author2=D. Cowles |author3=H. Helmstetler |year=2006 |publisher=[[Walla Walla University]] |accessdate=January 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930074214/http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Arthropoda/Crustacea/Malacostraca/Eumalacostraca/Eucarida/Decapoda/Anomura/Decapoda_Anomura__Key.html |archive-date=September 30, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unlike most other [[Decapoda|decapods]], sand crabs cannot [[walk]]; instead, they use their [[arthropod leg|legs]] to dig into the sand.<ref name="Faulkes">{{cite journal |title=Digging in sand crabs (Decapoda, Anomura, Hippoidea): interleg coordination |author1=Zen Faulkes |author2=Dorothy H. Paul |journal=[[Journal of Experimental Biology]] |volume=200 |pages=793–805 |date=February 1, 1997|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/200/4/793 |pmid=9318562 |issue=4|doi=10.1242/jeb.200.4.793 }}</ref> Members of the family [[Hippidae]] beat their [[uropod]]s to swim.<ref name="Faulkes"/>


Apart from the [[polar region]]s, hippoids can be found on beaches throughout the world. Larvae of one species have also been found in [[Southern Ocean|Antarctic waters]], despite the lack of suitable sandy beaches in the Antarctic.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Polar Biology]] |year=2003 |volume=26 |pages=279–282 |doi=10.1007/s00300-002-0476-6 |author1=Sven Thatje |author2=Veronica Fuentes |title=First record of anomuran and brachyuran larvae (Crustacea: Decapoda) from Antarctic waters|issue=4 |s2cid=19299892 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/38995/1/ThatjeFuentes.pdf }}</ref>
Apart from the [[polar region]]s, hippoids can be found on beaches throughout the world. Larvae of one species have also been found in [[Southern Ocean|Antarctic waters]], despite the lack of suitable sandy beaches in the Antarctic.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Polar Biology]] |year=2003 |volume=26 |pages=279–282 |doi=10.1007/s00300-002-0476-6 |author1=Sven Thatje |author2=Veronica Fuentes |title=First record of anomuran and brachyuran larvae (Crustacea: Decapoda) from Antarctic waters|issue=4 |bibcode=2003PoBio..26..279T |s2cid=19299892 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/38995/1/ThatjeFuentes.pdf }}</ref>


==Classification==
==Classification==
Alongside [[hermit crab]]s and allies (Paguroidea), [[squat lobster]]s and allies ([[Galatheoidea]]) and the [[hairy stone crab]] (''Lomis hirta'', Lomisoidea), Hippoidea is one of the four groups that make up the infraorder [[Anomura]].<ref name="Martin & Davis">{{cite book |url=http://atiniui.nhm.org/pdfs/3839/3839.pdf |title=An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea |author1=Joel W. Martin |author2=George E. Davis |year=2001 |pages=132 |publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]] }}</ref> Of the four, Hippoidea is thought to be the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]], with the other three groups being more closely related to each other than to Hippoidea.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Phylogenetic position of the freshwater anomuran family Aeglidae |author1=Marcos Pérez-Losada |author2=Carlos G. Jara |author3=Georgina Bond-Buckup |author4=Megan L. Porter |author5=Keith A. Crandall |authorlink5=Keith A. Crandall |year=2002 |journal=[[Journal of Crustacean Biology]] |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=670–676 |url=http://biology.byu.edu/faculty/kac/crandall_lab/docsdata/pdf_files/2002/anomuran-2002.pdf |doi=10.1651/0278-0372(2002)022[0670:PPOTFA]2.0.CO;2 |access-date=2007-09-01 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081031182409/http://biology.byu.edu/faculty/kac/crandall_lab/docsdata/pdf_files/2002/anomuran-2002.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Alongside [[hermit crab]]s and allies (Paguroidea), [[squat lobster]]s and allies ([[Galatheoidea]]) and the [[hairy stone crab]] (''Lomis hirta'', Lomisoidea), Hippoidea is one of the four groups that make up the infraorder [[Anomura]].<ref name="Martin & Davis">{{cite book |url=http://atiniui.nhm.org/pdfs/3839/3839.pdf |title=An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea |author1=Joel W. Martin |author2=George E. Davis |year=2001 |pages=132 |publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]] |access-date=2009-12-14 |archive-date=2013-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512091254/http://atiniui.nhm.org/pdfs/3839/3839.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Of the four, Hippoidea is thought to be the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]], with the other three groups being more closely related to each other than to Hippoidea.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Phylogenetic position of the freshwater anomuran family Aeglidae |author1=Marcos Pérez-Losada |author2=Carlos G. Jara |author3=Georgina Bond-Buckup |author4=Megan L. Porter |author5=Keith A. Crandall |authorlink5=Keith A. Crandall |year=2002 |journal=[[Journal of Crustacean Biology]] |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=670–676 |url=http://biology.byu.edu/faculty/kac/crandall_lab/docsdata/pdf_files/2002/anomuran-2002.pdf |doi=10.1651/0278-0372(2002)022[0670:PPOTFA]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=53621613 |access-date=2007-09-01 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081031182409/http://biology.byu.edu/faculty/kac/crandall_lab/docsdata/pdf_files/2002/anomuran-2002.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


