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{{short description|Ceramic artists from the United States}}
{{short description|Ceramic artist from the United States}}
[[File:Lm may 3rd 1862 by dave the slave.jpeg|thumbnail|One of the many jars created by Dave. This one is inscribed with "Lm may 3rd 1862 / Dave"]]
[[File:Lm may 3rd 1862 by dave the slave.jpeg|thumbnail|One of the many jars created by Dave. This one is inscribed with "Lm may 3rd 1862 / Dave"]]
[[File:Dave the Potter, I made this jar for cash, though it is called lucre trash.jpg|thumb|David Drake, ''I made this jar for cash, though it is called lucre trash''. Alkaline glaze stoneware, 1857.]]
[[File:Dave the Potter, I made this jar for cash, though it is called lucre trash.jpg|thumb|David Drake, ''I made this jar for cash, though it is called lucre trash''. Alkaline glaze stoneware, 1857.]]
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'''David Drake''' (c. 1800 – c. 1870s), also known as "Dave Pottery" and "Dave the Potter," was an [[Americans|American]] [[Pottery|potter]] and enslaved African American who lived in [[Edgefield, South Carolina]]. Drake lived and worked in Edgefield for almost all his life.<ref name=":6" />
'''David Drake''' (c. 1800 – c. 1870s), also known as "Dave Pottery" and "Dave the Potter," was an [[Americans|American]] [[Pottery|potter]] and enslaved African American who lived in [[Edgefield, South Carolina]]. Drake lived and worked in Edgefield for almost all his life.<ref name=":6" />


Drake produced alkaline-glazed [[stoneware]] [[pottery|jugs]] between the 1820s and the 1870s. An enslaved [[African American]], he often signed his works "Dave." He is recognized as the first enslaved potter to inscribe his work, during a time when most enslaved people were [[Education during the Slave Period|illiterate]], often [[Anti-literacy law|forbidden from literacy]], and anonymous.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=de Groft|first=Aaron|date=1998-01-01|title=Eloquent Vessels/Poetics of Power: The Heroic Stoneware of "Dave the Potter"|jstor=1215184|journal=Winterthur Portfolio|volume=33|issue=4|pages=249–260|doi=10.1086/496754}}</ref> Drake inscribed his work with poetry, often using rhyming couplets,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SiBDAQAAIAAJ&q=%22rhyming+couplets%22|title=The Horrible Gift of Freedom: Atlantic Slavery and the Representation of Emancipation|last=Wood|first=Marcus|date=2010|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=9780820334271|language=en}}</ref> as well as his signature.<ref name="DaveLife">{{cite web|last1=Todd|first1=Leonard|title=Dave's Life|url=http://www.leonardtodd.com/index.php?page_id=283|website=Carolina Clay: The Life and Legend of the Slave Potter, Dave|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Slave">{{cite web|title=Dave the Slave Potter|url=http://www.exploreedgefield.com/infamous-history/article/dave-the-slave-potter|website=Our Infamous History|publisher=Edgefield, South Carolina|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="sciway">{{cite web|title=Dave the Potter – Pottersville, Edgefield County, South Carolina" (Includes Photos)|url=http://www.sciway.net/afam/dave-slave-potter.html|website=South Carolina Information Highway|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
Drake produced alkaline-glazed [[stoneware]] [[pottery|jugs]] between the 1820s and the 1870s. An enslaved [[African American]], he often signed his works "Dave." He is recognized as the first enslaved potter to inscribe his work, during a time when most enslaved people were [[Education during the Slave Period|illiterate]], often [[Anti-literacy law|forbidden from literacy]], and anonymous.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=De Groft|first=Aaron|authorlink= Aaron De Groft |date=1998-01-01|title=Eloquent Vessels/Poetics of Power: The Heroic Stoneware of "Dave the Potter"|jstor=1215184|journal=Winterthur Portfolio|volume=33|issue=4|pages=249–260|doi=10.1086/496754}}</ref> Drake inscribed his work with poetry, often using rhyming couplets,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SiBDAQAAIAAJ&q=%22rhyming+couplets%22|title=The Horrible Gift of Freedom: Atlantic Slavery and the Representation of Emancipation|last=Wood|first=Marcus|date=2010|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=9780820334271|language=en}}</ref> as well as his signature.<ref name="DaveLife">{{cite web|last1=Todd|first1=Leonard|title=Dave's Life|url=http://www.leonardtodd.com/index.php?page_id=283|website=Carolina Clay: The Life and Legend of the Slave Potter, Dave|access-date=14 March 2015|archive-date=27 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927154343/http://www.leonardtodd.com/index.php?page_id=283|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Slave">{{cite web|title=Dave the Slave Potter|url=http://www.exploreedgefield.com/infamous-history/article/dave-the-slave-potter|website=Our Infamous History|publisher=Edgefield, South Carolina|access-date=14 March 2015|archive-date=2 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302010611/http://www.exploreedgefield.com/infamous-history/article/dave-the-slave-potter|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sciway">{{cite web|title=Dave the Potter – Pottersville, Edgefield County, South Carolina" (Includes Photos)|url=http://www.sciway.net/afam/dave-slave-potter.html|website=South Carolina Information Highway|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>


