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Coordinates: 51°09′14″N 2°26′07″W / 51.1538°N 2.4354°W / 51.1538; -2.4354
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{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox UK place
{{Infobox UK place
|static_image=[[File:Batcombe church.jpg|240px]]
|static_image_name=Batcombe church.jpg
|static_image_caption=[[Church of St Mary the Virgin, Batcombe]]
|static_image_caption=[[Church of St Mary the Virgin, Batcombe]]
|country = England
|country = England
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|civil_parish=
|civil_parish=
|population = 439
|population = 439
| population_ref =(2011)<ref name="popn">{{cite web|title=Batcombe Parish|url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11120471&c=Batcombe&d=16&e=61&g=6461342&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1388573832732&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491|work=Neighbourhood Statistics|publisher=Office for National Statistics|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref>
| population_ref =(2011)<ref name="popn">{{cite web|title=Batcombe Parish|url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11120471&c=Batcombe&d=16&e=61&g=6461342&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1388573832732&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491|work=Neighbourhood Statistics|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>
| unitary_england = [[Somerset Council]]
|shire_district= [[Mendip]]
|shire_county = [[Somerset]]
| lieutenancy_england = [[Somerset]]
|region= South West England
|region= South West England
|constituency_westminster=
|constituency_westminster= [[Frome and East Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)|Frome and East Somerset]]
|post_town= SHEPTON MALLET
|post_town= SHEPTON MALLET
|postcode_district=BA4
|postcode_district=BA4
Line 21: Line 21:
}}
}}


'''Batcombe''' is a village and [[civil parishes in England|civil parish]] in the [[Mendip]] District of [[Somerset]], England, situated in the steep valley of the [[River Alham]] five miles south-east of [[Shepton Mallet]]. The parish has a population of 439.<ref name="popn"/> Batcombe village is at the heart of the parish, which also includes the [[Hamlet (place)|hamlets]] of '''Westcombe''', '''Spargrove''' and '''Eastcombe''' (historically Ashcombe).
'''Batcombe''' is a village and [[civil parishes in England|civil parish]] in [[Somerset]], England, situated in the steep valley of the [[River Alham]] {{convert|5|mi|km|0}} south-east of [[Shepton Mallet]] and {{convert|26|mi|km|0}} south of [[Bristol]]. The parish has a population of 439.<ref name="popn"/> Batcombe village is at the heart of the parish, which also includes the [[Hamlet (place)|hamlets]] of '''Westcombe''', '''Spargrove''' and '''Eastcombe''' (historically Ashcombe).


==History==
==History==


The name Batcombe comes from Saxon and means "''Bat's Valley''".<ref name="scott">{{cite book |title=The hidden places of Somerset |last=Scott |first=Shane |authorlink= |year=1995 |publisher=Travel Publishing Ltd |location=Aldermaston |isbn=1-902007-01-8 |page=68 }}</ref>
The name Batcombe comes from Saxon and means "''Bat's Valley''".<ref name="scott">{{cite book |title=The hidden places of Somerset |last=Scott |first=Shane |year=1995 |publisher=Travel Publishing Ltd |location=Aldermaston |isbn=1-902007-01-8 |page=68 }}</ref>


Around {{convert|1|mi|km|1}} from the hamlet of Westcombe is an [[Iron Age]] hill fort on [[Smalldown Knoll]] which dates back to the [[Iron Age]] and possibly the [[Bronze Age]].
Around {{convert|2|mi|km|0}} from Batcombe village is an [[Iron Age]] hill fort on [[Smalldown Knoll]] which dates back to the [[Iron Age]] and possibly the [[Bronze Age]].


