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==History== |
==History== |
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The term "Total Communication" and its specific philosophy were first used by Roy Holcomb in California.<ref>Holcomb, R. K. (1970). The Total Approach: Beginning and structure. In R. Madebrink (Ed.) (1972). ''Proceedings of the International Congress on Education of the Deaf, Stockholm, 1970.''. Stockholm, Sweden: International Congress on Education of the Deaf, pp. 104-107.</ref><ref>Nagengast, Larry. (1973) Deafness no handicap to newcomer. ''The Morning News'' (September 4, 1973), p. 11.</ref> It was adopted by the Maryland school as the official name for their educational philosophy.{{When|date=November 2020}} TC was supposed to find a middle ground in age-old disputes between [[oralism]] and [[manualism]], and as an alternative to [[simultaneous communication]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2020|reason=Where is this documented?}} In practice, however, most total communication programs use some form of simultaneous communication.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020|reason=Where is this documented? Which reference?}} |
The term "Total Communication" and its specific philosophy were first used by Roy Holcomb as part of a group of educators in southern California.<ref>Holcomb, R. K. (1970). The Total Approach: Beginning and structure. In R. Madebrink (Ed.) (1972). ''Proceedings of the International Congress on Education of the Deaf, Stockholm, 1970.''. Stockholm, Sweden: International Congress on Education of the Deaf, pp. 104-107.</ref><ref>Nagengast, Larry. (1973) Deafness no handicap to newcomer. ''The Morning News'' (September 4, 1973), p. 11.</ref> It was adopted by the Maryland school as the official name for their educational philosophy.{{When|date=November 2020}} TC was supposed to find a middle ground in age-old disputes between [[oralism]] and [[manualism]], and as an alternative to [[simultaneous communication]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2020|reason=Where is this documented?}} In practice, however, most total communication programs use some form of simultaneous communication.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020|reason=Where is this documented? Which reference?}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Latest revision as of 13:06, 12 August 2024
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Total communication (TC) is an approach to communicating that aims to make use of a number of modes of communication such as signed, oral, auditory, written and visual aids, depending on the particular needs and abilities of the person.
History
[edit]The term "Total Communication" and its specific philosophy were first used by Roy Holcomb as part of a group of educators in southern California.[1][2] It was adopted by the Maryland school as the official name for their educational philosophy.[when?] TC was supposed to find a middle ground in age-old disputes between oralism and manualism, and as an alternative to simultaneous communication.[citation needed] In practice, however, most total communication programs use some form of simultaneous communication.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Holcomb, R. K. (1970). The Total Approach: Beginning and structure. In R. Madebrink (Ed.) (1972). Proceedings of the International Congress on Education of the Deaf, Stockholm, 1970.. Stockholm, Sweden: International Congress on Education of the Deaf, pp. 104-107.
- ^ Nagengast, Larry. (1973) Deafness no handicap to newcomer. The Morning News (September 4, 1973), p. 11.
- Lowenbraun, S., Appelman, K., & Callahan, J. (1980). Teaching the hearing impaired through total communication. Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill.
- Mayer, P. & Lowenbraun, S. (1990). Total communication use among elementary teachers of hearing-impaired children. American Annals of the Deaf, 135, 257–263.
- Moores, D. F. (1996). Educating the deaf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
- Schlesinger, H. (1986). "Total communication in perspective". In D. M. Luterman (Ed.), Deafness in Perspective (pp. 87–116). College-Hill Press: San Diego, CA.
- Scouten, E. (1984). Turning points in the education of deaf people. Danville, IL: The Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc.
External links
[edit]- Total Communication- The ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education, USA.
- Interview with David Denton
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