The [[fossil record]] of sand crabs is sparse,<ref name="Boyko04">{{cite journal |journal=[[Palaeontology (journal)|Palaeontology]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=933–936 |year=2004 |author=Christopher B. Boyko |title=A new genus of fossil sand crab (Anomura: Albuneidae) from the Oligocene of Italy |doi=10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00391.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> but extends back to the [[Cretaceous]] period.<ref name="Fraaije"/> Sand crabs are placed in three families (exclusively fossil taxa are marked †):<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/436/1/B272.pdf |title=A worldwide revision of the Recent and fossil sand crabs of the Albuneidae Stimpson and Blepharipodidae, new family (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Hippoidea) |year=2002 |author=Christopher B. Boyko |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History]] |volume=272 |pages=1–396 |doi=10.1206/0003-0090(2002)272<0001:AWROTR>2.0.CO;2}}</ref><ref name="Grave">{{cite journal|journal=[[Raffles Bulletin of Zoology]] |year=2009 |volume=Suppl. 21 |pages=1–109 |title=A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans |author1=Sammy De Grave |author2=N. Dean Pentcheff |author3=Shane T. Ahyong |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s21/s21rbz1-109.pdf |display-authors=etal |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606064728/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s21/s21rbz1-109.pdf |archivedate=2011-06-06 }}</ref>
The [[fossil record]] of sand crabs is sparse,<ref name="Boyko04">{{cite journal |journal=[[Palaeontology (journal)|Palaeontology]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=933–936 |year=2004 |author=Christopher B. Boyko |title=A new genus of fossil sand crab (Anomura: Albuneidae) from the Oligocene of Italy |doi=10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00391.x|doi-access=free |bibcode=2004Palgy..47..933B }}</ref> but extends back to the [[Cretaceous]] period.<ref name="Fraaije"/> Sand crabs are placed in three families (exclusively fossil taxa are marked †):<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/436/1/B272.pdf |title=A worldwide revision of the Recent and fossil sand crabs of the Albuneidae Stimpson and Blepharipodidae, new family (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Hippoidea) |year=2002 |author=Christopher B. Boyko |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History]] |volume=272 |pages=1–396 |doi=10.1206/0003-0090(2002)272<0001:AWROTR>2.0.CO;2 |access-date=2007-09-01 |archive-date=2007-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705221039/http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/436/1/B272.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Grave">{{cite journal|journal=[[Raffles Bulletin of Zoology]] |year=2009 |volume=Suppl. 21 |pages=1–109 |title=A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans |author1=Sammy De Grave |author2=N. Dean Pentcheff |author3=Shane T. Ahyong |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s21/s21rbz1-109.pdf |display-authors=etal |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606064728/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s21/s21rbz1-109.pdf |archivedate=2011-06-06 }}</ref>
{{col-begin|width=40%}}
{{col-begin|width=40%}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
;[[Albuneidae]] <small>Stimpson, 1858</small>
;[[Albuneidae]] <small>Stimpson, 1858</small>
*''[[Albunea (genus)|Albunea]]'' <small>Weber, 1795</small>
*''[[Albunea (crustacean)|Albunea]]'' <small>Weber, 1795</small>
*''[[Austrolepidopa]]'' <small>Efford & Haig, 1968</small>
*''[[Austrolepidopa]]'' <small>Efford & Haig, 1968</small>
*''[[Harryhausenia]]'' <small>Boyko, 2004</small> †
*''[[Harryhausenia]]'' <small>Boyko, 2004</small> †
Line 44: Line 44:
*''[[Lophomastix]]'' <small>Benedict, 1904</small>
*''[[Lophomastix]]'' <small>Benedict, 1904</small>
;[[Hippidae]] <small>Latreille, 1825</small>
;[[Hippidae]] <small>Latreille, 1825</small>
*''[[Emerita (genus)|Emerita]]'' <small>Scopoli, 1777</small>
*''[[Emerita (crustacean)|Emerita]]'' <small>Scopoli, 1777</small>
*''[[Hippa]]'' <small>Fabricius, 1787</small>
*''[[Hippa]]'' <small>Fabricius, 1787</small>
*''[[Mastigochirus]]'' <small>Miers, 1878</small>
*''[[Mastigochirus]]'' <small>Miers, 1878</small>