Batcombe is thought to have been established around 660 [[Common Era|CE]] following the [[Timeline of the Anglo-Saxon invasion and takeover of Britain|Saxon invasion of Great Britain]]. Both settlements are recorded in the [[Domesday Book]] written after the [[Norman conquest|Norman invasion]] of England in 1066. The parish of Batcombe was part of the [[Whitstone (Somerset hundred)|Whitstone]] [[Hundred (county subdivision)|Hundred]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Somerset Hundreds|url=http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/SOM/Miscellaneous/|publisher=GENUKI|accessdate=22 October 2011}}</ref>
Batcombe is thought to have been established around 660 [[Common Era|CE]] following the [[Timeline of the Anglo-Saxon invasion and takeover of Britain|Saxon invasion of Great Britain]]. Both settlements are recorded in the [[Domesday Book]] written after the [[Norman conquest|Norman invasion]] of England in 1066. The parish of Batcombe was part of the [[Whitstone (Somerset hundred)|Whitstone]] [[Hundred (county subdivision)|Hundred]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Somerset Hundreds|url=http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/SOM/Miscellaneous/|publisher=GENUKI|access-date=22 October 2011}}</ref>


The Mendip district was, for several centuries, highly dependent on the [[wool]] industry, with which these villages were linked.
The Mendip district was, for several centuries, highly dependent on the [[wool]] industry, with which these villages were linked.
Line 37: Line 37:
For a long time the Bisse family owned much property in Batcombe, as well as other local villages, including Spargrove.
For a long time the Bisse family owned much property in Batcombe, as well as other local villages, including Spargrove.


The [[Church of St Mary the Virgin, Batcombe|Church of St Mary the Virgin]] dates from the 15th and 16th centuries and was [[Victorian restoration|restored]] in the 19th. The tower contains five bells dating from 1760 and made by Thomas Bilbie, of the [[Bilbie family]], in [[Cullompton]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=James |authorlink= |author2=Rice, Roy |author3=Hucker, Ernest |title=Bilbie and the Chew Valley clock makers |year=1995 |publisher=The authors |location= |isbn=0-9526702-0-8 }}</ref> It has been designated by [[English Heritage]] as a Grade I [[listed building]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Church of St. Mary the Virgin |work=Images of England |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=268216 |accessdate=5 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003071039/http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=268216 |archivedate=3 October 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>
The [[Church of St Mary the Virgin, Batcombe|Church of St Mary the Virgin]] dates from the 15th and 16th centuries and was [[Victorian restoration|restored]] in the 19th. The tower contains five bells dating from 1760 and made by Thomas Bilbie, of the [[Bilbie family]], in [[Cullompton]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=James |author2=Rice, Roy |author3=Hucker, Ernest |title=Bilbie and the Chew Valley clock makers |year=1995 |publisher=The authors |isbn=0-9526702-0-8 }}</ref> It has been designated by [[English Heritage]] as a Grade I [[listed building]].<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Church of St. Mary the Virgin |num=1234822 |access-date=5 October 2007 }}</ref>


In the 1643 the people of Batcombe got into a fight with the people of [[Bruton]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/som/vol7/pp18-42|title=Bruton British History Online|website=www.british-history.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> Known to the local people as the battle of Batcombe. The fight was because Batcombe was becoming a rival to Bruton in the wool industry of in which Bruton was a major player at the time. Although Batcombe is smaller it had a defensive advantage as it is on a hill.{{cn|date=March 2017}} It is reported that Bruton won as they are now the larger town not Batcombe.{{cn|date=March 2017}}
In the 1643 the people of Batcombe got into a fight with the people of [[Bruton]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/som/vol7/pp18-42|title=Bruton British History Online|website=www.british-history.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref>


Batcombe has a [[war memorial]] dedicated to those who gave their lives in [[World War I]]. The war memorial in Westcombe has engraved on it around 12 names. It was originally a family memorial to Henry Ernst in 1913, but it was later converted to a War memorial in 1919.
Batcombe has a [[war memorial]] dedicated to those who gave their lives in [[World War I]]. The war memorial in Westcombe has engraved on it around 12 names. It was originally a family memorial to Henry Ernst in 1913, but it was later converted to a war memorial in 1919.


