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{{Short description|1943 war film directed by Ray Enright}}
{{Other uses|Gung-ho (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox film
{{Infobox film
| name = Gung Ho!
| name = Gung Ho!
| image = Gunghopos.jpg
| image = Gunghopos.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[Realart]] reissue [[film poster]]
| caption = [[Realart]] reissue [[film poster]]
| director = [[Ray Enright]]
| director = [[Ray Enright]]
Line 8: Line 9:
| writer = Lt. W. S. LeFrançois USMCR (based on his ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]'' story "We Mopped Up Makin Island")
| writer = Lt. W. S. LeFrançois USMCR (based on his ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]'' story "We Mopped Up Makin Island")
| screenplay = [[Lucien Hubbard]]<br/>Joseph Hoffman
| screenplay = [[Lucien Hubbard]]<br/>Joseph Hoffman
| narrator = [[Chet Huntley]]
| starring = [[Randolph Scott]]
| starring = [[Randolph Scott]]
| music = [[Frank Skinner (composer)|Frank Skinner]]
| music = [[Frank Skinner (composer)|Frank Skinner]]
| cinematography = [[Milton R. Krasner]]
| cinematography = [[Milton R. Krasner]]
| editing = Milton Carruth
| editing = [[Milton Carruth]]
| studio = Walter Wanger Productions
| studio = Walter Wanger Productions
| distributor = [[Universal Pictures]]
| distributor = [[Universal Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1943|12|20|United States}}
| released = {{Film date|1943|12|20|United States}}
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}}
}}


'''''Gung Ho!''''' (full title: '''''Gung Ho!: The Story of Carlson's Makin Island Raiders''''') is a 1943 American [[war film]] directed by [[Ray Enright]] and starring [[Randolph Scott]]. The story is based on the real-life World War II [[Makin Island raid]] led by Lieutenant Colonel [[Evans Carlson]]'s 2nd [[Marine Raider]] Battalion.
'''''Gung Ho!''''' (full title: '''''Gung Ho!: The Story of Carlson's Makin Island Raiders''''') is a 1943 American [[war film]] directed by [[Ray Enright]] and starring [[Randolph Scott]]. The story is based somewhat on the real-life World War II [[Makin Island raid]] led by Lieutenant Colonel [[Evans Carlson]]'s 2nd [[Marine Raider]] Battalion.


==Plot==
==Plot==
Lieutenant C.J. Cristoforos announces that the [[United States Marine Corps]] is seeking volunteers for a hazardous mission and special unit. Among the volunteers are a [[hillbilly]] who, when asked whether he can kill someone, responds that he already has. Other volunteers include Harbison, an ordained minister who wants the most dangerous assignment because that is where he will be needed most; "Pig Iron", a boxer from a background of poverty and hard work; Frankie Montana (from Brooklyn), who resents being called a "no-good kid" who is initially rejected by Cristoforos but wins him over; battling half-brothers Larry O'Ryan and Kurth Richter; a Filipino wishing to avenge his sister, who was caught in Manila by the Japanese, who teaches the Raiders [[Filipino martial arts|knife fighting]]; an embittered Marine whose brother was killed at [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]]; a man who [[Anti-Fascism|fought against fascism]] in Spain and Greece; and one Marine who admits, "I just don't like Japs".
⚫
The film begins with a tough Greek lieutenant ([[J. Carrol Naish]]) announcing that the [[United States Marine Corps]] is seeking volunteers for a hazardous mission and special unit. [[Sergeant#United States|Sgt.]] "Transport" Anderof ([[Sam Levene]]) meets the commander of the unit, [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lt. Col.]] Thorwald ([[Randolph Scott]]), with whom he has served while stationed in [[China]]. Thorwald explains that he left the Corps to serve with the Chinese [[guerrilla]]s fighting the Japanese during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] to learn their methods and has decided to form a unit using the qualities of ''[[Gung Ho]]'' or "work together".