==Life==
==Life==
David Drake is thought to have been born the first half of the year 1800 on a [[Plantation economy|plantation]] in South Carolina, owned by the Drake family.<ref name=DaveLife/> The first legal record of Drake is a description from June 13, 1818, that describes "a boy about 17 years old country born" who was "mortgaged to Eldrid Simkins by Harvey Drake".<ref>{{cite web|title=Dave, the Potter (aka David Drake)|url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ghaaw/dave_the_potter_aka_david_drake/0?institutionId=702.|website=Encyclopedia of African American Writing|publisher=Credo Reference|access-date=7 February 2017}}</ref> "Country born" refers to an enslaved African American who was born in the [[United States]] rather than Africa.<ref name=" DaveLife" /> During the [[Plantation era|antebellum period]], Drake was one of the 76 known enslaved African American to have worked in Edgefield's twelve pottery factories.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Beute Koverman|first=Jill|date=February 2017|title=The Ceramic Works of David Drake, aka, Dave the Po er or Dave the Slave of Edge eld, South Carolina|url=http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=mks_staffpub|journal=American Ceramic Circle Journal|volume=13, 2005|pages=83–98|via=McKissick Museum Commons}}</ref>
David Drake is thought to have been born the first half of the year 1800 on a [[Plantation economy|plantation]] in South Carolina, enslaved by the Drake family.<ref name=DaveLife/> The first legal record of Drake is a description from June 13, 1818, that describes "a boy about 17 years old country born" who was "mortgaged to Eldrid Simkins by Harvey Drake".<ref>{{cite web|title=Dave, the Potter (aka David Drake)|url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ghaaw/dave_the_potter_aka_david_drake/0?institutionId=702.|website=Encyclopedia of African American Writing|publisher=Credo Reference|access-date=7 February 2017}}</ref> "Country born" refers to an enslaved African American who was born in the [[United States]] rather than Africa.<ref name=" DaveLife" /> During the [[Plantation era|antebellum period]], Drake was one of the 76 known enslaved African Americans to have worked in Edgefield's twelve pottery factories.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Beute Koverman|first=Jill|date=February 2017|title=The Ceramic Works of David Drake, aka, Dave the Po er or Dave the Slave of Edge eld, South Carolina|url=http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=mks_staffpub|journal=American Ceramic Circle Journal|volume=13, 2005|pages=83–98|via=McKissick Museum Commons}}</ref>


David Drake was first enslaved by Harvey Drake. Harvey Drake owned a large pottery business with his business partner Abner Landrum. Drake is believed to have been born to one of eight slaves that Landrum had brought to Edgefield from North Carolina. This pottery business, and the area within which David Drake worked, is known as [[Pottersville (Edgefield, South Carolina)|Pottersville]]. Landrum was the publisher of a local newspaper called ''The Edgefield Hive''.<ref name=" DaveLife" /> It is unclear how Drake learned to read and write. Scholars speculate he was taught by Landrum, who was known to be a religious man and may have taught Drake how to read the [[Bible]].<ref name=" DaveLife" /> During this time period it was punishable for [[Education during the Slave Period|enslaved people to be literate]], especially in South Carolina. Most [[the Southern United States|southern states]] in the early 1800s restricted black literacy, and in 1830s legislation was passed laws prohibiting their education.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/carolinaclaylife00todd|title=Carolina clay : the life and legend of the slave potter Dave|last=Leonard.|first=Todd|date=2009|publisher=W.W. Norton|isbn=978-0393058567|oclc=300404359|url-access=registration}}</ref> South Carolina's [[Negro Act of 1740]], [[Anti-literacy law|prohibited teaching enslaved Africans to read and write]], punishable by a fine of 100 pounds and six months in prison. Another unclear detail about Drake's life is his missing leg. At an unknown point in his life, one of Drake's legs was amputated; it is speculated that Drake lost his leg after his owner severely beat Drake for inscribing his works.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Mack|first=David F.|date=September 2020|title=Enslaved and Freed: African American Potters|journal=Ceramics Monthly|volume=68|pages=40–43}}</ref>
David Drake was first enslaved by Harvey Drake. Harvey Drake owned a large pottery business with his business partner Abner Landrum. Drake is believed to have been born to one of eight slaves that Landrum had brought to Edgefield from North Carolina. This pottery business, and the area within which David Drake worked, is known as [[Pottersville (Edgefield, South Carolina)|Pottersville]]. Landrum was the publisher of a local newspaper called ''The Edgefield Hive''.<ref name=" DaveLife" /> It is unclear how Drake learned to read and write. Scholars speculate he was taught by Landrum, who was known to be a religious man and may have taught Drake how to read the [[Bible]].<ref name=" DaveLife" /> During this time period it was punishable for [[Education during the Slave Period|enslaved people to be literate]], especially in South Carolina. Most [[the Southern United States|southern states]] in the early 1800s restricted black literacy, and in 1830s legislation was passed laws prohibiting their education.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/carolinaclaylife00todd|title=Carolina clay : the life and legend of the slave potter Dave|last=Leonard.|first=Todd|date=2009|publisher=W.W. Norton|isbn=978-0393058567|oclc=300404359|url-access=registration}}</ref> South Carolina's [[Negro Act of 1740]], [[Anti-literacy law|prohibited teaching enslaved Africans to read and write]], punishable by a fine of 100 pounds and six months in prison. Another unclear detail about Drake's life is his missing leg. At an unknown point in his life, one of Drake's legs was amputated; it is speculated that Drake lost his leg after his owner severely beat Drake for inscribing his works.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Mack|first=David F.|date=September 2020|title=Enslaved and Freed: African American Potters|journal=Ceramics Monthly|volume=68|pages=40–43}}</ref>