In 1933 Batcombe village hall was built next to the village school. The hall was constructed largely of timber and built by local villagers. By the 1990s the hall's age was beginning to show, and it was clearly [[Decomposition|rotting]]. In 2001 the hall was demolished, mainly by local people. Once the site had been cleared (most of the wood being recycled) the foundations were laid for the new hall. The "Batcombe Jubilee Hall" was completed in May 2002, and officially opened by HRH [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]] on 25 May 2002. The Jubilee Hall is mainly of stone construction, with two sides made of external timber. In all the project cost over [[Pound Sterling|£]]500,000. The hall is run by the Batcombe Village Hall Trust, a charitable organisation of volunteers.
In 1933 Batcombe village hall was built next to the village school. The hall was constructed largely of timber and built by local villagers. By the 1990s the hall's age was beginning to show, and it was clearly [[Decomposition|rotting]]. In 2001 the hall was demolished, mainly by local people. Once the site had been cleared (most of the wood being recycled) the foundations were laid for the new hall. The "Batcombe Jubilee Hall" was completed in May 2002, and officially opened by [[Royal Highness|HRH]] [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]] on 25 May 2002. The Jubilee Hall is mainly of stone construction, with two sides made of external timber. In all the project cost over [[Pound Sterling|£]]500,000. The hall is run by the Batcombe Village Hall Trust, a charitable organisation of volunteers.


The property in Westcombe was historically owned by a single family, the Ernst family who lived in the Georgian country house of Westcombe House. Most of the estate was sold in 1927, and divided between two daughters. One inherited Westcombe House and the other all the families wealth. The house fell into disrepair, and was demolished in the early 1950s. Today the hamlet is home to a small industrial site owned mainly by Milton-Westcombe Farms Limited. The largest business operation on site is that of the Bay Tree Food Company, which produces handmade pickled and jam goods sold across the UK.
The property in Westcombe was historically owned by a single family, the Ernst family who lived in the Georgian country house of Westcombe House. Most of the estate was sold in 1927, and divided between two daughters. One inherited Westcombe House and the other all the family's wealth. The house fell into disrepair, and was demolished in the early 1950s. Today the hamlet is home to a small industrial site owned mainly by Milton-Westcombe Farms Limited. The largest business operation on site is that of the Bay Tree Food Company, which produces handmade pickled and jam goods sold across the UK.


==Governance==
==Governance==
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The [[Parish councils of England|parish council]] has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and [[Neighbourhood Watch (UK)|neighbourhood watch]] groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.
The [[Parish councils of England|parish council]] has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and [[Neighbourhood Watch (UK)|neighbourhood watch]] groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.


The village falls within the [[Non-metropolitan district]] of [[Mendip]], which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the [[Local Government Act 1972]], having previously been part of [[Shepton Mallet Rural District]],<ref name=sheptonrd>{{cite web|title=Shepton Mallet RD|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10001559|work=A vision of Britain Through Time|publisher=University of Portsmouth|accessdate=4 January 2014}}</ref> which is responsible for [[planning permission|local planning]] and [[Building regulations in the United Kingdom|building control]], local roads, [[council housing]], [[environmental health]], [[Market (place)|market]]s and fairs, [[refuse collection]] and [[recycling]], [[cemeteries]] and [[crematoria]], leisure services, parks, and tourism.
The village falls within the [[non-metropolitan district]] of [[Mendip District|Mendip]], which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the [[Local Government Act 1972]], having previously been part of [[Shepton Mallet Rural District]],<ref name=sheptonrd>{{cite web|title=Shepton Mallet RD|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10001559|work=A vision of Britain Through Time|publisher=University of Portsmouth|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> which is responsible for [[planning permission|local planning]] and [[Building regulations in the United Kingdom|building control]], local roads, [[council housing]], [[environmental health]], [[Market (place)|market]]s and fairs, [[refuse collection]] and [[recycling]], [[cemeteries]] and [[crematoria]], leisure services, parks, and tourism.


[[Somerset County Council]] is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as [[Local Education Authority|education]], [[social services]], [[library|libraries]], main roads, public transport, policing and [[fire service]]s, [[Trading Standards]], [[waste disposal]] and strategic planning.
[[Somerset County Council]] is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as [[Local Education Authority|education]], [[social services]], [[library|libraries]], main roads, public transport, policing and [[fire service]]s, [[Trading Standards]], [[waste disposal]] and strategic planning.