⚫
[[Sergeant#United States|Sgt.]] "Transport" Anderof is reunited with the commander of the unit, [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lt. Col.]] Thorwald, with whom he served in [[China]]. Thorwald explains that he left the Marine Corps to serve with the Chinese communist [[Eighth Route Army]] fighting the Japanese during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] to find out about them and evaluate their chances. Afterward, Thorwald decided to form a unit using the qualities of ''[[Gung ho|Gung Ho]]'' or "work together".
Among the volunteers for the unit are a [[hillbilly]] ([[Rod Cameron (actor)|Rod Cameron]]), who responds to a [[gunnery sergeant]]'s ([[Walter Sande]]) question whether he can kill someone with the fact that he already has. [[Alan Curtis (American actor)|Alan Curtis]] is an ordained minister keeping his vocation a secret. [[Robert Mitchum]] is "Pig Iron"; a boxer from a background of poverty and hard work. [[Harold Landon]] is a young and small street kid who is initially rejected by Naish but wins him over, as both worked as dishwashers on ships bound to the United States from [[Piraeus]], Greece. [[Noah Beery Jr.]] and [[David Bruce (actor)|David Bruce]] are rivals for a [[United States Navy]] nurse ([[Grace McDonald]]). Volunteers with brief screen time include a Filipino wishing to avenge his sister (who was left behind in Manilla and may have been raped or killed by the Japanese) who teaches the Raiders [[Filipino martial arts|knife fighting]], an embittered marine who had a brother killed at Pearl Harbor, a veteran of the [[Spanish Civil War]] who sees the war as a [[Abraham Lincoln Brigade|continuation]] of the [[Anti-Fascism|fight against fascism]], and a Marine who honestly admits, "I just don't like Japs".


The film moves rapidly in a documentary style, with [[stock footage]] of training narrated by [[Chet Huntley]]. Those who make it through the training are sent to [[Hawaii]] for further [[jungle warfare]] training, where they witness the damage of the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. In Hawaii they hear a radio bulletin of the announcement of the [[Battle of Guadalcanal]]. The Marines are ordered to board two submarines, the {{USS|Nautilus|SS-168|6}} and the {{USS|Argonaut|SM-1|6}}, destined for a [[commando]] [[Raid (military)|raid]] on a Japanese-held island.
Those who make it through the training are sent to [[Hawaii]] for further [[jungle warfare]] training, where they witness the damage of the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. In Hawaii they hear a radio bulletin announcing the [[Battle of Guadalcanal]]. The Marines are ordered to board two submarines destined for a [[commando]] [[Raid (military)|raid]] on a Japanese-held island.


After a claustrophobic voyage, the Raiders invade the island from [[LCRL|rubber boats]]. The Marine landing is met by fire from [[sniper]]s hiding in palm trees. The Marines dispose of them, attack the Japanese headquarters, wipe out the garrison, destroy installations with explosives, then board the submarines for their return home.
After a claustrophobic voyage, the Raiders invade the island from [[LCRL|rubber boats]]. The Marine landing is met by fire from [[sniper]]s hiding in palm trees. The Marines dispose of them, attack the Japanese headquarters, wipe out the garrison, destroy installations with explosives, then board the submarines for their return home.
Line 39: Line 39:
* [[Noah Beery Jr.]] as Cpl. Kurt Richter
* [[Noah Beery Jr.]] as Cpl. Kurt Richter
* [[J. Carrol Naish]] as Lt. C.J. Cristoforos
* [[J. Carrol Naish]] as Lt. C.J. Cristoforos
* [[Sam Levene]] as Plt Sgt. Victor 'Transport' Magakian
* [[Sam Levene]] as Plt Sgt. Leo "Transport" Andreof
* [[David Bruce (actor)|David Bruce]] as Larry O'Ryan
* [[David Bruce (actor)|David Bruce]] as Larry O'Ryan
* [[Richard Lane (actor)|Richard Lane]] as Capt. Dunphy
* [[Richard Lane (actor)|Richard Lane]] as Capt. Dunphy
* [[Walter Sande]] as Gunner McBride
* [[Walter Sande]] as Gunner McBride
* [[Louis Jean Heydt]] as Lt. Roland Browning
* [[Louis Jean Heydt]] as Lt. Roland Browning
* [[Robert Mitchum]] as Pvt. 'Pig-Iron' Matthews
* [[Robert Mitchum]] as Pvt. "Pig-Iron" Matthews
* [[Rod Cameron (actor)|Rod Cameron]] as Pvt. Rube Tedrow
* [[Rod Cameron (actor)|Rod Cameron]] as Pvt. Rube Tedrow
* [[Grace McDonald]] as Kathleen Corrigan
* [[Grace McDonald]] as Kathleen Corrigan
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* Peter Coe as Pvt. Kozzarowski
* Peter Coe as Pvt. Kozzarowski
* Harold Landon as Pvt. Frankie Montana
* Harold Landon as Pvt. Frankie Montana
* [[Chet Huntley]] as Narrator