After the death of Harvey Drake, David Drake was enslaved by Rev. John Landrum. In 1846, Rev. Landrum passed away and all eighteen of the people he enslaved were put up for sale. Drake was then purchased and enslaved by Rev. Landrum's son, Franklin Landrum. Drake's treatment under Franklin Landrum was poor.<ref name=":2" /> During the period of his enslavement by Franklin Lundrum, Drake's wares were not inscribed and no poetry is thought to have been produced.<ref name="DaveLife" />
After the death of Harvey Drake, David Drake was enslaved by Rev. John Landrum. In 1846, Rev. Landrum passed away and all eighteen of the people he enslaved were put up for sale. Drake was then purchased and enslaved by Rev. Landrum's son, Franklin Landrum. Drake's treatment under Franklin Landrum was poor.<ref name=":2" /> During the period of his enslavement by Franklin Landrum, Drake's wares were not inscribed and no poetry is thought to have been produced.<ref name="DaveLife" />


In 1849, Lewis Miles bought and enslaved Drake. During the time Drake produced his largest amount of wares that included poetry.<ref name=":2" /> Miles' factory was known as 'Stony Bluff.' Drake's poetry at this time increased from one every few years to three in 1857, eight in 1858, and seven in 1859.<ref name="DaveLife" />
In 1849, Lewis Miles bought and enslaved Drake. During the time Drake produced his largest amount of wares that included poetry.<ref name=":2" /> Miles' factory was known as 'Stony Bluff.' Drake's poetry at this time increased from one every few years to three in 1857, eight in 1858, and seven in 1859.<ref name="DaveLife" />
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Surely this jar will hold 14|char=|sign=|title=|source=}}
Surely this jar will hold 14|char=|sign=|title=|source=}}


Drake scholar Jill Beute Koverman argues that Drake "made more than 40,000 pieces over his lifetime."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/30/arts/art-architecture-in-a-slave-s-pottery-a-saga-of-courage-and-beauty.html|title=Art/Architecture; In a Slave's Pottery, a Saga of Courage and Beauty|last=Reif|first=Rita|date=2000-01-30|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-05-21|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Twenty of Drake's jars and jugs are inscribed with original poetry and fifty additional vessels reveal his signature, maker's mark, date, and other inscriptions.<ref name=":0" /> Drake's jars are bulbous in form, similar to most ware produced in antebellum Edgefield. Drake is known for the massive size of his ware and the largest jar attributed to Drake holds {{convert|40|USgal|l}} and measures {{convert|29|in|cm}} tall, with a circumference of {{convert|85|in|cm}}.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/A-Slave-a-Poet-a-Potter-/100038 |title=A Slave, a Poet, a Potter: Preserving the Legacy of David Drake|date=1998-07-31|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|access-date=2017-05-21}}</ref> One marker of Drake's work is that his jars are widest at the top - "They are wide-mouthed forms with thick, rolled rims and high broad shoulders. Contemporary potters who have examined Drake's thick-walled, large capacity storage jars are amazed at the great strength and skill that was required to produce vessels of such size."<ref name=":0" /> The use of Drake's ware ranged from pitchers for buttermilk, jugs for molasses or whiskey, churns for butter, large jars for pickling vegetables or preserving meats such as venison and bear.<ref name=":3" />
Drake scholar Jill Beute Koverman argues that Drake "made more than 40,000 pieces over his lifetime."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/30/arts/art-architecture-in-a-slave-s-pottery-a-saga-of-courage-and-beauty.html|title=Art/Architecture; In a Slave's Pottery, a Saga of Courage and Beauty|last=Reif|first=Rita|date=2000-01-30|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-05-21|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Twenty of Drake's jars and jugs are inscribed with original poetry and fifty additional vessels reveal his signature, maker's mark, date, and other inscriptions.<ref name=":0" /> Drake's jars are bulbous in form, similar to most ware produced in antebellum Edgefield. Drake is known for the massive size of his ware and the largest jar attributed to Drake holds {{convert|40|USgal|L}} and measures {{convert|29|in|cm}} tall, with a circumference of {{convert|85|in|cm}}.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/A-Slave-a-Poet-a-Potter-/100038 |title=A Slave, a Poet, a Potter: Preserving the Legacy of David Drake|date=1998-07-31|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|access-date=2017-05-21}}</ref> One marker of Drake's work is that his jars are widest at the top -
⚫
One of Drake's better known pieces, a 19-inch greenware pot, is dated back to August 16, 1857, includes the following description:<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Chaney|first=Michael A.|date=Winter 2014|title=Dave the Potter and the Churn of Time|journal=Michigan Quarterly Review|volume=53|pages=29–34}}</ref>{{Poemquote|text=I wonder where is all my relations


⚫
One of Drake's better known pieces, a 19-inch greenware pot, is dated back to August 16, 1857 includes the following description:<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Chaney|first=Michael A.|date=Winter 2014|title=Dave the Potter and the Churn of Time|journal=Michigan Quarterly Review|volume=53|pages=29–34}}</ref>

{{Poemquote|text=I wonder where is all my relations
Friendship to all and every nation|char=|sign=|title=|source=}}
Friendship to all and every nation|char=|sign=|title=|source=}}


