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Total communication (TC) is an approach to communicating that aims to make use of a number of modes of communication such as signed, oral, auditory, written and visual aids, depending on the particular needs and abilities of the person.

History

The term "Total Communication" and its specific philosophy were first used by Roy Holcomb as part of a group of educators in southern California.^[1]^[2] It was adopted by the Maryland school as the official name for their educational philosophy.^[when?] TC was supposed to find a middle ground in age-old disputes between oralism and manualism, and as an alternative to simultaneous communication.^{[citation needed]} In practice, however, most total communication programs use some form of simultaneous communication.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Holcomb, R. K. (1970). The Total Approach: Beginning and structure. In R. Madebrink (Ed.) (1972). Proceedings of the International Congress on Education of the Deaf, Stockholm, 1970.. Stockholm, Sweden: International Congress on Education of the Deaf, pp. 104-107.
^ Nagengast, Larry. (1973) Deafness no handicap to newcomer. The Morning News (September 4, 1973), p. 11.

Lowenbraun, S., Appelman, K., & Callahan, J. (1980). Teaching the hearing impaired through total communication. Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill.
Mayer, P. & Lowenbraun, S. (1990). Total communication use among elementary teachers of hearing-impaired children. American Annals of the Deaf, 135, 257–263.
Moores, D. F. (1996). Educating the deaf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
Schlesinger, H. (1986). "Total communication in perspective". In D. M. Luterman (Ed.), Deafness in Perspective (pp. 87–116). College-Hill Press: San Diego, CA.
Scouten, E. (1984). Turning points in the education of deaf people. Danville, IL: The Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc.

External links

Total Communication- The ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education, USA.
Interview with David Denton

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[1] Holcomb, R. K. (1970). The Total Approach: Beginning and structure. In R. Madebrink (Ed.) (1972). Proceedings of the International Congress on Education of the Deaf, Stockholm, 1970.. Stockholm, Sweden: International Congress on Education of the Deaf, pp. 104-107.

[2] Nagengast, Larry. (1973) Deafness no handicap to newcomer. The Morning News (September 4, 1973), p. 11.

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+{{Short description|Approach to augmentative/alternative communication that uses a combination of methods}}
+{{Multiple issues|{{Globalize|section|date=November 2020}}
 {{More footnotes|date=May 2013}}
+{{Expand French|date=March 2024|topic=cult}}}}
-'''Total Communication''' ('''TC''') is an approach to [[Deaf education]] that aims to make use of a number of modes of communication such as [[Manual communication|signed]], [[oralism|oral]], auditory, written and visual aids, depending on the particular needs and abilities of the child.
+'''Total communication''' ('''TC''') is an approach to communicating that aims to make use of a number of modes of communication such as [[Manual communication|signed]], [[oralism|oral]], auditory, written and visual aids, depending on the particular needs and abilities of the person.
-In the UK 'Total Cmmunication' is an approach used, mainly by Speech and Language therapists, to help children and adults with learning disabilities communicate using any mode of communication such as symbols, signing (usually [[Makaton]]), photographs as well as the spoken and written word and gesture.  It has also been found to be useful for those recovering from a stroke or head injury where spoken language is impaired or for people whose language processing is affected, perhaps in old age or through dementia.
 ==History==
-An approach very similar to Total Communication was developed by David Denton at the [[Maryland School for the Deaf]] in 1967. The term "Total Communication", though, and its specific philosophy, was first used by Roy Holcomb in California.<ref>Holcomb, R. K. (1970). The Total Approach: Beginning and structure. In R. Madebrink (Ed.) (1972). ''Proceedings of the International Congress on Education of the Deaf, Stockholm, 1970.''. Stockholm, Sweden: International Congress on Education of the Deaf, pp. 104-107.</ref><ref>Nagengast, Larry. (1973) Deafness no handicap to newcomer. ''The Morning News'' (September 4, 1973), p. 11.</ref> It was adopted by the Maryland school as the official name for their educational philosophy. TC was supposed to find a middle ground in age-old disputes between [[oralism]] and [[manualism]], and as an alternative to [[Simultaneous Communication]]. In practice, however, most Total Communication programs use some form of Simultaneous Communication.
+The term "Total Communication" and its specific philosophy were first used by Roy Holcomb as part of a group of educators in southern California.<ref>Holcomb, R. K. (1970). The Total Approach: Beginning and structure. In R. Madebrink (Ed.) (1972). ''Proceedings of the International Congress on Education of the Deaf, Stockholm, 1970.''. Stockholm, Sweden: International Congress on Education of the Deaf, pp. 104-107.</ref><ref>Nagengast, Larry. (1973) Deafness no handicap to newcomer. ''The Morning News'' (September 4, 1973), p. 11.</ref> It was adopted by the Maryland school as the official name for their educational philosophy.{{When|date=November 2020}} TC was supposed to find a middle ground in age-old disputes between [[oralism]] and [[manualism]], and as an alternative to [[simultaneous communication]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2020|reason=Where is this documented?}} In practice, however, most total communication programs use some form of simultaneous communication.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020|reason=Where is this documented? Which reference?}}
-Total Communication educational programs have been established in the UK, France, U.S., China, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, Scandinavian countries, the Netherlands, France, Germany and elsewhere. In the United States, TC was most popular during the 1970s and 1980s, when most schools and programs for children who are Deaf, as well as most major organizations in the field supported the TC philosophy.<ref>[http://ericec.org/digests/e559.html]  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310111234/http://ericec.org/digests/e559.html |date=March 10, 2005 }}</ref> Today, the debate seems to be between TC programs and [[bilingual-bicultural education]].
 ==See also==
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 ==External links==
-* [http://www.ericdigests.org/1998-2/total.htm Total Communication] - The ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education, USA.{{Dead link|date=May 2013}}
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170219181908/http://www.ericdigests.org/1998-2/total.htm Total Communication]- The ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education, USA.
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051230010927/http://www.healthyhearing.com/library/interview_content.asp?interview_id=725 Interview with David Denton]
-[[Category:Deafness]]
+[[Category:Augmentative and alternative communication]]
-[[Category:Deafness organizations]]
-[[Category:Education for the deaf]]
-[[Category:Special education]]
-{{deaf-stub}}
+{{Comm-stub}}