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[[Image:Abbaye Saint-Victor (Marseille).jpg|thumb|right|Fortified tower of the Abbey of St. Victor]]
[[File:Abbaye Saint-Victor (Marseille).jpg|thumb|right|Fortified tower of the Abbey of St. Victor]]
[[Image:St-Victor entrée.jpg|thumb|right|Entrance to abbey church]]
[[File:St-Victor entrée.jpg|thumb|right|Entrance to abbey church]]
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[[File:Crypt of l'Abbaye Saint-Victor, Marseille.JPG|thumb|Crypt]]
The '''Abbey of Saint Victor''' is a late [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] former monastic foundation in [[Marseille]] in the south of [[France]], named after the local soldier saint and martyr, [[Victor of Marseilles]].
The '''Abbey of Saint-Victor''' is a former [[abbey]] that was founded during the late [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] period in [[Marseille]] in the south of [[France]], named after the local soldier saint and martyr, [[Victor of Marseilles]].


==History==
==History==
The crypts of the abbey contains artefacts indicating the presence of a quarry that was active during the Greek period and later became a [[necropolis]] from 2 BC onward until Christian times.<ref name="tourism">{{Cite web|url=http://www.marseille-tourisme.com/en/discover-marseille/the-essentials/saint-victor-abbey/|title=Saint-Victor Abbey|website=mariseille-tourisme.com|publisher=Office de tourisme et des congrès de Marseille|access-date=23 September 2019|archive-date=23 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923115339/http://www.marseille-tourisme.com/en/discover-marseille/the-essentials/saint-victor-abbey/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Tradition holds that in about 415, [[John Cassian]] founded two monasteries of St. Victor at Marseille, one for men (the later Abbey of St. Victor), the other for women. While Cassian certainly started monastic life in Marseille, he is probably not the founder of the abbey, as the archaeological evidence of Saint Victor only goes back to the end of the 5th century. Tradition also has it that it contains the relics of the eponymous martyr of Marseille from the 4th century. In reality, the crypta preserve highly valuable archaeological evidence proving the presence of a quarry exploited in Greek times.<ref name=tourism>[http://www.marseille-tourisme.com/en/discover-marseille/city-of-art/saint-victor-abbey/print/1/ Marseille Office of Tourisme]</ref> In the 5th century the monastery of St. Victor and the church of Marseille were greatly troubled by the [[Semipelagianism|Semipelagian]] heresy, that began with certain writings of Cassian, and the layman Hilary and Saint [[Prosper of Aquitaine]] begged [[Augustine of Hippo|Saint Augustine]] and [[Pope Celestine I]] for its suppression.<ref name=goyau>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09715b.htm Goyau, Georges. "Marseilles (Massilia)." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 3 Jun. 2013]</ref>


In 415, Christian monk and theologian [[John Cassian]], having come from the monasteries of Egypt, founded two monasteries at Marseille<ref name="tourism" /> — the Abbey of Saint Victor for men in the south of the [[Old Port of Marseille|Vieux-Port]], as well as the Abbey of Saint Sauveur the other for women in the south of [[:fr:Place de Lenche|Place de Lenche]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harper|first=James|date=December 1965|title=John Cassian and Sulpicius Severus|journal=Church History|volume=34|issue=4|pages=371–380|doi=10.2307/3163117|jstor=3163117|s2cid=162275260 |quote=The ideal of the ascetic life which had been developed in the Egyptian desert was introduced into Gaul by John Cassian, who founded the monastery of Saint-Victor and nunnery of Saint-Sauveur at Marseilles in 415.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bastidedefave.com/bastide_de_fave_nos_racines_en.html|title=Bastide de Fave - Our roots|website=bastidedefave.com|access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="goyau" /> The Abbey of Saint Victor was later affected during the fifth century by the [[Semipelagianism|Semipelagian]] heresy, which began with some of Cassian's writings.<ref name="goyau">{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Diocese of Marseilles (Massilia)|first=Georges|last=Goyau|authorlink=Georges Goyau}}</ref> Both monasteries suffered from invasions by the [[Vikings]] and [[Saracens]],<ref name="tourism" /> and were destroyed in 838 by a Saracen fleet, when the then-abbess Saint Eusebia was also martyred with 39 nuns.<ref name="goyau" /> In 923, the Abbey of Saint-Victor was destroyed again by the Saracens.<ref name="tourism" />
In the 8th or 9th centuries both monasteries were destroyed by the [[Saracens]], either in 731 or in 838, when the then abbess Saint Eusebia was martyred with 39 nuns. The nunnery was never re-established. In 977, monastic life began again, due to bishop Honorat and the first Benedictine abbot Wilfred who submitted the abbey to the rule of Saint Benedict.<ref name=tourism/> It soon recovered, and from the middle of the 11th century its renown was such that from all points of the south appeals were sent to the abbots of this church to restore the religious life in decadent monasteries.<ref name=goyau/>