Drake commonly used {{convert|25|-|40|USgal|l|round=5|adj=on}} jugs, which he frequently adorned with short [[poem]]s and couplets below the rim of the jar.<ref name=":0" /> Some of these were explanatory "Put every bit all between / surely this jar will hold 14;" and some, like the one above, were commentaries on the institution of slavery. The well known inscription, "I wonder where is all my relations / Friendship to all—and every nation," demonstrates Drake questioning his heritage and personal history. This contemplation signifies Drake's positivity despite facing the many brutalities slavery, including the loss of personal identity.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chaney|first=Michael A.|title=Where Is All My Relation? The Poetics of Dave the Potter|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|location=New York}}</ref> It is believed that the inscriptions Drake included on his works were used as a method of personal expression, communication with other slaves, and even defiance to the institution of slavery.<ref name=":6" /> Some collectors and scholars have suggested that Drake's [[poetry]] should be characterized as an early act of [[sedition]] in the cause of [[civil rights]], because at the time it was generally forbidden for African-Americans to read and write.<ref name="Go-Star">{{cite web|last1=Wingard|first1=Pete|title=WHAT'S HOT in Collecting Southern Stoneware|url=http://www.go-star.com/antiquing/stoneware0904.htm|access-date=14 March 2015|website=McElreath Printing & Publishing}}</ref> Pieces by Drake frequently feature the initials "LM." This stood for Lewis Miles, the man who owned the pottery workshop where Drake worked (Miles may have enslaved Dave for a time, starting in the late 1830s).<ref name="Go-Star" /> Lewis Miles has even been referenced directly in one of Drake's couplets: "Dave belongs to Mr. Miles / Wher the oven bakes & the pot biles."
Drake commonly used {{convert|25|-|40|USgal|L|round=5|adj=on}} jugs, which he frequently adorned with short [[poem]]s and couplets below the rim of the jar.<ref name=":0" /> Some of these were explanatory "Put every bit all between / surely this jar will hold 14;" and some, like the one above, were commentaries on the institution of slavery. The well known inscription, "I wonder where is all my relations / Friendship to all—and every nation," demonstrates Drake questioning his heritage and personal history. This contemplation signifies Drake's positivity despite facing the many brutalities of slavery, including the loss of personal identity.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chaney|first=Michael A.|title=Where Is All My Relation? The Poetics of Dave the Potter|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|location=New York}}</ref> It is believed that the inscriptions Drake included on his works were used as a method of personal expression, communication with other slaves, and even defiance to the institution of slavery.<ref name=":6" /> Some collectors and scholars have suggested that Drake's [[poetry]] should be characterized as an early act of [[sedition]] in the cause of [[civil rights]], because at the time it was generally forbidden for African-Americans to read and write.<ref name="Go-Star">{{cite web|last1=Wingard|first1=Pete|title=WHAT'S HOT in Collecting Southern Stoneware|url=http://www.go-star.com/antiquing/stoneware0904.htm|access-date=14 March 2015|website=McElreath Printing & Publishing}}</ref> Pieces by Drake frequently feature the initials "LM." This stood for Lewis Miles, the man who owned the pottery workshop where Drake worked (Miles may have enslaved Dave for a time, starting in the late 1830s).<ref name="Go-Star" /> Lewis Miles has even been referenced directly in one of Drake's couplets: "Dave belongs to Mr. Miles / Wher the oven bakes & the pot biles."


==Legacy ==
==Legacy ==
⚫
During Drake's lifetime, his pots were worth around 50 cents; However today, they sell for as much as $50,000.<ref name=":3" /> In contemporary auctions and sales, his work has sold for over $40,000 per piece.<ref name="USCA">[http://www.usca.edu/aasc/davepotter.htm "Dave the Potter"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216125939/http://www.usca.edu/aasc/davepotter.htm |date=2007-02-16 }}, University of South Carolina</ref>


The 1998 exhibition ''The Life and Works of the Enslaved African American Potter, Dave'' at [[University of South Carolina]]'s McKissick Museum was the first exhibition devoted solely to Drake's pottery.<ref name=":3" />
⚫
In 2010, the children's book ''Dave the Potter: Artist, Poet, Slave'' was written by Laban Carrick Hill and illustrated by Bryan Collier. The book gives a biography of Drake as well as his prowess for creating pottery. It won the Coretta Scott King Award and was a Caldecott Honor book in 2011.


⚫
In 2008, Leonard Todd published a cohesive biography on Drake. Leonard Todd's interest lies in the fact that two of his ancestors enslaved Drake at some point in time.
⚫
In 2013 author [[Andrea Cheng]] published the middle grade novel ''Etched in Clay: The Life of Dave, Enslaved Potter and Poet'' offering a biographical look at Drake's life.<ref name="Cheng">{{cite web | last=Cheng | first=Andrea | title=Etched in Clay: The Life of Dave, Enslaved Potter and Poet | website=Goodreads | url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/19984497-etched-in-clay-the-life-of-dave-enslaved-potter-and-poet | access-date=2020-12-13}}</ref>


⚫
In 2010, the children's book ''Dave the Potter: Artist, Poet, Slave'' was written by Laban Carrick Hill and illustrated by [[Bryan Collier]]. The book gives a biography of Drake and discusses his talent for creating pottery. It won the [[Coretta Scott King Award]] and was a [[Caldecott Medal|Caldecott Honor]] book in 2011.
⚫
During Drake's lifetime, his pots were worth around 50 cents; However today, they sell for as much as $50,000.<ref name=":3" /> In contemporary auctions and sales, his work has sold for over $40,000 per piece.<ref name="USCA">[http://www.usca.edu/aasc/davepotter.htm "Dave the Potter"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216125939/http://www.usca.edu/aasc/davepotter.htm |date=2007-02-16 }}, University of South Carolina</ref>