==Production==
==Production==
When producer [[Walter Wanger]] acquired the rights to the [[Makin Island raid]] and Lt. W.S LeFrançois' story, the [[United States Navy]] film liaison Lt. Albert J Bolton insisted that neither Carlson nor his executive officer [[James Roosevelt]] be singled out.<ref>Bernstein, Matthew, ''Walter Wanger: Hollywood Independent'', University of Minnesota Press, 2000, p. 191</ref> The screenplay depicted a fictional Lt. Col. Thorwald with no executive officer. The screenplay did include a character played by [[J. Carrol Naish]], a Raider lieutenant [[Greek American|of Greek extraction]] based on Marine Raider Lt. John Apergis<ref>p. 42 Moens, John. ''Marine Raider in the Pacific- An Interview with John Apergis'' ''Military History'' Aug 98, Vol. 15 Issue 3,</ref> as well as [[Gunnery Sergeant]] [[Victor Maghakian|Victor "Transport" Maghakian]] who served in the raid and survived the war. Though many incidents in the film did not occur in the real Makin Island raid, Carlson wrote of his being pleased with the film to Wanger.<ref>Bernstein, p.192</ref>
When producer [[Walter Wanger]] acquired the rights to the [[Makin Island raid]] and Lt. W.S LeFrançois' story, the [[United States Navy]] film liaison Lt. Albert J Bolton insisted that neither Carlson nor his executive officer [[James Roosevelt]] be singled out.<ref>Bernstein, Matthew, ''Walter Wanger: Hollywood Independent'', University of Minnesota Press, 2000, p. 191</ref> The screenplay depicted a fictional Lt. Col. Thorwald with no executive officer. The screenplay did include a character played by [[J. Carrol Naish]], a Raider lieutenant [[Greek American|of Greek extraction]] based on Marine Raider Lt. John Apergis<ref>p. 42 Moens, John. ''Marine Raider in the Pacific- An Interview with John Apergis'' ''Military History'' Aug 98, Vol. 15 Issue 3,</ref> as well as [[Gunnery Sergeant]] [[Victor Maghakian|Victor "Transport" Maghakian]] who served in the raid and survived the war. Though many incidents in the film did not occur in the real Makin Island raid, Carlson wrote of his being pleased with the film to Wanger.<ref>Bernstein, p.192</ref>


Like many other films about the [[United States Marine Corps]], the movie was filmed at [[Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego]] and [[Camp Pendleton]] with Marine extras and [[technical advisor]]s including Carlson, Maghakian and Lt. Wilfred Sylvio LeFrancois with all three men being awarded the [[Navy Cross]]<ref>http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=7627</ref> on the actual raid. The Japanese were played by Chinese and Filipino extras.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0035958/trivia 'Gung Ho!': The Story of Carlson's Makin Island Raiders (1943) - Trivia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Like many other films about the [[United States Marine Corps]], the movie was filmed at [[Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego]] and [[Camp Pendleton]] with Marine extras and [[technical advisor]]s including Carlson, Maghakian and Lt. Wilfred Sylvio LeFrancois with all three men being awarded the [[Navy Cross]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=7627|title = Wilfred LeFrancois - Recipient -}}</ref> on the actual raid. The Japanese were played by Chinese and Filipino extras.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0035958/trivia 'Gung Ho!': The Story of Carlson's Makin Island Raiders (1943) - Trivia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


==Themes==
==Themes==
The fast-moving film is a template for many [[war films]] and other adventure or western films where a group of professional killers and misfits in polite society are handpicked by an inspiring leader, trained to perfection, then use their initiative and skills in [[marksmanship]], [[combat]] and [[knife fighting]] on an enemy who greatly outnumber them.
The fast-moving film is a template for many [[war films]] and other adventure or western films where a group of professional killers and misfits in polite society are handpicked by an inspiring leader, trained to perfection, then use their initiative and skills in [[marksmanship]], [[combat]] and [[knife fighting]] on an enemy who greatly outnumber them.