Latest revision as of 18:57, 9 August 2024

Hippoidea
Temporal range: Maastrichtian–Recent
Blepharipoda occidentalis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Suborder: Pleocyemata
Infraorder: Anomura
Superfamily: Hippoidea
Latreille, 1825
Families

Hippoidea is a superfamily of decapod crustaceans known as mole crabs or sand crabs.[1][2][3]

Ecology

[edit]

Hippoids are adapted to burrowing into sandy beaches, a habit they share with raninid crabs, and the parallel evolution of the two groups is striking.[4] In the family Hippidae, the body is almost ovoid, the first pereiopods have no claws, and the telson is long, none of which are seen in related groups.[5] Unlike most other decapods, sand crabs cannot walk; instead, they use their legs to dig into the sand.[6] Members of the family Hippidae beat their uropods to swim.[6]

Apart from the polar regions, hippoids can be found on beaches throughout the world. Larvae of one species have also been found in Antarctic waters, despite the lack of suitable sandy beaches in the Antarctic.[7]

Classification

[edit]

Alongside hermit crabs and allies (Paguroidea), squat lobsters and allies (Galatheoidea) and the hairy stone crab (Lomis hirta, Lomisoidea), Hippoidea is one of the four groups that make up the infraorder Anomura.[8] Of the four, Hippoidea is thought to be the most basal, with the other three groups being more closely related to each other than to Hippoidea.[9]

The fossil record of sand crabs is sparse,[10] but extends back to the Cretaceous period.[4] Sand crabs are placed in three families (exclusively fossil taxa are marked †):[11][12]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Sunil Israel; T. Senthil Murugan; V. P. Venugopalan; T. Subramoniam; N. Munuswamy; G. van der Velde (2006). "Larval development in the sand crab, Emerita emeritus (L., 1767) (Anomura, Hippoidea) reared in the laboratory". Crustaceana. 79 (4): 441–458. doi:10.1163/156854006777554857.
  2. ^ Sand Fleas (Mole Crabs or Sand Crabs) Prime surf fishing bait
  3. ^ http://www.baymoon.com/~ilga/crabs/ Archived 2016-10-18 at the Wayback Machine All About Mole Crabs
  4. ^ a b René H. B. Fraaije. "The first record of albuneid crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the Cretaceous" (PDF). Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum. 29: 69–72. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
  5. ^ J. Maxwell; D. Cowles; H. Helmstetler (2006). "Key to Infraorder Anomura". Walla Walla University. Archived from the original on September 30, 2008. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
  6. ^ a b Zen Faulkes; Dorothy H. Paul (February 1, 1997). "Digging in sand crabs (Decapoda, Anomura, Hippoidea): interleg coordination". Journal of Experimental Biology. 200 (4): 793–805. doi:10.1242/jeb.200.4.793. PMID 9318562.
  7. ^ Sven Thatje; Veronica Fuentes (2003). "First record of anomuran and brachyuran larvae (Crustacea: Decapoda) from Antarctic waters" (PDF). Polar Biology. 26 (4): 279–282. Bibcode:2003PoBio..26..279T. doi:10.1007/s00300-002-0476-6. S2CID 19299892.
  8. ^ Joel W. Martin; George E. Davis (2001). An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea (PDF). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. p. 132. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2009-12-14.
  9. ^ Marcos Pérez-Losada; Carlos G. Jara; Georgina Bond-Buckup; Megan L. Porter; Keith A. Crandall (2002). "Phylogenetic position of the freshwater anomuran family Aeglidae" (PDF). Journal of Crustacean Biology. 22 (3): 670–676. doi:10.1651/0278-0372(2002)022[0670:PPOTFA]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 53621613. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-31. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
  10. ^ Christopher B. Boyko (2004). "A new genus of fossil sand crab (Anomura: Albuneidae) from the Oligocene of Italy". Palaeontology. 47 (4): 933–936. Bibcode:2004Palgy..47..933B. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00391.x.
  11. ^ Christopher B. Boyko (2002). "A worldwide revision of the Recent and fossil sand crabs of the Albuneidae Stimpson and Blepharipodidae, new family (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Hippoidea)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 272: 1–396. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2002)272<0001:AWROTR>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-05. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
  12. ^ Sammy De Grave; N. Dean Pentcheff; Shane T. Ahyong; et al. (2009). "A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Suppl. 21: 1–109. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06.
[edit]
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