⚫
In 2010, contemporary artist [[Theaster Gates]] created an exhibition responding to and centering around the work of David Drake, titled ''Theaster Gates: To Speculate Darkly'', at the [[Milwaukee Art Museum]]. In this exhibition Gates used Drake's work to address issues of craft and race in African American history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chicagoartmagazine.com/2010/03/theaster-gates-speculates-darkly/|title=Theaster Gates Speculates Darkly : Chicago Art Magazine|website=chicagoartmagazine.com|access-date=2017-05-21|archive-date=2018-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006075643/http://chicagoartmagazine.com/2010/03/theaster-gates-speculates-darkly/|url-status=dead}}</ref>


In 2012, one of Drake's pieces, a butter churn with the inscription, "This is a noble churn / fill it up it will never turn," sold for $130,000 at a Charlton Hall Auction in South Carolina.<ref name=":5" />
In 2012, one of Drake's pieces, a butter churn with the inscription, "This is a noble churn / fill it up it will never turn," sold for $130,000 at a Charlton Hall Auction in South Carolina.<ref name=":5" />


⚫
In 2013, author [[Andrea Cheng]] published the middle grade novel ''Etched in Clay: The Life of Dave, Enslaved Potter and Poet'' offering a biographical look at Drake's life.<ref name="Cheng">{{cite web | last=Cheng | first=Andrea | title=Etched in Clay: The Life of Dave, Enslaved Potter and Poet | website=Goodreads | url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/19984497-etched-in-clay-the-life-of-dave-enslaved-potter-and-poet | access-date=2020-12-13}}</ref>
In 2020 an attributed inscription jar sold for $369,000 at a Brunk’s Auction in Asheville, North Carolina.


⚫
In 2016, an exhibition at the Vero Museum of Art titled ''David Drake: Potter and Poet'' contained 31 objects, 13 of which are known to be from Drake's hand.
⚫
In 2008 Leonard Todd published a cohesive biography on Drake. Leonard Todd's interest lies in the fact that two of his ancestors enslaved Drake at some point in time


In 2021 an inscribed jar sold for $1.56 million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=1560000|start_year=2021}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) at auction, a world auction record for American pottery.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kindy |first=Dave |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Their enslaved ancestor’s pottery sells for over $1 million. They get nothing. |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2023/04/02/dave-potter-enslaved-descendants/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=}}</ref> In 2020, an attributed inscription jar sold for $369,000 (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=369000|start_year=2020}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) at a Brunk's Auction in Asheville, North Carolina.
⚫
The 1998 exhibition ''The Life and Works of the Enslaved African American Potter, Dave'' at University of South Carolina's McKissick Museum was the first exhibition devoted solely to Drake's pottery.<ref name=":3" /> In 2010 contemporary artist Theaster Gates created an exhibition responding to and centering around the work of David Drake, titled ''Theaster Gates: To Speculate Darkly'' at the Milwaukee Art Museum. In this exhibitions Gates uses Drake's work to address issues of craft and race in the African American history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chicagoartmagazine.com/2010/03/theaster-gates-speculates-darkly/|title=Theaster Gates Speculates Darkly : Chicago Art Magazine|website=chicagoartmagazine.com|access-date=2017-05-21}}</ref>


In 2023, a new book on his life and work, ''Praise Songs for Dave the Potter: Art and Poetry for David Drake'', was published by academic Gabrielle Foreman through [[University of Georgia Press]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Burlingame |first1=Susan |title=New book celebrates the life and work of 19th-century enslaved potter and poet |url=https://www.psu.edu/news/liberal-arts/story/new-book-celebrates-life-and-work-19th-century-enslaved-potter-and-poet/ |publisher=Penn State University |access-date=May 26, 2023}}</ref>
⚫
In 2016 an exhibition at the Vero Museum of Art titled ''David Drake: Potter and Poet'' contained 31 objects; 13 of which are known to be from Drake's hand.