It is also part of the [[Wells (UK Parliament constituency)|Wells]] [[county constituency]] represented in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]. It elects one [[Member of Parliament|Member of Parliament (MP)]] by the [[first past the post]] system of election, and part of the [[South West England (European Parliament constituency)|South West England constituency]] of the [[European Parliament]] which elects seven [[Members of the European Parliament|MEPs]] using the [[d'Hondt method]] of [[party-list proportional representation]].
It is also part of the [[Frome and East Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)|Frome and East Somerset]] [[county constituency]] represented in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]. It elects one [[Member of Parliament|Member of Parliament (MP)]] by the [[first past the post]] system of election.
Before [[Brexit]] it was part of the [[South West England (European Parliament constituency)|South West England constituency]] of the [[European Parliament]] which elected seven [[Members of the European Parliament|MEPs]] using the [[d'Hondt method]] of [[party-list proportional representation]].


==Notable people==
==Notable people==
⚫
*[[Henry Albin]] (1624–1696) – minister. {{DNB|wstitle=Albin, Henry}}
⚫
*[[Philip Bisse]] (1540–1613) – Puritan Minister, Archdeacon of Taunton, gave nearly 3000 books to found the library at [[Wadham College, Oxford]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18736 | title=Upton Noble | work=A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 7: Bruton, Horethorne and Norton Ferris Hundreds (1999), pp. 59–63. | publisher=British History Online | accessdate=21 November 2010}}</ref>
*[[Richard Bernard]] (1568–1641) -Puritan minister.<ref>{{acad|id=BNRT592R|name=Bernard, Richard}}</ref>
*[[Richard Alleine]] (1610–1681) – Puritan minister.<ref>Stephen Wright, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/367 'Alleine, Richard (1610/11–1681)'], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 17 September 2008</ref>
*[[Richard Alleine]] (1610–1681) -Puritan minister.<ref>Stephen Wright, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/367 'Alleine, Richard (1610/11–1681)'], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 17 September 2008</ref>
*[[Richard Bernard]] (1568–1641) – Puritan minister.<ref>{{acad|id=BNRT592R|name=Bernard, Richard}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Philip Bisse]] (1540–1613) – Puritan Minister, Archdeacon of Taunton, gave nearly 3000 books to found the library at [[Wadham College, Oxford]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18736 | title=Upton Noble | work=A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 7: Bruton, Horethorne and Norton Ferris Hundreds (1999), pp. 59–63. | publisher=British History Online | access-date=21 November 2010}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Henry Albin]] (1624–1696) -minister.{{DNB|wstitle=Albin, Henry}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.somerset.gov.uk/somerset/statistics/contents/population/estimates/2002mye/ 2002 Population estimates]


==External links==
==External links==
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{{Mendip}}
{{Mendip}}


[[Category:Villages in Mendip]]
[[Category:Villages in Mendip District]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Somerset]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Somerset]]

Latest revision as of 10:27, 11 August 2024

Batcombe
Batcombe is located in Somerset
Batcombe
Batcombe
Location within Somerset
Population439 (2011)[1]
OS grid referenceST695395
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townSHEPTON MALLET
Postcode districtBA4
Dialling code01749
PoliceAvon and Somerset
FireDevon and Somerset
AmbulanceSouth Western
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Somerset
51°09′14″N 2°26′07″W / 51.1538°N 2.4354°W / 51.1538; -2.4354

Batcombe is a village and civil parish in Somerset, England, situated in the steep valley of the River Alham 5 miles (8 km) south-east of Shepton Mallet and 26 miles (42 km) south of Bristol. The parish has a population of 439.[1] Batcombe village is at the heart of the parish, which also includes the hamlets of Westcombe, Spargrove and Eastcombe (historically Ashcombe).

History

[edit]

The name Batcombe comes from Saxon and means "Bat's Valley".[2]

Around 2 miles (3 km) from Batcombe village is an Iron Age hill fort on Smalldown Knoll which dates back to the Iron Age and possibly the Bronze Age.

