Kunwinjku people: Difference between revisions

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The Kunwinjku (formerly written Gunwinggu^[1]) people are an Australian Aboriginal people, one of several groups within the Bininj people, who live around West Arnhem Land to the east of Darwin, Northern Territory. Kunwinjku people generally refer to themselves as "Bininj" (meaning people, or Aboriginal people)^[2] in much the same way that Yolŋu people refer to themselves as "Yolŋu".

Language

They traditionally speak the Kunwinjku language.

Country

Their original heartland is said to have been in the hilly terrain south of Goulburn Island and their frontier with the Maung running just south of Tor Rock. Their northern extension approached Sandy Creek, while they were also present south-east at the head of Cooper's Creek and part of the King River.^[3] In Norman Tindale's scheme, the Kunwinjku were allotted a tribal territory of around 2,800 square miles (7,300 km²) in the area south of Jungle Creek and on the headwaters of the East Alligator River.^[4] The Gumader swamps near Junction Bay and the creeks east of Oenpelli/Awunbelenja (now Gunbalanya) also formed part of their land.^[5]

Alternative names

Gunwinggu
Gunwingu
Gunwingo
Wengi, Wengei, Wengej
Gundeidjeme
Gundjeipmi
Kulunglutji, Kulunglutchi
Gundjeibmi, Gundjajeimi, Gundeijeme, Gundeidjeme
Margulitban
Unigangk, Urnigangg^[a]
Koorungo
Neinggu/Neiŋgu (Maung exonym)^[7]
Mangaridji
Mangeri^[4]^[b]

Customs

Dzamalag was a form of ritualised ceremonial exchange or bartering practised by the Gunwinggu people.^[8]

Notes

^ Tindale's source, Arthur Capell, actually wrote Uningangk^[6]
^ Again Capell uses Mangeri to denote a distinct language group from the Gunwinggu^[6]

Citations

^ "Nawu Njale? About". Bininj Kunwok: Kunwok dja mankarre kadberre—our language, our culture. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
^ Bininj Kunwok dictionary.
^ Elkin, Berndt & Berndt 1951, pp. 253–254.
^ ^a ^b Tindale 1974, p. 226.
^ Elkin, Berndt & Berndt 1951, p. 254.
^ ^a ^b Capell 1942, p. 367.
^ Elkin, Berndt & Berndt 1951, p. 253.
^ Graeber, David (2011). Debt: The First 5,000 Years. Melville House. ISBN 978-1-933633-86-2.

Sources

Capell, Arthur (June 1942). "Languages of Arnhem Land, North Australia". Oceania. 12 (4): 364–392. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1942.tb00365.x. JSTOR 40327959.
Elkin, A. P.; Berndt, R. M.; Berndt, C. H. (June 1951). "Social Organization of Arnhem Land". Oceania. 21 (4): 253–301. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1951.tb00176.x. JSTOR 40328302.
Garde, Murray. "bininj". Bininj Kunwok Online dictionary. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
Hiatt, L. R. (1965). Kinship and conflict: a study of an aboriginal community in northern Arnhem Land (PDF). Australian National University Press.
Mathews, R. H. (1900). "Marriage and descent among the Australian aborigines". Journal of the Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. 34: 120–135. doi:10.5962/p.359341. S2CID 259735456.
Spencer, Baldwin (1914). Native tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia (PDF). London: Macmillan Publishers.
Spencer, Baldwin (1928). Wanderings in wild Australia (PDF). London: Macmillan Publishers.
Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Gunwinggu (NT)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020.
Warner, W. Lloyd (1937). Black civilization: a social study of an Australian tribe. Harper & Brothers.

[7] Tindale's source, Arthur Capell, actually wrote Uningangk^[6]

[9] Again Capell uses Mangeri to denote a distinct language group from the Gunwinggu^[6]

[1] "Nawu Njale? About". Bininj Kunwok: Kunwok dja mankarre kadberre—our language, our culture. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre. Retrieved 8 October 2022.

[FOOTNOTEBininj_Kunwok_dictionary-2] Bininj Kunwok dictionary.

[FOOTNOTEElkinBerndtBerndt1951253–254-3] Elkin, Berndt & Berndt 1951, pp. 253–254.

[FOOTNOTETindale1974226-4] Tindale 1974, p. 226.

[FOOTNOTEElkinBerndtBerndt1951254-5] Elkin, Berndt & Berndt 1951, p. 254.

[FOOTNOTECapell1942367-6] Capell 1942, p. 367.

[FOOTNOTEElkinBerndtBerndt1951253-8] Elkin, Berndt & Berndt 1951, p. 253.