=== Reparations ===
===Collections===
[[File:Storage jar - MET DP-14106-002.jpg|thumb|Storage jar - 1858 - in [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] collection]]
Despite substantial documentation of Drake's signature on his works, no reparations have been made to the descendants of David Drake. This documentation would allow for easy identification of Drake's pottery today; however, the lack of concrete legislation ordering reparations being made to Drake's descendants bars the possibility of any restitution. Historians argue that previous actions made by the United States government (i.e. the Civil Liberties Act of 1988) should parallel the reparations that are being argued for.<ref name=":4" />
Drake's work is in the permanent collections of the Smithsonian's [[National Museum of American History]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Jar made by "Dave"|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1181785}}</ref> and the [[National Gallery of Art]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Work of Art: David Drake, Storage Jar |url=https://www.nga.gov/collection-search-result.html?artist=Drake,%20David |access-date=February 24, 2023 |website=National Gallery of Art}}</ref> in Washington, the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Storage Jar|url=http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/91457.html|website=Philadelphia Museum of Art}}</ref> the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Storage Jar|url=http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/storage-jar-45055|website=MFA Boston}}</ref> the [[Art Institute of Chicago]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Drake’s Storage Jar |url=https://www.artic.edu/interactive-features/david-drakes-storage-jar |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=The Art Institute of Chicago |language=en}}</ref> the [[De Young Museum]] in San Francisco,<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Finkel |first=Jori |date=June 16, 2021 |title=An Enslaved Artist’s Acts of Resistance |language=en-US |page=C1 |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/17/arts/design/-enslaved-potter-david-drake-museum.html |access-date=2023-02-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the [[Saint Louis Art Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hathaway |first=Matthew |date=February 17, 2021 |title=Saint Louis Art Museum purchases ceramic jar made by David Drake, enslaved American potter |url=https://www.slam.org/press/saint-louis-art-museum-purchases-ceramic-jar-made-by-david-drake-enslaved-american-potter/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Saint Louis Art Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dave (later recorded as David Drake) {{!}} Storage jar {{!}} American, 1858 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/747045 |access-date=February 24, 2023 |website=Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en-US}}</ref> the [[International African American Museum]] in Charleston, South Carolina,<ref name=":7" /> the Southern Collection of the [[Greenville County Museum of Art]] (Greenville, SC), the McKissick Museum at the [[University of South Carolina]],<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Collections|url=http://artsandsciences.sc.edu/mckissickmuseum/collections|website=McKissick Museum - University of South Carolina}}</ref> and the [[North Carolina Museum of Art]] in [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]].


===Selected exhibitions===
==Collections==
* ''Hear Me Now: The Black Potters of Old Edgefield, South Carolina'', Metropolitan Museumof Art (2022 – 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hear Me Now: The Black Potters of Old Edgefield, South Carolina - September 9th, 2022 - February 5th, 2023 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/edgefield |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |language=en}}</ref>

Drake's work is in various collections, most notably the Southern Collection of the [[Greenville County Museum of Art]] (Greenville, SC), the Smithsonian collection of the [[National Museum of American History]] in Washington DC.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jar made by "Dave"|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1181785}}</ref> [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Storage Jar|url=http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/91457.html|website=Philadelphia Museum of Art}}</ref> [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Storage Jar|url=http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/storage-jar-45055|website=MFA Boston}}</ref> and the McKissick Museum at the [[University of South Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Collections|url=http://artsandsciences.sc.edu/mckissickmuseum/collections|website=McKissick Museum - University of South Carolina}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 67: Line 66:


==External links==
==External links==
*{{cite web|last1=Todd|first1=Leonard|title=Carolina Clay: The Life and Legend of the Slave Potter, Dave|url=http://www.leonardtodd.com/index.php?page_id=283|access-date=14 March 2015}}
*{{cite web|last1=Todd|first1=Leonard|title=Carolina Clay: The Life and Legend of the Slave Potter, Dave|url=http://www.leonardtodd.com/index.php?page_id=283|access-date=14 March 2015|archive-date=27 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927154343/http://www.leonardtodd.com/index.php?page_id=283|url-status=dead}}
*[https://www.antiquesandthearts.com/hear-me-now-the-black-potters-of-old-edgefield-south-carolina/ Hear Me Now: the Black Potters of Old Edgefield, South Carolina]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-vW2GXueWKs Three Great Examples of Stoneware by Dave, the Enslaved Potter of SC (YouTube, 13 min.)]


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Drake, David}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Drake, David}}
[[Category:American potters]]
[[Category:American potters]]
[[Category:African-American artists]]
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[[Category:People from Edgefield County, South Carolina]]
[[Category:People from Edgefield County, South Carolina]]
[[Category:19th-century American artists]]
[[Category:19th-century American artists]]
[[Category:African-American potters]]
[[Category:African-American ceramists]]
[[Category:Ceramists from South Carolina]]
[[Category:19th-century American male artists]]
[[Category:People enslaved in South Carolina]]
[[Category:19th-century American ceramists]]

Latest revision as of 19:33, 11 August 2024

One of the many jars created by Dave. This one is inscribed with "Lm may 3rd 1862 / Dave"
David Drake, I made this jar for cash, though it is called lucre trash. Alkaline glaze stoneware, 1857.

David Drake (c. 1800 – c. 1870s), also known as "Dave Pottery" and "Dave the Potter," was an American potter and enslaved African American who lived in Edgefield, South Carolina. Drake lived and worked in Edgefield for almost all his life.[1]

Drake produced alkaline-glazed stoneware jugs between the 1820s and the 1870s. An enslaved African American, he often signed his works "Dave." He is recognized as the first enslaved potter to inscribe his work, during a time when most enslaved people were illiterate, often forbidden from literacy, and anonymous.[1] Drake inscribed his work with poetry, often using rhyming couplets,[2] as well as his signature.[3][4][5]

Life

[edit]

David Drake is thought to have been born the first half of the year 1800 on a plantation in South Carolina, enslaved by the Drake family.[3] The first legal record of Drake is a description from June 13, 1818, that describes "a boy about 17 years old country born" who was "mortgaged to Eldrid Simkins by Harvey Drake".[6] "Country born" refers to an enslaved African American who was born in the United States rather than Africa.[3] During the antebellum period, Drake was one of the 76 known enslaved African Americans to have worked in Edgefield's twelve pottery factories.[7]

