Jump to content

Treaty of Lima (1929): Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Importing Wikidata short description: "1929 treaty between Chile and Peru" (Shortdesc helper)
→References: Removed grandparent category of Category:1929 in Peru
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
 
(12 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown)
Line 2: Line 2:
{{Refimprove|date=November 2014}}
{{Refimprove|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox Treaty
{{Infobox Treaty
|name = Treaty of Lima
|name = Treaty of Lima
|long_name = Complementary Treaty and Protocol to Resolve the Question of Tacna and Arica
|long_name = Complementary Treaty and Protocol to Resolve the Question of Tacna and Arica
|image = Tacna-Arica Dispute (1883-1929).svg
|image = Tacna-Arica Dispute (1883-1929).svg
|image_width = 250px
|image_width = 250px
|caption = Map showing the Tacna-Arica dispute and its solution.
|caption = Map showing the Tacna-Arica dispute and its solution.
|type = Border treaty
|type = Border treaty
|date_drafted = 3 June 1929
|date_drafted = 3 June 1929
|date_signed = 3 June 1929
|date_signed = 3 June 1929
|location_signed = [[Lima]], [[Peru]]
|location_signed = [[Lima]], Peru
|date_sealed =
|date_sealed =
|date_effective = 28 August 1929
|date_effective = 28 August 1929
|condition_effective =
|condition_effective =
|signatories =
|signatories =
* {{flagdeco|Chile}} [[Emiliano Figueroa]]
* {{flagdeco|Peru|1884}} [[Pedro José Rada y Gamio|Pedro José Rada]]
|parties =
* {{CHL}}
* {{CHL}}
* {{PER}}
* {{flag|Peru|1884}}
}}
}}
⚫
[[File:Border Peru-Chile acc. 1929 Treaty.jpg|thumb|250px|''Border Peru-Chile acc. 1929 Treaty'' File in the Department of State, USA]]
⚫
The '''Tacna–Arica compromise''' or '''Treaty of Lima'''{{efn|Also known as the '''[[Pedro José Rada y Gamio|Rada y Gamio]]-[[Emiliano Figueroa|Figueroa Larraín]] Treaty'''<ref name="tamayo">{{Cite book|title=Nuevo Compendio de Historia del Perú|last=Tamayo Herrera|first=José|publisher=Editorial Lumen|year=1985|isbn=|pages=331}}</ref>}} was a series of documents that settled the territorial dispute of both [[Tacna Region|Tacna]] and [[Arica Province|Arica]] provinces of [[Peru]] and [[Chile]] respectively. According to the Treaty, the Tacna-Arica Territory was divided between both countries; Tacna being awarded to Peru and with Chile retaining sovereignty over Arica. Chile also agreed to pay up to 6 million dollars in compensation to Peru.


⚫
The '''Tacna–Arica compromise''' or '''Treaty of Lima'''{{efn|Also known as the '''[[Pedro José Rada y Gamio|Rada y Gamio]]-[[Emiliano Figueroa|Figueroa Larraín]] Treaty'''<ref name="tamayo">{{Cite book|title=Nuevo Compendio de Historia del Perú|last=Tamayo Herrera|first=José|author-link=José Tamayo Herrera|publisher=Editorial Lumen|year=1985|isbn=|page=331}}</ref>}} was a series of documents that settled the [[Chilean–Peruvian territorial dispute|territorial dispute]] of both [[Tacna Region|Tacna]] and [[Arica Province|Arica]] provinces of [[Peru]] and [[Chile]] respectively. According to the Treaty, the Tacna-Arica Territory was divided between both countries; Tacna being awarded to Peru and with Chile retaining sovereignty over Arica. Chile also agreed to pay up to [[United States dollar|US$]]6 million (about [[Pound sterling|£]]1.23 million; equivalent to ${{inflation|US|6|1929}} million in {{Inflation/year|US}}) in compensation to Peru. The Treaty was signed on 3 June 1929 in [[Lima]] by then-Peruvian Representative [[Pedro José Rada y Gamio]] and Chilean Representative [[Emiliano Figueroa Larrain]].<ref name="tamayo"></ref>
The Treaty was signed on June 3, 1929, in the city of [[Lima]] by then Peruvian Representative [[Pedro José Rada y Gamio]] and Chilean Representative [[Emiliano Figueroa Larrain]].<ref name="tamayo"></ref>