Thorwald/Carlson lectures throughout the film that the Japanese have no initiative and cannot think for themselves or deviate from a plan; thus unexpected action pays off. This is demonstrated in several scenes where a Marine defeats his opponent in unarmed combat by spitting tobacco in his eyes, a small but fast runner strips down to his trousers and quickly zig-zagc through enemy fire to hurl hand grenades at a machine-gun nest, Marines destroy a Japanese pillbox and its occupants by squashing both with a road construction steamroller, and a speechless [[Robert Mitchum]] who has been shot in the throat and is unable to give warning, kills a Japanese infiltrator attempting to kill the battalion surgeon ([[Milburn Stone]]) by throwing his knife in the Japanese soldier's back. The climax of the film has the Raiders painting a giant American flag on the roof of a building, then luring the counterattacking Japanese to the area where their own air force bombs and strafes them.
Thorwald/Carlson lectures throughout the film that the Japanese have no initiative and cannot think for themselves or deviate from a plan; thus unexpected action pays off. This is demonstrated in several scenes where a Marine defeats his opponent in unarmed combat by spitting tobacco in his eyes, a small but fast runner strips down to his trousers and quickly zig-zags through enemy fire to hurl hand grenades at a machine-gun nest, Marines destroy a Japanese pillbox and its occupants by squashing both with a road construction steamroller, and a speechless [[Robert Mitchum]] who has been shot in the throat and is unable to give warning, kills a Japanese infiltrator attempting to kill the battalion surgeon ([[Milburn Stone]]) by throwing his knife in the Japanese soldier's back. The climax of the film has the Raiders painting a giant American flag on the roof of a building, then luring the counterattacking Japanese to the area where their own air force bombs and strafes them.


In contrast to the Japanese and the rest of the American military, Thorwald orders that his officers wear no rank insignia and have no special privileges. He tells his Raiders, "I will eat what you eat and sleep where you sleep" and participate in the same training. Thorwald's Marines participate in "Gung Ho Sessions" where they discuss the unit's plans and each man participates without regard to rank.
In contrast to the Japanese and the rest of the American military, Thorwald orders that his officers wear no rank insignia and have no special privileges. He tells his Raiders, "I will eat what you eat and sleep where you sleep" and participate in the same training. Thorwald's Marines participate in "Gung Ho Sessions" where they discuss the unit's plans and each man participates without regard to rank.


==Reception==
==Reception==
[[Bosley Crowther]] in a January 1944 review for ''[[The New York Times]]'' praised the film, its performances and settings but said "the stabbings and stickings go on {{sic|ad nau|seum.}} ''Gung Ho!'' is for folks with strong stomachs and a taste for the submachine gun".<ref>https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F07EFDD153DE13BBC4E51DFB766838F659EDE</ref>
[[Bosley Crowther]] in a January 1944 review for ''[[The New York Times]]'' praised the film, its performances and settings but said "the stabbings and stickings go on {{sic|ad nau|seum.}} ''Gung Ho!'' is for folks with strong stomachs and a taste for the submachine gun".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F07EFDD153DE13BBC4E51DFB766838F659EDE|title = THE SCREEN; 'Gung Ho!' a Lurid Action Film About the Makin Island Raid, with Randolph Scott, Opens at the Criterion Theatre|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 26 January 1944|last1 = Crowther|first1 = Bosley}}</ref>


===Box Office===
===Box Office===
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* {{IMDb title|id=0035958|title=Gung Ho!}}
* {{IMDb title|id=0035958|title=Gung Ho!}}
* {{Internet Archive film|id=Gung_Ho|name=Gung Ho!}}
* {{Internet Archive film|id=Gung_Ho|name=Gung Ho!}}
* {{Citation|title=Bugs Bunny-War Bonds, trailer of Gung Ho|date=1943|url=https://archive.org/details/GungHo-1943Trailer|accessdate=2017-09-21}}
* {{Citation|title=Bugs Bunny-War Bonds, trailer of Gung Ho|date=1943|url=https://archive.org/details/GungHo-1943Trailer|access-date=2017-09-21}}
* {{tcmdb title|id=77124|title=Gung Ho!}}
* {{tcmdb title|id=77124|title=Gung Ho!}}


