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{{short description|Latin footnote or endnote term referring to the previous source}}
{{redirect|Ibid}}
{{redirect|Ibid}}
[[File:Examples of Ibid, from "Justice" by Michael J- Sandel 2013-04-08 20-17.jpg|thumbnail|An example of ''Ibid.'' citations in use, from "Justice" by [[Michael J. Sandel]].]]
[[File:Examples of Ibid, from "Justice" by Michael J- Sandel 2013-04-08 20-17.jpg|thumbnail|An example of Ibid. citations in use, from ''Justice'' by [[Michael J. Sandel]].]]
{{Italic title}}
⚫
'''''Ibid.''''' ([[Latin]], short for ''[[wikt:ibidem|ibidem]]'', meaning "in the same place") is the term used to provide an [[endnote]], [[footnote]], or [[bibliography]] [[citation]] or [[reference]] for a [[Source text|source]] that was cited in the preceding note or list item. This is similar in meaning to ''[[idem]]'' (meaning something that has been mentioned previously; the same), abbreviated ''Id.'', which is commonly used in [[legal citation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/idem |title=Idem|publisher=thefreedictionary.com |accessdate=11 May 2008}}</ref> To find the ''ibid.'' source, one must look at the reference preceding it.


⚫
'''Ibid.''' is an abbreviation for the [[Latin]] word ''[[wikt:ibidem#Latin|ibīdem]]'', meaning {{Gloss|in the same place}}, commonly used in an [[endnote]], [[footnote]], [[bibliography]] [[citation]], or [[reference#Scholarship|scholarly reference]] to refer to the [[Source text|source]] cited in the preceding note or list item. This is similar to ''[[idem]]'', literally meaning {{Gloss|the same}}, abbreviated ''id.'', which is commonly used in [[legal citation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/idem |title=Idem|publisher=thefreedictionary.com |access-date=11 May 2008}}</ref>
⚫
''Ibid.'' may also be used in the Harvard (name-date) system for in-text references where there has been a close previous citation from the same source material.<ref>Chicago Manual of Style Online, (13.64).</ref><ref>New Hart's Rules, Oxford University Press, 2005, p.396</ref> The previous reference should be immediately visible, e.g. within the same paragraph or page. Many academic publishers now prefer that "ibid." should not be given in italics, as it is a commonly found term.<ref>E.g., {{cite web |url= http://www.cambridge.org/us/notesforauthors/cambridge_style.doc |title=Style sheet: Cambridge University Press |format=DOC |date=2013 |website= |publisher= |access-date=}}</ref>


⚫
''Ibid.'' may also be used in the Chicago (name-date) system for in-text references where there has been a close previous citation from the same source material.<ref>Chicago Manual of Style Online, (13.64).</ref><ref>New Hart's Rules, Oxford University Press, 2005, p.396</ref> The previous reference should be immediately visible, e.g. within the same paragraph or page.
Notice that ''ibid.'' is an [[abbreviation]] where the last two letters of the word are not present; thus, it commonly takes a full stop (period) in both British and American usage.

Some academic publishers now prefer that ''ibid.'' not be [[Italic type|italicised]], as it is a commonly found term.<ref>E.g., {{cite web |url= http://www.cambridge.org/us/notesforauthors/cambridge_style.doc |title=Style sheet: Cambridge University Press |format=DOC |date=2013 }}</ref> Usage differs from style or citation guides as to whether ibid should be suffixed with a [[full stop]]. For example, [[Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities]] omits full stops and does not capitalise,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/775030305|title=OSCOLA : Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities|date=2012|publisher=Hart Publishers|others=Nolan, Donal., Meredith, Sandra., University of Oxford. Faculty of Law.|isbn=978-1-84946-367-6|edition=4th|location=Oxford|pages=5|oclc=775030305}}</ref> while the Economist Style guide uses a lower case starting letter with ending full stop.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1005580872|title=Style guide.|others=Economist Books.|date=5 June 2018|isbn=978-1-61039-981-4|edition=Twelfth|location=New York|pages=202|oclc=1005580872}}</ref>


==Example==
==Example==
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
:[1] E. Vijh, ''Latin for Dummies'' (New York: Academic, 1997), 23.
:[1] E. Vijh, ''Latin for Dummies'' (New York: Academic, 1997), 23.
:[2] Ibid.max payne
:[2] Ibid.
:[3] Ibid., 29.
:[3] Ibid., 29.
:[4] A. Alhazred, ''The Necronomicon'' (Petrus de Dacia, 1994).
:[4] A. Alhazred, ''The Necronomicon'' (Petrus de Dacia, 1994).
:[5] Ibid. 1, 34.
:[5] Ibid. 1, 34.
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
Reference 2 is the same as reference 1: E. Vijh, ''Latin for Dummies'' on page 23, whereas reference 3 refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form Ibid. <citation #>'', as in reference 5.
Reference 2 is the same as reference 1: E. Vijh, ''Latin for Dummies'' on page 23, whereas reference 3 refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form Ibid. <citation #>, as in reference 5.