[10] Graeber, David (2011). Debt: The First 5,000 Years. Melville House. ISBN 978-1-933633-86-2.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[a]

[7]

[b]

[8]

[6]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Australian Aboriginal people of West Arnhem Land}}
 {{use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
 {{use Australian English|date=January 2020}}
-[[File:Kunwinjku map.png|alt=|thumb|Map showing the lands of the Kunwinjku people in the Northern Territory]]
+[[File:Kunwinjku map.png|alt=|thumb|The lands of the Kunwinjku people in the Northern Territory]]
-The '''Gunwinggu''' ('''Kunwinjku''') people are an [[Australian Aboriginal]] people, one of several groups within the [[Bininj]] people, who live around West Arnhem Land to the east of [[Darwin, Northern Territory]]. Kunwinjku people generally refer to themselves as "Bininj" (meaning people, or Aboriginal people){{sfn|Bininj Kunwok dictionary}} in much the same way that [[Yolŋu]] people refer to themselves as "Yolŋu".
+The '''Kunwinjku''' (formerly written '''Gunwinggu'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Nawu Njale? About |url=https://bininjkunwok.org.au/about/ |website=Bininj Kunwok: Kunwok dja mankarre kadberre—our language, our culture |publisher=Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre |access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref>) people are an [[Australian Aboriginal]] people, one of several groups within the [[Bininj]] people, who live around West [[Arnhem Land]] to the east of [[Darwin, Northern Territory]]. Kunwinjku people generally refer to themselves as "Bininj" (meaning people, or Aboriginal people){{sfn|Bininj Kunwok dictionary}} in much the same way that [[Yolŋu]] people refer to themselves as "Yolŋu".
 ==Language==
@@ Line 8: / Line 9: @@
 ==Country==
-Their original heartland is said to have been in the hilly terrain south of [[Goulburn Islands|Goulburn Island]] and their frontier with the [[Maung people|Maung]] running just south of [http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=237405&cmd=sp Tor Rock]. Their northern extension approached Sandy Creek, while they were also present south-east at the head of [http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=215061&cmd=sp Cooper's Creek] and part of the [[King River (Northern Territory)|King River]].{{sfn|Elkin|Berndt|Berndt|1951|pp=253–254}} In [[Norman Tindale]]'s scheme, the Kunwinjku were allotted a tribal territory of around {{convert|2,800|mi2|km2}} in the area south of [http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=208543&cmd=sp&c=1&x=143%2E776925&y=%2D15%2E378555&w=20606&mpsec=0 Jungle Creek] and on the headwaters of the [[Alligator Rivers|East Alligator River]].{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=226}} The [[Goomadeer River|Gumader swamps]] near Junction Bay and the creeks east of [[Gunbalanya, Northern Territory|Oenpelli/''Awunbelenja'']] (now Gunbalanya) also formed part of their land.{{sfn|Elkin|Berndt|Berndt|1951|p=254}}
+Their original heartland is said to have been in the hilly terrain south of [[Goulburn Islands|Goulburn Island]] and their frontier with the [[Maung people|Maung]] running just south of Tor Rock. Their northern extension approached Sandy Creek, while they were also present south-east at the head of Cooper's Creek and part of the [[King River (Northern Territory)|King River]].{{sfn|Elkin|Berndt|Berndt|1951|pp=253–254}} In [[Norman Tindale]]'s scheme, the Kunwinjku were allotted a tribal territory of around {{convert|2,800|mi2|km2}} in the area south of Jungle Creek and on the headwaters of the [[Alligator Rivers|East Alligator River]].{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=226}} The [[Goomadeer River|Gumader swamps]] near Junction Bay and the creeks east of [[Gunbalanya, Northern Territory|Oenpelli/''Awunbelenja'']] (now Gunbalanya) also formed part of their land.{{sfn|Elkin|Berndt|Berndt|1951|p=254}}
 ==Alternative names==
+* ''Gunwinggu''
-* Kunwinjku (now considered the standard spelling)
 * ''Gunwingu''
 * ''Gunwingo''
@@ Line 20: / Line 21: @@
 * ''Gundjeibmi, Gundjajeimi, Gundeijeme, Gundeidjeme''
 * ''Margulitban''
-* ''Unigangk, Urnigangg''.{{efn|Tindale's source, [[Arthur Capell]], actually wrote ''Uningangk''{{sfn|Capell|1942|p=367}}}}
+* ''Unigangk, Urnigangg''{{efn|Tindale's source, [[Arthur Capell]], actually wrote ''Uningangk''{{sfn|Capell|1942|p=367}}}}
 * ''Koorungo''