==Background==
⚫
The controversy was a direct aftermath of the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879–1883), a confrontation that involved [[Chile]] against [[Peru]] and [[Bolivia]]. Chile won the war and conquered the Peruvian territories of [[Tarapacá Region|Tarapacá]], Tacna and Arica. The defeated Peruvian government was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Ancón]] in 1883.
[[File:Leguía y los delegados plebiscitarios de Tacna y Arica - 1925.jpg|thumb|left|The Peruvian delegation for the ill-fated plebiscite in 1925]]
⚫
[[File:Border Peru-Chile acc. 1929 Treaty.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Border Peru-Chile acc. 1929 Treaty'' File in the Department of State, USA]]
⚫
The controversy was a direct aftermath of the [[War of the Pacific]], a confrontation that involved [[Chile]] against [[Peru]] and [[Bolivia]]. Chile won the war and conquered the Peruvian territories of [[Tarapacá Region|Tarapacá]], Tacna and Arica. The defeated Peruvian government was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Ancón]] in 1883.
According to this treaty, Tarapacá was annexed to Chile, and a plebiscite was meant to take place in 1893, 10 years after the signing of the treaty. The plebiscite, however, never took place, as both countries had conflicting points of view and did not reach an agreement.<ref>Egaña, Rafael (1900). ''The Tacna and Arica question. Historical antecedents.--Diplomatic action. Present state of the affair'' (translated from the Spanish edition by Edwin C. Reed) Barcelona Printing Office, Santiago, Chile, {{OCLC|19301902}}</ref> Chile began a campaign known as [[Chilenization]] in 1909. Peru followed in 1911 with the recalling of its [[List of ambassadors of Peru to Chile|ambassador]] and a break of diplomatic relations.{{cn|date=April 2024}}


In this Treaty, Tarapacá was annexed to Chile. However, the fate of both Tacna and Arica was to be decided by a plebiscite to be held in 1893. Since there were different points of view in both countries on the conditions of the plebiscite, it was not held. Then, Chile began to colonize the two territories in 1909. Peru followed in 1911 with a break of diplomatic relations. In 1922, Chile and Peru agreed to arbitrate the dispute with the President of the United States. US President [[Calvin Coolidge]] appointed, in 1925, the first US arbitrator, General [[John J. Pershing]]; General [[William Lassiter]] followed in 1926. Neither negotiator was able to break the deadlock. US Secretary of State [[Frank B. Kellogg]] suggested direct negotiations in Washington, D.C. in 1928. It was these negotiations that led to the '''Treaty of Lima (1929)'''.
In 1922, Chile and Peru agreed to arbitrate the dispute with the President of the United States. U.S. President [[Calvin Coolidge]] appointed, in 1925, the first U.S. arbitrator, General [[John J. Pershing]]; General [[William Lassiter]] followed in 1926. Neither negotiator was able to break the deadlock. US Secretary of State [[Frank B. Kellogg]] suggested direct negotiations in Washington, D.C. in 1928. It was these negotiations that led to the Treaty of Lima.{{cn|date=April 2024}}


==Treaty==
The deal that was finally reached allowed Peru to reacquire Tacna while Chile kept Arica. Chile had also to make some concessions such as building a Peruvian-administered wharf in Arica and pay a six million-[[U.S. dollar|dollar]] indemnification, among other provisions. In 1999, Chile and Peru at last agreed to fully implement the Treaty of Lima, providing Peru with access to port facilities in [[Arica]].<ref>Dominguez, Jorge ''et al.'' (2003) ''Boundary Disputes in Latin America'' United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C., [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?u=1&num=33&seq=3&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015052976985 page 33], {{OCLC|53067610}}</ref>
The deal that was finally reached allowed Peru to reacquire Tacna while Chile kept Arica. Chile had also to make some concessions such as building a Peruvian-administered wharf in Arica and pay a six million-[[U.S. dollar|dollar]] indemnification, among other provisions. In 1999, Chile and Peru at last agreed to fully implement the Treaty of Lima, providing Peru with access to port facilities in [[Arica]].<ref>Dominguez, Jorge ''et al.'' (2003) ''Boundary Disputes in Latin America'' United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C., [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?u=1&num=33&seq=3&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015052976985 page 33], {{OCLC|53067610}}</ref>


Line 54: Line 60:
[[Category:Chile–Peru treaties|Lima (1929)]]
[[Category:Chile–Peru treaties|Lima (1929)]]
[[Category:History of the foreign relations of Chile]]
[[Category:History of the foreign relations of Chile]]
[[Category:History of Peru]]
[[Category:Presidential Republic (1925–1973)]]
[[Category:Presidential Republic (1925–1973)]]
[[Category:War of the Pacific]]
[[Category:War of the Pacific]]

Latest revision as of 14:04, 10 August 2024

Treaty of Lima
Complementary Treaty and Protocol to Resolve the Question of Tacna and Arica
Map showing the Tacna-Arica dispute and its solution.
TypeBorder treaty
Drafted3 June 1929
Signed3 June 1929
LocationLima, Peru
Effective28 August 1929
Signatories
Parties