In 977, monastic life was restored in the abbey under the [[Rule of Saint Benedict]] through the efforts of Bishop Honorat{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} and its first Benedictine abbot Saint Wiffred.<ref name="tourism" /> It recovered quickly, and from the middle of the 11th century its abbots were requested to restore religious life in the surrounding monasteries that had become decadent.<ref name="goyau" />
⚫
Saint Isarn (d. 1048), a Catalan monk successor as abbot to Saint Wiffred, began extensive building. He constructs the first upper church to which the tower belongs (called Isarn tower), today the access to the church.<ref name=tourism/> Isarn was instrumental by his intercession with [[Ramon Berenguer I, Count of Barcelona]], in obtaining the release from Moorish captivity of the monks of [[Lérins Abbey]]. Blessed Bernard<!--which?-->, abbot of St. Victor from 1064 to 1079, was one of the two ambassadors delegated by [[Pope Gregory VII]] to the Diet of Forchheim, where the German princes deposed [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor]]. He was seized by one of the partisans of Henry IV and passed several months in prison. Gregory VII also sent him as legate to Spain and in reward for his services exempted St. Victor's from all jurisdiction other than that of the Holy See.


⚫
Saint Isarn (d. 1048), a Catalan monk and successor as abbot to Wiffred, began construction work in 1020, building the first upper church, tower and altar.<ref name="tourism" /> Isarn was instrumental by his intercession with [[Ramon Berenguer I, Count of Barcelona]], in obtaining the release from Moorish captivity of the monks of [[Lérins Abbey]]. Blessed Bernard<!--which?-->, abbot of St. Victor from 1064 to 1079, was one of the two ambassadors delegated by [[Pope Gregory VII]] to the Diet of Forchheim, where the German princes deposed [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor]]. He was seized by one of the partisans of Henry IV and passed several months in prison. Gregory VII also sent him as legate to Spain and in reward for his services exempted St. Victor's from all jurisdiction other than that of the Holy See.
⚫
The abbey long retained contact with the princes of Spain and Sardinia and even owned property in Syria. The [[polyptych]] of Saint Victor, compiled in 814, the large [[chartulary]] (end of the 11th and beginning of the 12th century), and the small chartulary (middle of the 13th century), containing documents from 683 to 1336, make it possible to understand the important economic rôle of this great abbey in the Middle Ages.<ref name=goyau/>


⚫
The abbey long retained contact with the princes of Spain and Sardinia and even owned property in Syria. The [[polyptych]] of Saint Victor, compiled in 814, the large [[chartulary]] (end of the 11th and beginning of the 12th century), and the small chartulary (middle of the 13th century), containing documents from 683 to 1336, document the economic importance of the abbey in the Middle Ages.<ref name="goyau" />
⚫
Blessed [[Guillaume Grimoard]], who was made abbot of St. Victor's on 2 August 1361, became pope in 1362 as [[Pope Urban V|Urban V]]. He enlarged the church and surrounded the abbey with high crenellated walls. He also granted the abbot episcopal jurisdiction, and gave him as his diocese the suburbs and villages south of the city. Urban V visited Marseille in October 1365, consecrated the high altar of the church. He returned to St. Victor's in May 1367, and held a [[Papal consistory|consistory]] in the abbey.

⚫
Blessed [[Guillaume Grimoard]], who was made abbot of Saint-Victor on 2 August 1361, became pope in 1362 as [[Pope Urban V|Urban V]]. He enlarged the church and surrounded the abbey with high crenellated walls. He also granted the abbot episcopal jurisdiction, and gave him as his diocese the suburbs and villages south of the city. Urban V visited Marseille in October 1365, consecrated the high altar of the church. He returned to St. Victor's in May 1367, and held a [[Papal consistory|consistory]] in the abbey.