==Cultural references==
==Cultural references==


*"[[Ibid (short story)|Ibid]]", a humorous short story by [[H. P. Lovecraft]], purports to be a brief biography of the (fictional) Roman scholar Ibidus.
* Ibid. is used in the 1960s play ''[[Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?]]'' by [[Edward Albee]]. Albee uses an unabbreviated ibid{{huh|date=April 2017}} in his stage directions to tell an actor to use the same tone as the previous line.
* ''Ibid.'' is used in the 1960s play ''[[Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?]]'' by [[Edward Albee]]. Albee uses an unabbreviated ibid (i.e. ''[[wikt:ibidem#Latin|ibīdem]]'') in his stage directions to tell an actor to use the same tone as the previous line.
* In the 1989 book ''Pyramids'' by [[Terry Pratchett]], one of the Ephebian philosophers is called "Ibid".
* In the ''[[Discworld]]'' novels ''[[Pyramids (novel)|Pyramids]]'' and ''[[Small Gods]]'' by [[Terry Pratchett]], an Ephebian philosopher is called Ibid, mentioned in the latter as the author of ''Discourses''.
* In the 1997 movie ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'', the main character, Will Hunting, when arguing for himself in court against the dismissive rebuttals of the prosecuting attorney, cites obscure case law, then follows up by stating "Ibid, your Honour."
* In the 1997 movie ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'', the main character, Will Hunting, when arguing for himself in court against the dismissive rebuttals of the prosecuting attorney, misquotes (and mispronounces) a passage from an obscure book, then follows up by stating "Ibid, your Honor," although there was no second citation.


==See also==
==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Ditto mark]]
* [[Ditto mark]]
* [[Em dash]]
* [[Em dash]]
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* [[Supra (grammar)|''Supra'' (grammar)]]
* [[Supra (grammar)|''Supra'' (grammar)]]
* [[List of Latin abbreviations]]
* [[List of Latin abbreviations]]
{{div col end}}


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 14:06, 11 August 2024

"Ibid" redirects here. For other uses, see Ibid (disambiguation).
An example of Ibid. citations in use, from Justice by Michael J. Sandel.

Ibid. is an abbreviation for the Latin word ibīdem, meaning 'in the same place', commonly used in an endnote, footnote, bibliography citation, or scholarly reference to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item. This is similar to idem, literally meaning 'the same', abbreviated id., which is commonly used in legal citation.[1]

Ibid. may also be used in the Chicago (name-date) system for in-text references where there has been a close previous citation from the same source material.[2][3] The previous reference should be immediately visible, e.g. within the same paragraph or page.

Some academic publishers now prefer that ibid. not be italicised, as it is a commonly found term.[4] Usage differs from style or citation guides as to whether ibid should be suffixed with a full stop. For example, Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities omits full stops and does not capitalise,[5] while the Economist Style guide uses a lower case starting letter with ending full stop.[6]

Example

[edit]
[1] E. Vijh, Latin for Dummies (New York: Academic, 1997), 23.
[2] Ibid.
[3] Ibid., 29.
[4] A. Alhazred, The Necronomicon (Petrus de Dacia, 1994).
[5] Ibid. 1, 34.

Reference 2 is the same as reference 1: E. Vijh, Latin for Dummies on page 23, whereas reference 3 refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form Ibid. <citation #>, as in reference 5.

Cultural references

[edit]
  • "Ibid", a humorous short story by H. P. Lovecraft, purports to be a brief biography of the (fictional) Roman scholar Ibidus.
  • Ibid. is used in the 1960s play Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? by Edward Albee. Albee uses an unabbreviated ibid (i.e. ibīdem) in his stage directions to tell an actor to use the same tone as the previous line.
  • In the Discworld novels Pyramids and Small Gods by Terry Pratchett, an Ephebian philosopher is called Ibid, mentioned in the latter as the author of Discourses.
  • In the 1997 movie Good Will Hunting, the main character, Will Hunting, when arguing for himself in court against the dismissive rebuttals of the prosecuting attorney, misquotes (and mispronounces) a passage from an obscure book, then follows up by stating "Ibid, your Honor," although there was no second citation.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Idem". thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
  2. ^ Chicago Manual of Style Online, (13.64).
  3. ^ New Hart's Rules, Oxford University Press, 2005, p.396
  4. ^ E.g., "Style sheet: Cambridge University Press" (DOC). 2013.
  5. ^ OSCOLA : Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities. Nolan, Donal., Meredith, Sandra., University of Oxford. Faculty of Law. (4th ed.). Oxford: Hart Publishers. 2012. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-84946-367-6. OCLC 775030305.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  6. ^ Style guide. Economist Books. (Twelfth ed.). New York. 5 June 2018. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-61039-981-4. OCLC 1005580872.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
[edit]
Look up ibid., ibid, or ibidem in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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