{{Ray Enright}}
{{Ray Enright}}
{{Walter Wanger}}
{{Walter Wanger}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:1943 films]]
[[Category:1943 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:1940s English-language films]]
⚫
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:American black-and-white films]]
[[Category:American black-and-white films]]
[[Category:American drama films]]
[[Category:American war drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ray Enright]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ray Enright]]
[[Category:Marine Raiders]]
[[Category:Marine Raiders]]
[[Category:World War II films made in wartime]]
[[Category:World War II films made in wartime]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures films]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures films]]
[[Category:1940s war films]]
[[Category:1940s war drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kiribati]]
[[Category:Films set in Kiribati]]
[[Category:World War II submarine films]]
[[Category:World War II submarine films]]
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[[Category:Films about the United States Marine Corps]]
[[Category:Films about the United States Marine Corps]]
[[Category:Films scored by Frank Skinner]]
[[Category:Films scored by Frank Skinner]]
[[Category:1943 drama films]]
[[Category:Japan in non-Japanese culture]]
⚫
[[Category:English-language war drama films]]

Latest revision as of 01:08, 12 August 2024

For other uses, see Gung-ho (disambiguation).
Gung Ho!
Realart reissue film poster
Directed byRay Enright
Written byLt. W. S. LeFrançois USMCR (based on his Saturday Evening Post story "We Mopped Up Makin Island")
Screenplay byLucien Hubbard
Joseph Hoffman
Produced byWalter Wanger
StarringRandolph Scott
CinematographyMilton R. Krasner
Edited byMilton Carruth
Music byFrank Skinner
Production
company
Walter Wanger Productions
Distributed byUniversal Pictures
Release date
  • December 20, 1943 (1943-12-20) (United States)
Running time
88 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$866,898[1]
Box office$2,176,489[1]

Gung Ho! (full title: Gung Ho!: The Story of Carlson's Makin Island Raiders) is a 1943 American war film directed by Ray Enright and starring Randolph Scott. The story is based somewhat on the real-life World War II Makin Island raid led by Lieutenant Colonel Evans Carlson's 2nd Marine Raider Battalion.

Plot

[edit]

Lieutenant C.J. Cristoforos announces that the United States Marine Corps is seeking volunteers for a hazardous mission and special unit. Among the volunteers are a hillbilly who, when asked whether he can kill someone, responds that he already has. Other volunteers include Harbison, an ordained minister who wants the most dangerous assignment because that is where he will be needed most; "Pig Iron", a boxer from a background of poverty and hard work; Frankie Montana (from Brooklyn), who resents being called a "no-good kid" who is initially rejected by Cristoforos but wins him over; battling half-brothers Larry O'Ryan and Kurth Richter; a Filipino wishing to avenge his sister, who was caught in Manila by the Japanese, who teaches the Raiders knife fighting; an embittered Marine whose brother was killed at Pearl Harbor; a man who fought against fascism in Spain and Greece; and one Marine who admits, "I just don't like Japs".

Sgt. "Transport" Anderof is reunited with the commander of the unit, Lt. Col. Thorwald, with whom he served in China. Thorwald explains that he left the Marine Corps to serve with the Chinese communist Eighth Route Army fighting the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War to find out about them and evaluate their chances. Afterward, Thorwald decided to form a unit using the qualities of Gung Ho or "work together".

Those who make it through the training are sent to Hawaii for further jungle warfare training, where they witness the damage of the attack on Pearl Harbor. In Hawaii they hear a radio bulletin announcing the Battle of Guadalcanal. The Marines are ordered to board two submarines destined for a commando raid on a Japanese-held island.

After a claustrophobic voyage, the Raiders invade the island from rubber boats. The Marine landing is met by fire from snipers hiding in palm trees. The Marines dispose of them, attack the Japanese headquarters, wipe out the garrison, destroy installations with explosives, then board the submarines for their return home.