The abbey began to decline after this, especially from the early 16th century, when [[commendatory abbots]] acquired authority.
The abbey began to decline after this, especially from the early 16th century, when [[commendatory abbots]] acquired authority.


The loss of the important library of the Abbey of St. Victor, undocumented as it is, can probably be ascribed to the abuses of the commendatory abbots. The library's contents are known through an inventory of the latter half of the 12th century, and it was extremely rich in ancient manuscripts. It seems to have been dispersed in the latter half of the 16th century, probably between 1579 and 1591. It has been conjectured<ref>by M. Morhreuil<!--who he?--></ref> that when Giuliano di Pierfrancesco de' Medici was abbot, from 1570 to 1588, he broke up the library to please [[Catherine de' Medici]], and it is very likely that all or many of the books became the property of the king.
The loss of the important library of the Abbey of Saint-Victor, undocumented as it is, can probably be ascribed to the abuses of the commendatory abbots. The library's contents are known through an inventory of the latter half of the 12th century, and it was extremely rich in ancient manuscripts. It seems to have been dispersed in the latter half of the 16th century, probably between 1579 and 1591. It has been conjectured<ref>by M. Morhreuil<!--who he?--></ref> that when Giuliano di Pierfrancesco de' Medici was abbot, from 1570 to 1588, he broke up the library to please [[Catherine de' Medici]], and it is very likely that all or many of the books became the property of the king.


[[Cardinal Mazarin]] was abbot of St. Victor's in 1655. Thomas le Fournier (1675–1745), monk of St. Victor's, left numerous manuscripts which greatly aided the [[Maurists]] in their publications.
In 1648 the ''échevins'' (municipal magistrates) of Marseille petitioned [[Pope Innocent X]] to secularise the monastery, because of the unsatisfactory behaviour of the monks. The Pope was not willing to do so, but instead had the abbey taken over by the reformist [[Congregation of Saint Maur]]. Thomas le Fournier (1675–1745), monk of St. Victor's, left numerous manuscripts which greatly assisted them in their publications.<ref>Augustin Fabre, ''Les rues de Marseille'', édition Camoin, Marseille, 1869, 5 volumes, tome V, p. 457</ref>


However, the behaviour of the monks generally did not improve, and after their highly unsatisfactory conduct during the plague of 1720, during which they barricaded themselves inside their walls instead of providing any assistance to the stricken, [[Pope Benedict XIII]] secularised the monastery in 1726, converting it into a [[collegiate church]] with a community of [[Canon (priest)|lay canons]] under an abbot.<ref>Paul Gaffarel et de Duranty, ''La peste de 1720 à Marseille & en France'', librairie académique Perrin, Paris, 1911, p. 172.</ref> This was confirmed by a [[Papal bull|bull]] of [[Pope Clement XII]] dated 17 December 1739.<ref>Mylène Violas, "Des moines bénédictins aux chanoines-comtes: aux origines de la sécularisation de l’abbaye de Saint-Victor", in ''Bicentenaire de la paroisse Saint-Victor, actes du colloque historique (18 October 1997)'', La Thune, Marseille, 1999, p. 26, {{ISBN|978-2-84453-003-5}}</ref>
The dissolution of the Abbey of St. Victor was decreed by [[Pope Clement XII]] on 17 December 1739.

⚫
[[Image:Crypt of l'Abbaye Saint-Victor, Marseille.JPG|thumb|Crypt]]
In 1774, it became by royal decree a noble chapter, the members of which had to be Provençals with four noble descents; from this date they bore the title of "chanoine comte de Saint-Victor".<ref>Paul Masson in ''Encyclopédie départementale des Bouches-du-Rhône'', Archives départementales des Bouches-du-Rhône, Marseille, 17 volumes 1913 &ndash; 1937, tome III, p. 846</ref>

The last abbot of Saint-Victor was Prince Louis François Camille de Lorraine Lambesc. He died in 1787 and was not replaced before the outbreak of the [[French Revolution]].<ref>André Bouyala d’Arnaud, ''Évocation du vieux Marseille'', les éditions de minuit, Paris, 1961, p. 117</ref>