-* ''Neinggu/Neiŋgu''. ([[Maung people|Maung]] [[exonym]]){{sfn|Elkin|Berndt|Berndt|1951|p=253}}
+* ''Neinggu/Neiŋgu'' ([[Maung people|Maung]] [[exonym]]){{sfn|Elkin|Berndt|Berndt|1951|p=253}}
 * ''Mangaridji''
-* ''Mangeri''.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=226}}{{efn|Again Capell uses ''Mangeri'' to denote a distinct language group from the Gunwinggu{{sfn|Capell|1942|p=367}}}}
+* ''Mangeri''{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=226}}{{efn|Again Capell uses ''Mangeri'' to denote a distinct language group from the Gunwinggu{{sfn|Capell|1942|p=367}}}}
+==Customs==
+{{main|Dzamalag}}
+Dzamalag was a form of ritualised ceremonial exchange or [[barter]]ing practised by the Gunwinggu people.<ref>{{cite book|first=David |last=Graeber|title=Debt: The First 5,000 Years| year=2011| isbn=978-1-933633-86-2| publisher=Melville House}}</ref>
 ==Notes==
@@ Line 39: / Line 44: @@
  | journal = [[Oceania (journal)|Oceania]]
  | date = June 1942 | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | pages = 364–392
- | jstor = 40327959
+ | doi = 10.1002/j.1834-4461.1942.tb00365.x | jstor = 40327959
+ }}
- | ref = harv
-}}
 *{{Cite journal | title = Social Organization of Arnhem Land
  | last1 = Elkin | first1 = A. P.
@@ Line 51: / Line 55: @@
  | journal = [[Oceania (journal)|Oceania]]
  | date = June 1951 | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | pages = 253–301
- | jstor = 40328302
+ | doi = 10.1002/j.1834-4461.1951.tb00176.x | jstor = 40328302
+ }}
- | ref = harv
-}}
 *{{cite web| title = bininj
  | last = Garde | first = Murray
@@ Line 68: / Line 71: @@
  | publisher = [[ANU Press|Australian National University Press]]
  | url = https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/114919/2/b13541729.pdf
+ }}
- | format = pdf
- | ref = harv
-}}
 *{{Cite journal | title = Marriage and descent among the Australian aborigines
  | last = Mathews | first = R. H.
  | author-link = Robert Hamilton Mathews
  | journal = [[Royal Society of New South Wales|Journal of the Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales]]
- | year = 1900 | volume = 34 | pages = 120.135
+ | year = 1900 | volume = 34 | pages = 120–135
- | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/130743#page/152/mode/1up
+ | doi = 10.5962/p.359341 | s2cid = 259735456 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/130743#page/152/mode/1up
- | ref = harv
+ | doi-access = free
-}}
+ }}
 *{{Cite book| title = Native tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia
  | last = Spencer | first = Baldwin
- | author-link = Baldwin Spencer
+ | author-link = Walter Baldwin Spencer
  | year = 1914
  | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | location = London
- | url = https://archive.org/download/cu31924028623076/cu31924028623076.pdf | format = PDF
+ | url = https://archive.org/download/cu31924028623076/cu31924028623076.pdf }}
- | ref = harv
-}}
 *{{Cite book| title = Wanderings in wild Australia
  | last = Spencer | first = Baldwin
- | author-link = Baldwin Spencer
+ | author-link = Walter Baldwin Spencer
  | year = 1928
  | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]] | location = London
- | url = https://ia800809.us.archive.org/13/items/b2993154x_0001/b2993154x_0001.pdf
+ | url = https://archive.org/details/b2993154x_0001
  | format = PDF
+ }}
- | ref = harv
-}}
 *{{Cite book| chapter = Gunwinggu (NT)
  | last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett
@@ Line 103: / Line 101: @@
  | publisher = [[Australian National University]]
  | chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/gunwinggu.htm
+ | archive-date = 20 March 2020
+ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200320020206/http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/gunwinggu.htm
  | isbn = 978-0-708-10741-6
+ }}
- | ref = harv
-}}
 *{{Cite book| title = Black civilization: a social study of an Australian tribe
  | last = Warner | first = W. Lloyd
@@ Line 111: / Line 110: @@
  | year = 1937
  | publisher = [[Harper & Brothers]]
- | url = https://books.google.com/books/about/A_black_civilization.html?id=27dFAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y
+ | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=27dFAAAAMAAJ
+ }}
- | ref = harv
-}}
 {{refend}}
 {{Aboriginal peoples of the Northern Territory}}
+{{authority control}}
 [[Category:Aboriginal peoples of the Northern Territory]]
-[[Category:Aborigines in the Northern Territory]]
+[[Category:Indigenous Australians in the Northern Territory]]