Batcombe is thought to have been established around 660 CE following the Saxon invasion of Great Britain. Both settlements are recorded in the Domesday Book written after the Norman invasion of England in 1066. The parish of Batcombe was part of the Whitstone Hundred.[3]

The Mendip district was, for several centuries, highly dependent on the wool industry, with which these villages were linked.

Westcombe was for many years property of Glastonbury Abbey which was destroyed with the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The hamlet and area as a whole had strong links with the English woolen industry, which gave name to settlements such as Milton Clevedon.

For a long time the Bisse family owned much property in Batcombe, as well as other local villages, including Spargrove.

The Church of St Mary the Virgin dates from the 15th and 16th centuries and was restored in the 19th. The tower contains five bells dating from 1760 and made by Thomas Bilbie, of the Bilbie family, in Cullompton.[4] It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade I listed building.[5]

In the 1643 the people of Batcombe got into a fight with the people of Bruton.[6]

Batcombe has a war memorial dedicated to those who gave their lives in World War I. The war memorial in Westcombe has engraved on it around 12 names. It was originally a family memorial to Henry Ernst in 1913, but it was later converted to a war memorial in 1919.

In 1933 Batcombe village hall was built next to the village school. The hall was constructed largely of timber and built by local villagers. By the 1990s the hall's age was beginning to show, and it was clearly rotting. In 2001 the hall was demolished, mainly by local people. Once the site had been cleared (most of the wood being recycled) the foundations were laid for the new hall. The "Batcombe Jubilee Hall" was completed in May 2002, and officially opened by HRH Prince Charles on 25 May 2002. The Jubilee Hall is mainly of stone construction, with two sides made of external timber. In all the project cost over £500,000. The hall is run by the Batcombe Village Hall Trust, a charitable organisation of volunteers.

The property in Westcombe was historically owned by a single family, the Ernst family who lived in the Georgian country house of Westcombe House. Most of the estate was sold in 1927, and divided between two daughters. One inherited Westcombe House and the other all the family's wealth. The house fell into disrepair, and was demolished in the early 1950s. Today the hamlet is home to a small industrial site owned mainly by Milton-Westcombe Farms Limited. The largest business operation on site is that of the Bay Tree Food Company, which produces handmade pickled and jam goods sold across the UK.

Governance

[edit]
A row of whitewashed buildings on the left with climbing plants. Small flower filled gardens separate them from a stone wall fronting a road.
Cottages in Batcombe

The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The village falls within the non-metropolitan district of Mendip, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Shepton Mallet Rural District,[7] which is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.

Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, Trading Standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

It is also part of the Frome and East Somerset county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

Before Brexit it was part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament which elected seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

Notable people

[edit]
  • Henry Albin (1624–1696) – minister.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Albin, Henry". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
  • Richard Alleine (1610–1681) – Puritan minister.[8]
  • Richard Bernard (1568–1641) – Puritan minister.[9]
  • Philip Bisse (1540–1613) – Puritan Minister, Archdeacon of Taunton, gave nearly 3000 books to found the library at Wadham College, Oxford.[10]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Batcombe Parish". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
  2. ^ Scott, Shane (1995). The hidden places of Somerset. Aldermaston: Travel Publishing Ltd. p. 68. ISBN 1-902007-01-8.
  3. ^ "Somerset Hundreds". GENUKI. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
  4. ^ Moore, James; Rice, Roy; Hucker, Ernest (1995). Bilbie and the Chew Valley clock makers. The authors. ISBN 0-9526702-0-8.
  5. ^ Historic England. "Church of St. Mary the Virgin (1234822)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
  6. ^ "Bruton British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  7. ^ "Shepton Mallet RD". A vision of Britain Through Time. University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  8. ^ Stephen Wright, 'Alleine, Richard (1610/11–1681)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 17 September 2008
  9. ^ "Bernard, Richard (BNRT592R)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  10. ^ "Upton Noble". A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 7: Bruton, Horethorne and Norton Ferris Hundreds (1999), pp. 59–63. British History Online. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
[edit]
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