==Buildings==
==Buildings==
In 1794 the abbey was stripped of its treasures. The relics were burned, the gold and silver objects were melted down to make coins and the building itself became a warehouse, prison and barracks. All that now remains of the abbey is the church of St. Victor, dedicated by [[Pope Benedict IX]] in 1040 and rebuilt in 1200. The abbey is again used for worship under the Premier Empire and restored in the 19th century. The church was made into a minor basilica in 1934 by Pope Pius XI.<ref name=tourism/>
In 1794 the abbey was stripped of its treasures. The relics were burned, the gold and silver objects were melted down to make coins and the building itself became a warehouse, prison and barracks. All that now remains of the abbey is the church of St. Victor, dedicated by [[Pope Benedict IX]] in 1040 and rebuilt in 1200. The abbey was again used for worship under the First Empire and restored in the 19th century. The church was made into a minor basilica in 1934 by Pope Pius XI.<ref name=tourism/>

The remains of Saint [[John Cassian]] were formerly in the crypt, with those of Saints [[Saint Maurice|Maurice]], [[Marcellinus and Peter]], the body of one of the [[Holy Innocents]], and Bishop Saint Maurontius.<ref>The biography of Saint Izarn, abbot of St. Victor in the eleventh century (Acta SS., 24 Sept.), gives an interesting account of his first visit to the crypt.</ref>
The remains of Saint [[John Cassian]] were formerly in the crypt, along with those of Saints [[Saint Maurice|Maurice]], [[Marcellinus and Peter]], the body of one of the [[Holy Innocents]], and Bishop Saint Maurontius.<ref>The biography of Saint Izarn, abbot of St. Victor in the eleventh century (Acta SS., 24 Sept.), gives an interesting account of his first visit to the crypt.</ref> The abbey crypt previously held Cassian's remains, along with were previously interred in the abbey crypt, along with the remains of Saints [[Saint Maurice|Maurice]], [[Marcellinus of Carthage|Marcellinus]], [[Saint Peter|Peter]],<ref name="goyau" /> also has it that it contains the relics of the eponymous martyr of Marseille from the 4th century.


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Santa Maria, Uta]], a church founded by St. Victor's monks
* [[Santa Maria, Uta]], a church founded by St. Victor's monks


==References==
==References==
Line 34: Line 41:


==Sources==
==Sources==
* M. Fixot, J.-P. Pelletier, ''Saint-Victor de Marseille. Étude archéologique et monumentale'', Turnhout, 2009, ISBN 978-2-503-53257-8, 344 p., 220 x 280&nbsp;mm, Paperback
* M. Fixot, J.-P. Pelletier, ''Saint-Victor de Marseille. Étude archéologique et monumentale'', Turnhout, 2009, {{ISBN|978-2-503-53257-8}}, 344 p., 220 x 280&nbsp;mm, Paperback
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{{Commons|Abbaye Saint-Victor}}


==External links==
==External links==
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{{Commons|Abbaye Saint-Victor}}
*[http://www.marseille-tourisme.com/enwiki/static/gb/popup_abbayesaintvictor.htm Marseille-Tourisme.com Abbaye Saint Victor] {{fr icon}}
* [http://www.marseille-tourisme.com/enwiki/static/gb/popup_abbayesaintvictor.htm Marseille-Tourisme.com Abbaye Saint Victor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928092030/http://www.marseille-tourisme.com/enwiki/static/gb/popup_abbayesaintvictor.htm |date=2007-09-28 }} {{in lang|fr}}

{{catholic}}
<!--check this thoroughly-->


{{Basilicas in France}}
{{Marseille}}
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{{Authority control}}
{{coord|43|17|25|N|5|21|56|E|display=title|region:FR_type:landmark_source:dewiki}}
{{coord|43|17|25|N|5|21|56|E|display=title|region:FR_type:landmark_source:dewiki}}


