Sinaloan pocket mouse: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of rodent}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
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{{Taxobox |
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| name = Sinaloan pocket mouse |
| name = Sinaloan pocket mouse |
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| image = Sinaloan Pocket Mouse imported from iNaturalist photo 194828634 on 13 April 2024.jpg |
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| image = [[File:Desert pocket mouse.jpg|thumb|Pictured: Desert pocket mouse, closest [[Sister group|sister species]] to Sinaloan pocket mouse]] |
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| image_caption = |
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| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{ |
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. |author2=Castro-Arellano, I. |author3=Lacher, T. |date=2016 |title=''Chaetodipus pernix'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T4337A22225579 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T4337A22225579.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| genus = Chaetodipus |
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| species = pernix |
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| ⚫ | |||
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ordo = [[Rodent]]ia |
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}} |
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| familia = [[Heteromyidae]] |
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| genus = ''[[Chaetodipus]]'' |
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| ⚫ | The '''Sinaloan pocket mouse''' ('''''Chaetodipus pernix''''') is one of 17 [[species]] of [[Chaetodipus|pocket mice]] in the [[genus]] ''Chaetodipus.''<ref name = MSW3>{{MSW3 Heteromyidae | id = 12700203 | pages = 853–856 | heading = Genus ''Chaetodipus''}}</ref> Two [[subspecies]] of ''C. pernix'' are recognized, ''C. p. pernix'' and ''C. p. rostratus,'' all are [[endemic]] to [[Mexico]].<ref name= BL1992>{{cite journal |vauthors=Best TL, Lackey JA |title=Chaetodipus pernix |journal=Mammalian Species |number=420 |pages=1–3 |date=December 10, 1992 |jstor=3504184 |doi=10.2307/0.420.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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| species = '''''C. pernix''''' |
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| binomial = ''Chaetodipus pernix'' |
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| ⚫ | The '''Sinaloan pocket mouse |
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This small mouse lives among shrubs and has a wide range of coat colors. |
This small mouse lives among shrubs and has a wide range of coat colors. |
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==Range and |
==Range and habitat== |
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[[File:Sinaloa en México.svg|thumb|left|State of Sinaloa in Mexico]] |
[[File:Sinaloa en México.svg|thumb|left|State of Sinaloa in Mexico]] |
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''C. pernix'' mostly lives in the coastal plain of [[Sinaloa]] state within Mexico, which extends from |
''C. pernix'' mostly lives in the coastal plain of [[Sinaloa]] state within Mexico, which extends from southern [[Sonora]] to northern [[Nayarit]]. Their habitat consists mostly of small trees, shrubs, and cacti. Sinaloan pocket mice are found on sandy soil, living under low bushes or dense networks of vines and grasses.<ref name="BL1992"/> Their habitat does not contain any rock material, unlike in its sister species, the [[rock pocket mouse]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180266 |title=ITIS Standard Report Page: ''Perognathus intermedius''}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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The Sinaloan pocket mouse is one of the smallest in the genus ''Chaetodipus'' with a total length of less than 200mm. Their skull is narrow with an elongated nose and medium |
The Sinaloan pocket mouse is one of the smallest in the genus ''Chaetodipus'' with a total length of less than 200mm. Their skull is narrow with an elongated nose and medium-sized ears. ''C. pernix'' has a thinly haired tail that is longer than the body length. Their coat color is variable (usually yellowish-brown), but always darker on the back and lighter on the sides and belly. Their diet consists of grains and seeds. The average litter size is seven.<ref name="BL1992"/> |
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'''Color |
'''Color polymorphism''' |
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Coat color is a [[genetic polymorphism]]. Many different coat colors are seen between species of pocket mice and even within the same population because of differences in their [[genotype]].<ref name= C2005>{{cite journal |author=Caro T |title=The Adaptive Significance of Coloration in Mammals |journal=BioScience |volume=55 |number=2 |pages=125–135 |date=February 2005 |
Coat color is a [[genetic polymorphism]]. Many different coat colors are seen between species of pocket mice and even within the same population because of differences in their [[genotype]].<ref name= C2005>{{cite journal |author=Caro T |author-link=Tim Caro |title=The Adaptive Significance of Coloration in Mammals |journal=BioScience |volume=55 |number=2 |pages=125–135 |date=February 2005 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:tasoci]2.0.co;2|doi-access=free }}</ref> Multiple aspects of the environment put selective pressures on pocket mice to adapt their coat colors.<ref name="C2005"/> Variation in coat color between pocket mice can be a selective advantage for two main reasons: concealment and regulation of [[Physiology|physiological processes]].<ref name="C2005"/> |