David Drake was first enslaved by Harvey Drake. Harvey Drake owned a large pottery business with his business partner Abner Landrum. Drake is believed to have been born to one of eight slaves that Landrum had brought to Edgefield from North Carolina. This pottery business, and the area within which David Drake worked, is known as Pottersville. Landrum was the publisher of a local newspaper called The Edgefield Hive.[3] It is unclear how Drake learned to read and write. Scholars speculate he was taught by Landrum, who was known to be a religious man and may have taught Drake how to read the Bible.[3] During this time period it was punishable for enslaved people to be literate, especially in South Carolina. Most southern states in the early 1800s restricted black literacy, and in 1830s legislation was passed laws prohibiting their education.[8] South Carolina's Negro Act of 1740, prohibited teaching enslaved Africans to read and write, punishable by a fine of 100 pounds and six months in prison. Another unclear detail about Drake's life is his missing leg. At an unknown point in his life, one of Drake's legs was amputated; it is speculated that Drake lost his leg after his owner severely beat Drake for inscribing his works.[9]

After the death of Harvey Drake, David Drake was enslaved by Rev. John Landrum. In 1846, Rev. Landrum passed away and all eighteen of the people he enslaved were put up for sale. Drake was then purchased and enslaved by Rev. Landrum's son, Franklin Landrum. Drake's treatment under Franklin Landrum was poor.[8] During the period of his enslavement by Franklin Landrum, Drake's wares were not inscribed and no poetry is thought to have been produced.[3]

In 1849, Lewis Miles bought and enslaved Drake. During the time Drake produced his largest amount of wares that included poetry.[8] Miles' factory was known as 'Stony Bluff.' Drake's poetry at this time increased from one every few years to three in 1857, eight in 1858, and seven in 1859.[3]

At the end of the Civil War, Drake was a free man and it is thought he took the surname "Drake" from his first owner Harvey Drake. The name "David Drake" is recorded in the 1870 United States Census as "David Drake, Turner."[7] It is thought that Drake died in the 1870s, as the names "David Drake" nor "Dave Drake" do not appear in the 1880 census.[3]

Pottery and work

[edit]

Drake's earliest recorded work is a pot dated July 12, 1834.[10] The poetry on this vessel reads:[10]

Put every bit all between
Surely this jar will hold 14

Drake scholar Jill Beute Koverman argues that Drake "made more than 40,000 pieces over his lifetime."[11] Twenty of Drake's jars and jugs are inscribed with original poetry and fifty additional vessels reveal his signature, maker's mark, date, and other inscriptions.[10] Drake's jars are bulbous in form, similar to most ware produced in antebellum Edgefield. Drake is known for the massive size of his ware and the largest jar attributed to Drake holds 40 US gallons (150 L) and measures 29 inches (74 cm) tall, with a circumference of 85 inches (220 cm).[12] One marker of Drake's work is that his jars are widest at the top -

One of Drake's better known pieces, a 19-inch greenware pot, is dated back to August 16, 1857, includes the following description:[9][13]

I wonder where is all my relations
Friendship to all and every nation

Drake commonly used 25–40-US-gallon (95–150 L) jugs, which he frequently adorned with short poems and couplets below the rim of the jar.[10] Some of these were explanatory "Put every bit all between / surely this jar will hold 14;" and some, like the one above, were commentaries on the institution of slavery. The well known inscription, "I wonder where is all my relations / Friendship to all—and every nation," demonstrates Drake questioning his heritage and personal history. This contemplation signifies Drake's positivity despite facing the many brutalities of slavery, including the loss of personal identity.[1][14] It is believed that the inscriptions Drake included on his works were used as a method of personal expression, communication with other slaves, and even defiance to the institution of slavery.[1] Some collectors and scholars have suggested that Drake's poetry should be characterized as an early act of sedition in the cause of civil rights, because at the time it was generally forbidden for African-Americans to read and write.[15] Pieces by Drake frequently feature the initials "LM." This stood for Lewis Miles, the man who owned the pottery workshop where Drake worked (Miles may have enslaved Dave for a time, starting in the late 1830s).[15] Lewis Miles has even been referenced directly in one of Drake's couplets: "Dave belongs to Mr. Miles / Wher the oven bakes & the pot biles."

Legacy

[edit]

During Drake's lifetime, his pots were worth around 50 cents; However today, they sell for as much as $50,000.[12] In contemporary auctions and sales, his work has sold for over $40,000 per piece.[16]

The 1998 exhibition The Life and Works of the Enslaved African American Potter, Dave at University of South Carolina's McKissick Museum was the first exhibition devoted solely to Drake's pottery.[12]

In 2008, Leonard Todd published a cohesive biography on Drake. Leonard Todd's interest lies in the fact that two of his ancestors enslaved Drake at some point in time.

In 2010, the children's book Dave the Potter: Artist, Poet, Slave was written by Laban Carrick Hill and illustrated by Bryan Collier. The book gives a biography of Drake and discusses his talent for creating pottery. It won the Coretta Scott King Award and was a Caldecott Honor book in 2011.

In 2010, contemporary artist Theaster Gates created an exhibition responding to and centering around the work of David Drake, titled Theaster Gates: To Speculate Darkly, at the Milwaukee Art Museum. In this exhibition Gates used Drake's work to address issues of craft and race in African American history.[17]

In 2012, one of Drake's pieces, a butter churn with the inscription, "This is a noble churn / fill it up it will never turn," sold for $130,000 at a Charlton Hall Auction in South Carolina.[13]

In 2013, author Andrea Cheng published the middle grade novel Etched in Clay: The Life of Dave, Enslaved Potter and Poet offering a biographical look at Drake's life.[18]

In 2016, an exhibition at the Vero Museum of Art titled David Drake: Potter and Poet contained 31 objects, 13 of which are known to be from Drake's hand.