The Tacna–Arica compromise or Treaty of Lima[a] was a series of documents that settled the territorial dispute of both Tacna and Arica provinces of Peru and Chile respectively. According to the Treaty, the Tacna-Arica Territory was divided between both countries; Tacna being awarded to Peru and with Chile retaining sovereignty over Arica. Chile also agreed to pay up to US$6 million (about £1.23 million; equivalent to $106 million in 2023) in compensation to Peru. The Treaty was signed on 3 June 1929 in Lima by then-Peruvian Representative Pedro José Rada y Gamio and Chilean Representative Emiliano Figueroa Larrain.[1]

Background

[edit]
The Peruvian delegation for the ill-fated plebiscite in 1925
Border Peru-Chile acc. 1929 Treaty File in the Department of State, USA

The controversy was a direct aftermath of the War of the Pacific, a confrontation that involved Chile against Peru and Bolivia. Chile won the war and conquered the Peruvian territories of Tarapacá, Tacna and Arica. The defeated Peruvian government was forced to sign the Treaty of Ancón in 1883. According to this treaty, Tarapacá was annexed to Chile, and a plebiscite was meant to take place in 1893, 10 years after the signing of the treaty. The plebiscite, however, never took place, as both countries had conflicting points of view and did not reach an agreement.[2] Chile began a campaign known as Chilenization in 1909. Peru followed in 1911 with the recalling of its ambassador and a break of diplomatic relations.[citation needed]

In 1922, Chile and Peru agreed to arbitrate the dispute with the President of the United States. U.S. President Calvin Coolidge appointed, in 1925, the first U.S. arbitrator, General John J. Pershing; General William Lassiter followed in 1926. Neither negotiator was able to break the deadlock. US Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg suggested direct negotiations in Washington, D.C. in 1928. It was these negotiations that led to the Treaty of Lima.[citation needed]

Treaty

[edit]

The deal that was finally reached allowed Peru to reacquire Tacna while Chile kept Arica. Chile had also to make some concessions such as building a Peruvian-administered wharf in Arica and pay a six million-dollar indemnification, among other provisions. In 1999, Chile and Peru at last agreed to fully implement the Treaty of Lima, providing Peru with access to port facilities in Arica.[3]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Also known as the Rada y Gamio-Figueroa Larraín Treaty[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Tamayo Herrera, José (1985). Nuevo Compendio de Historia del Perú. Editorial Lumen. p. 331.
  2. ^ Egaña, Rafael (1900). The Tacna and Arica question. Historical antecedents.--Diplomatic action. Present state of the affair (translated from the Spanish edition by Edwin C. Reed) Barcelona Printing Office, Santiago, Chile, OCLC 19301902
  3. ^ Dominguez, Jorge et al. (2003) Boundary Disputes in Latin America United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C., page 33, OCLC 53067610
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tratado de Lima (1929).
  • Coolidge, Calvin (1925) In the matter of the arbitration between the Republic of Chile and the Republic of Peru, with respect to the unfulfilled provisions of the treaty of peace of October 20, 1883, under the Protocol and Supplementary act signed at Washington July 20, 1922. Opinion and award of the arbitrator Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., OCLC 1611324
  • Dennis, William Jefferson (1931) Tacna and Arica: an account of the Chile-Peru boundary dispute and of the arbitrations by the United States Yale University Press, New Haven, OCLC 1613270; reprinted in 1967 by Archon Books, Hamden, Connecticut, OCLC 485974
  • Egaña, Rafael (1900) The Tacna and Arica question. Historical antecedents.--Diplomatic action. Present state of the affair (translated from the Spanish edition by Edwin C. Reed) Barcelona Printing Office, Santiago, Chile, OCLC 19301902
  • González Miranda, Sergio (2006) Arica y la triple frontera: integración y conflicto entre Bolivia, Perú y Chile Aríbalo, Iquique, Chile, ISBN 978-956-8563-00-4, in Spanish
  • Jane, Lionel Cecil (1930) "The question of Tacna-Arica ..." Transactions of the Grotius Society 15: pp. 93–119
  • Krieg, William L. (1974) Legacy of the War of the Pacific External Research Program, United States Department of State, Washington, D.C., OCLC 2533493
  • Skuban, William E. (2007) Lines in the sand: nationalism and identity on the Peruvian-Chilean frontier University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico, ISBN 978-0-8263-4223-2
  • Wilson, Joe F. (1979) The United States, Chile and Peru in the Tacna and Arica plebiscite University Press of America, Washington, D.C., ISBN 978-0-8191-0685-8
  • Yepes, Ernesto (1999) Un plebiscito imposible: Tacna y Arica, 1925-1926 Ediciones Análisis, Lima, Peru, OCLC 43089352, in Spanish
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Lima_(1929)&oldid=1239625272"