Cast

[edit]

Production

[edit]

When producer Walter Wanger acquired the rights to the Makin Island raid and Lt. W.S LeFrançois' story, the United States Navy film liaison Lt. Albert J Bolton insisted that neither Carlson nor his executive officer James Roosevelt be singled out.[2] The screenplay depicted a fictional Lt. Col. Thorwald with no executive officer. The screenplay did include a character played by J. Carrol Naish, a Raider lieutenant of Greek extraction based on Marine Raider Lt. John Apergis[3] as well as Gunnery Sergeant Victor "Transport" Maghakian who served in the raid and survived the war. Though many incidents in the film did not occur in the real Makin Island raid, Carlson wrote of his being pleased with the film to Wanger.[4]

Like many other films about the United States Marine Corps, the movie was filmed at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego and Camp Pendleton with Marine extras and technical advisors including Carlson, Maghakian and Lt. Wilfred Sylvio LeFrancois with all three men being awarded the Navy Cross[5] on the actual raid. The Japanese were played by Chinese and Filipino extras.[6]

Themes

[edit]

The fast-moving film is a template for many war films and other adventure or western films where a group of professional killers and misfits in polite society are handpicked by an inspiring leader, trained to perfection, then use their initiative and skills in marksmanship, combat and knife fighting on an enemy who greatly outnumber them.

Thorwald/Carlson lectures throughout the film that the Japanese have no initiative and cannot think for themselves or deviate from a plan; thus unexpected action pays off. This is demonstrated in several scenes where a Marine defeats his opponent in unarmed combat by spitting tobacco in his eyes, a small but fast runner strips down to his trousers and quickly zig-zags through enemy fire to hurl hand grenades at a machine-gun nest, Marines destroy a Japanese pillbox and its occupants by squashing both with a road construction steamroller, and a speechless Robert Mitchum who has been shot in the throat and is unable to give warning, kills a Japanese infiltrator attempting to kill the battalion surgeon (Milburn Stone) by throwing his knife in the Japanese soldier's back. The climax of the film has the Raiders painting a giant American flag on the roof of a building, then luring the counterattacking Japanese to the area where their own air force bombs and strafes them.

In contrast to the Japanese and the rest of the American military, Thorwald orders that his officers wear no rank insignia and have no special privileges. He tells his Raiders, "I will eat what you eat and sleep where you sleep" and participate in the same training. Thorwald's Marines participate in "Gung Ho Sessions" where they discuss the unit's plans and each man participates without regard to rank.

Reception

[edit]

Bosley Crowther in a January 1944 review for The New York Times praised the film, its performances and settings but said "the stabbings and stickings go on ad nauseum. [sic] Gung Ho! is for folks with strong stomachs and a taste for the submachine gun".[7]

Box Office

[edit]

The movie was a big hit and earned profits of $577,460.[1]

It recorded admissions in France of 748,212 when released there in 1945.[8]

Re-issue

[edit]

The film was re-released in the early 1950s by Realart Pictures who gave Robert Mitchum second billing on the posters.

The film has often been shown to recruits and Marines of the United States Marine Corps.

[edit]

In the early 1960s Louis Marx and Company came out with a "Gung Ho Commando Outfit" for children.[9]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Matthew Bernstein, Walter Wanger: Hollywood Independent, University of Minnesota Press, 2000, p. 442
  2. ^ Bernstein, Matthew, Walter Wanger: Hollywood Independent, University of Minnesota Press, 2000, p. 191
  3. ^ p. 42 Moens, John. Marine Raider in the Pacific- An Interview with John Apergis Military History Aug 98, Vol. 15 Issue 3,
  4. ^ Bernstein, p.192
  5. ^ "Wilfred LeFrancois - Recipient -".
  6. ^ 'Gung Ho!': The Story of Carlson's Makin Island Raiders (1943) - Trivia
  7. ^ Crowther, Bosley (26 January 1944). "THE SCREEN; 'Gung Ho!' a Lurid Action Film About the Makin Island Raid, with Randolph Scott, Opens at the Criterion Theatre". The New York Times.
  8. ^ Box office information for France in 1945 at Box Office Story
  9. ^ Video on YouTube
[edit]
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