In 2021 an inscribed jar sold for $1.56 million (~$1.73 million in 2023) at auction, a world auction record for American pottery.[19] In 2020, an attributed inscription jar sold for $369,000 (~$428,020 in 2023) at a Brunk's Auction in Asheville, North Carolina.

In 2023, a new book on his life and work, Praise Songs for Dave the Potter: Art and Poetry for David Drake, was published by academic Gabrielle Foreman through University of Georgia Press.[20]

Collections

[edit]
Storage jar - 1858 - in Metropolitan Museum of Art collection

Drake's work is in the permanent collections of the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History[21] and the National Gallery of Art[22] in Washington, the Philadelphia Museum of Art,[23] the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,[24] the Art Institute of Chicago,[25] the De Young Museum in San Francisco,[26] the Saint Louis Art Museum,[27] the Metropolitan Museum of Art,[28] the International African American Museum in Charleston, South Carolina,[26] the Southern Collection of the Greenville County Museum of Art (Greenville, SC), the McKissick Museum at the University of South Carolina,[29] and the North Carolina Museum of Art in Raleigh.

Selected exhibitions

[edit]
  • Hear Me Now: The Black Potters of Old Edgefield, South Carolina, Metropolitan Museumof Art (2022 – 2023)[30]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d De Groft, Aaron (1998-01-01). "Eloquent Vessels/Poetics of Power: The Heroic Stoneware of "Dave the Potter"". Winterthur Portfolio. 33 (4): 249–260. doi:10.1086/496754. JSTOR 1215184.
  2. ^ Wood, Marcus (2010). The Horrible Gift of Freedom: Atlantic Slavery and the Representation of Emancipation. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820334271.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Todd, Leonard. "Dave's Life". Carolina Clay: The Life and Legend of the Slave Potter, Dave. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  4. ^ "Dave the Slave Potter". Our Infamous History. Edgefield, South Carolina. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  5. ^ "Dave the Potter – Pottersville, Edgefield County, South Carolina" (Includes Photos)". South Carolina Information Highway. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  6. ^ "Dave, the Potter (aka David Drake)". Encyclopedia of African American Writing. Credo Reference. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  7. ^ a b Beute Koverman, Jill (February 2017). "The Ceramic Works of David Drake, aka, Dave the Po er or Dave the Slave of Edge eld, South Carolina". American Ceramic Circle Journal. 13, 2005: 83–98 – via McKissick Museum Commons.
  8. ^ a b c Leonard., Todd (2009). Carolina clay : the life and legend of the slave potter Dave. W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393058567. OCLC 300404359.
  9. ^ a b Mack, David F. (September 2020). "Enslaved and Freed: African American Potters". Ceramics Monthly. 68: 40–43.
  10. ^ a b c d Baldwin, Cinda (April 2014). Great and Noble Jar: Traditional Stoneware of South Carolina. University Of Georgia Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0820346168.
  11. ^ Reif, Rita (2000-01-30). "Art/Architecture; In a Slave's Pottery, a Saga of Courage and Beauty". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  12. ^ a b c "A Slave, a Poet, a Potter: Preserving the Legacy of David Drake". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 1998-07-31. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  13. ^ a b Chaney, Michael A. (Winter 2014). "Dave the Potter and the Churn of Time". Michigan Quarterly Review. 53: 29–34.
  14. ^ Chaney, Michael A. (2018). Where Is All My Relation? The Poetics of Dave the Potter. New York: Oxford University Press.
  15. ^ a b Wingard, Pete. "WHAT'S HOT in Collecting Southern Stoneware". McElreath Printing & Publishing. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  16. ^ "Dave the Potter" Archived 2007-02-16 at the Wayback Machine, University of South Carolina
  17. ^ "Theaster Gates Speculates Darkly : Chicago Art Magazine". chicagoartmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  18. ^ Cheng, Andrea. "Etched in Clay: The Life of Dave, Enslaved Potter and Poet". Goodreads. Retrieved 2020-12-13.
  19. ^ Kindy, Dave (April 2, 2023). "Their enslaved ancestor's pottery sells for over $1 million. They get nothing". Washington Post. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  20. ^ Burlingame, Susan. "New book celebrates the life and work of 19th-century enslaved potter and poet". Penn State University. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  21. ^ "Jar made by "Dave"".
  22. ^ "Work of Art: David Drake, Storage Jar". National Gallery of Art. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  23. ^ "Storage Jar". Philadelphia Museum of Art.
  24. ^ "Storage Jar". MFA Boston.
  25. ^ "David Drake's Storage Jar". The Art Institute of Chicago. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  26. ^ a b Finkel, Jori (June 16, 2021). "An Enslaved Artist's Acts of Resistance". New York Times. p. C1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
  27. ^ Hathaway, Matthew (February 17, 2021). "Saint Louis Art Museum purchases ceramic jar made by David Drake, enslaved American potter". Saint Louis Art Museum. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
  28. ^ "Dave (later recorded as David Drake) | Storage jar | American, 1858". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  29. ^ "History of Collections". McKissick Museum - University of South Carolina.
  30. ^ "Hear Me Now: The Black Potters of Old Edgefield, South Carolina - September 9th, 2022 - February 5th, 2023". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
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