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{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Victor's Abbey, Marseille}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Victor's Abbey, Marseille}}
[[Category:Augustinian monasteries in France]]
[[Category:Augustinian monasteries in France]]
[[Category:Benedictine monasteries in France]]
[[Category:Benedictine monasteries in France]]
[[Category:410s establishments in France]]
[[Category:410s establishments]]
[[Category:5th-century establishments in sub-Roman Gaul]]
[[Category:1739 disestablishments in France]]
[[Category:1739 disestablishments in France]]
[[Category:Places of worship in Marseille]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches in Marseille]]
[[Category:Basilica churches in France|Marseille, Saint Victor's Abbey]]
[[Category:Basilica churches in France|Marseille, Saint Victor's Abbey]]
[[Category:Burial places of popes]]
[[Category:Burial places of popes]]
[[Category:Churches in Bouches-du-Rhône]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Marseille]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Marseille]]

Latest revision as of 05:23, 12 August 2024

Fortified tower of the Abbey of St. Victor
Entrance to abbey church
Crypt

The Abbey of Saint-Victor is a former abbey that was founded during the late Roman period in Marseille in the south of France, named after the local soldier saint and martyr, Victor of Marseilles.

History

[edit]

The crypts of the abbey contains artefacts indicating the presence of a quarry that was active during the Greek period and later became a necropolis from 2 BC onward until Christian times.[1]

In 415, Christian monk and theologian John Cassian, having come from the monasteries of Egypt, founded two monasteries at Marseille[1] — the Abbey of Saint Victor for men in the south of the Vieux-Port, as well as the Abbey of Saint Sauveur the other for women in the south of Place de Lenche.[2][3][4] The Abbey of Saint Victor was later affected during the fifth century by the Semipelagian heresy, which began with some of Cassian's writings.[4] Both monasteries suffered from invasions by the Vikings and Saracens,[1] and were destroyed in 838 by a Saracen fleet, when the then-abbess Saint Eusebia was also martyred with 39 nuns.[4] In 923, the Abbey of Saint-Victor was destroyed again by the Saracens.[1]

In 977, monastic life was restored in the abbey under the Rule of Saint Benedict through the efforts of Bishop Honorat[citation needed] and its first Benedictine abbot Saint Wiffred.[1] It recovered quickly, and from the middle of the 11th century its abbots were requested to restore religious life in the surrounding monasteries that had become decadent.[4]

Saint Isarn (d. 1048), a Catalan monk and successor as abbot to Wiffred, began construction work in 1020, building the first upper church, tower and altar.[1] Isarn was instrumental by his intercession with Ramon Berenguer I, Count of Barcelona, in obtaining the release from Moorish captivity of the monks of Lérins Abbey. Blessed Bernard, abbot of St. Victor from 1064 to 1079, was one of the two ambassadors delegated by Pope Gregory VII to the Diet of Forchheim, where the German princes deposed Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. He was seized by one of the partisans of Henry IV and passed several months in prison. Gregory VII also sent him as legate to Spain and in reward for his services exempted St. Victor's from all jurisdiction other than that of the Holy See.

The abbey long retained contact with the princes of Spain and Sardinia and even owned property in Syria. The polyptych of Saint Victor, compiled in 814, the large chartulary (end of the 11th and beginning of the 12th century), and the small chartulary (middle of the 13th century), containing documents from 683 to 1336, document the economic importance of the abbey in the Middle Ages.[4]

Blessed Guillaume Grimoard, who was made abbot of Saint-Victor on 2 August 1361, became pope in 1362 as Urban V. He enlarged the church and surrounded the abbey with high crenellated walls. He also granted the abbot episcopal jurisdiction, and gave him as his diocese the suburbs and villages south of the city. Urban V visited Marseille in October 1365, consecrated the high altar of the church. He returned to St. Victor's in May 1367, and held a consistory in the abbey.

The abbey began to decline after this, especially from the early 16th century, when commendatory abbots acquired authority.

The loss of the important library of the Abbey of Saint-Victor, undocumented as it is, can probably be ascribed to the abuses of the commendatory abbots. The library's contents are known through an inventory of the latter half of the 12th century, and it was extremely rich in ancient manuscripts. It seems to have been dispersed in the latter half of the 16th century, probably between 1579 and 1591. It has been conjectured[5] that when Giuliano di Pierfrancesco de' Medici was abbot, from 1570 to 1588, he broke up the library to please Catherine de' Medici, and it is very likely that all or many of the books became the property of the king.

In 1648 the échevins (municipal magistrates) of Marseille petitioned Pope Innocent X to secularise the monastery, because of the unsatisfactory behaviour of the monks. The Pope was not willing to do so, but instead had the abbey taken over by the reformist Congregation of Saint Maur. Thomas le Fournier (1675–1745), monk of St. Victor's, left numerous manuscripts which greatly assisted them in their publications.[6]

However, the behaviour of the monks generally did not improve, and after their highly unsatisfactory conduct during the plague of 1720, during which they barricaded themselves inside their walls instead of providing any assistance to the stricken, Pope Benedict XIII secularised the monastery in 1726, converting it into a collegiate church with a community of lay canons under an abbot.[7] This was confirmed by a bull of Pope Clement XII dated 17 December 1739.[8]

In 1774, it became by royal decree a noble chapter, the members of which had to be Provençals with four noble descents; from this date they bore the title of "chanoine comte de Saint-Victor".[9]

The last abbot of Saint-Victor was Prince Louis François Camille de Lorraine Lambesc. He died in 1787 and was not replaced before the outbreak of the French Revolution.[10]

Buildings

[edit]

In 1794 the abbey was stripped of its treasures. The relics were burned, the gold and silver objects were melted down to make coins and the building itself became a warehouse, prison and barracks. All that now remains of the abbey is the church of St. Victor, dedicated by Pope Benedict IX in 1040 and rebuilt in 1200. The abbey was again used for worship under the First Empire and restored in the 19th century. The church was made into a minor basilica in 1934 by Pope Pius XI.[1]

The remains of Saint John Cassian were formerly in the crypt, along with those of Saints Maurice, Marcellinus and Peter, the body of one of the Holy Innocents, and Bishop Saint Maurontius.[11] The abbey crypt previously held Cassian's remains, along with were previously interred in the abbey crypt, along with the remains of Saints Maurice, Marcellinus, Peter,[4] also has it that it contains the relics of the eponymous martyr of Marseille from the 4th century.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Saint-Victor Abbey". mariseille-tourisme.com. Office de tourisme et des congrès de Marseille. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  2. ^ Harper, James (December 1965). "John Cassian and Sulpicius Severus". Church History. 34 (4): 371–380. doi:10.2307/3163117. JSTOR 3163117. S2CID 162275260. The ideal of the ascetic life which had been developed in the Egyptian desert was introduced into Gaul by John Cassian, who founded the monastery of Saint-Victor and nunnery of Saint-Sauveur at Marseilles in 415.
  3. ^ "Bastide de Fave - Our roots". bastidedefave.com. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Goyau, Georges (1913). "Diocese of Marseilles (Massilia)" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  5. ^ by M. Morhreuil
  6. ^ Augustin Fabre, Les rues de Marseille, édition Camoin, Marseille, 1869, 5 volumes, tome V, p. 457
  7. ^ Paul Gaffarel et de Duranty, La peste de 1720 à Marseille & en France, librairie académique Perrin, Paris, 1911, p. 172.
  8. ^ Mylène Violas, "Des moines bénédictins aux chanoines-comtes: aux origines de la sécularisation de l’abbaye de Saint-Victor", in Bicentenaire de la paroisse Saint-Victor, actes du colloque historique (18 October 1997), La Thune, Marseille, 1999, p. 26, ISBN 978-2-84453-003-5
  9. ^ Paul Masson in Encyclopédie départementale des Bouches-du-Rhône, Archives départementales des Bouches-du-Rhône, Marseille, 17 volumes 1913 – 1937, tome III, p. 846
  10. ^ André Bouyala d’Arnaud, Évocation du vieux Marseille, les éditions de minuit, Paris, 1961, p. 117
  11. ^ The biography of Saint Izarn, abbot of St. Victor in the eleventh century (Acta SS., 24 Sept.), gives an interesting account of his first visit to the crypt.

Sources

[edit]
  • M. Fixot, J.-P. Pelletier, Saint-Victor de Marseille. Étude archéologique et monumentale, Turnhout, 2009, ISBN 978-2-503-53257-8, 344 p., 220 x 280 mm, Paperback
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abbaye Saint-Victor.

43°17′25″N 5°21′56″E / 43.29028°N 5.36556°E / 43.29028; 5.36556

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