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Concealment offers a large selective advantage for pocket mice that are able to successfully hide from potential predators, also known as [[Crypsis]]. Pocket mice generally show two forms of crypsis: [[camouflage]] and [[countershading]]. Camouflage is seen when an organism's coloring helps it blend into its background or environment. Evidence of camouflage is seen between different populations of pocket mice that live in two different environments. The Sinaloan pocket mouse usually has a yellow-brown coat with black hairs because they live in a sandy environment under shrubs, while the [[Rock pocket mouse]] usually has a grey or black coat color and lives among rocks.<ref name= NHD>{{cite journal | |
Concealment offers a large selective advantage for pocket mice that are able to successfully hide from potential predators, also known as [[Crypsis]]. Pocket mice generally show two forms of crypsis: [[camouflage]] and [[countershading]]. Camouflage is seen when an organism's coloring helps it blend into its background or environment. Evidence of camouflage is seen between different populations of pocket mice that live in two different environments. The Sinaloan pocket mouse usually has a yellow-brown coat with black hairs because they live in a sandy environment under shrubs, while the [[Rock pocket mouse]] usually has a grey or black coat color and lives among rocks.<ref name= NHD>{{cite journal |vauthors=Nachman MW, Hoekstra HE, D'Agostino SL |title=The genetic basis of adaptive melanism in pocket mice |journal=PNAS |volume=100 |number=9 |pages=5268–5273 |date=April 2003 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0431157100 |pmid=12704245 |pmc=154334|bibcode=2003PNAS..100.5268N |doi-access=free }}</ref> Mice who show a very different coat color than their environment are more susceptible to predation because they can be seen easier than mice that blend in with their environment.<ref name="C2005"/> Countershading is another type of camouflage and is seen when an organism's pigmentation is darker on the upper side of the body and lighter on the underside of the body. Sinaloan pocket mice almost always have a lighter belly and sides compared to the darker color of their back. The selective advantage of this color patterning is again, concealment from predators, mostly owls in this case. Countershading helps the pocket mouse to reduce the appearance of their shadow in sunny environments.<ref name="C2005"/> Living in the sunny desert, this color pattern has a large selective advantage. Mice whose shadows were easily seen by owls flying overhead would more likely become prey, than mice whose shadows weren't as obvious. |
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Coat color in pocket mice can also be a selective advantage because it can help regulate physiological processes of the body. Light coat colors have a selective advantage in hot, sunny environments because they can help regulate body temperature. A dark coat in a sunny environment would attract sunlight and cause the mouse to overheat more easily, requiring more energy from the mouse to try and lower their body temperature. A light coat color requires less energy input to regulate body temperature and therefore has a selective advantage over dark coat color which requires more energy.<ref name="C2005"/> |
Coat color in pocket mice can also be a selective advantage because it can help regulate physiological processes of the body. Light coat colors have a selective advantage in hot, sunny environments because they can help regulate body temperature. A dark coat in a sunny environment would attract sunlight and cause the mouse to overheat more easily, requiring more energy from the mouse to try and lower their body temperature. A light coat color requires less energy input to regulate body temperature and therefore has a selective advantage over dark coat color which requires more energy.<ref name="C2005"/> |
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The selective advantage of coat color for concealment and regulation of body temperature likely caused geographic variation of coat color as well. For both concealment and body temperature regulation, the mice better adapted to their environment will likely survive better and produce more offspring. This means that the mouse that blends in with its environment the best, in a way that uses the least amount of energy will have a selective advantage. Going along with this, mice in different environments require different coat colors to blend in most effectively. Geographic variation between environments is another selective pressure that helped color polymorphism evolve between pocket mice. Pocket mice that live in sunny environments with an abundance of sand will have a selective advantage with light colored yellow or brown coats. In contrast, pocket mice that live on rocks in environments with less sun are more likely to have a selective advantage with darker colored grey or black coats.<ref name="C2005"/> |
The selective advantage of coat color for concealment and regulation of body temperature likely caused geographic variation of coat color as well. For both concealment and body temperature regulation, the mice better adapted to their environment will likely survive better and produce more offspring. This means that the mouse that blends in with its environment the best, in a way that uses the least amount of energy will have a selective advantage. Going along with this, mice in different environments require different coat colors to blend in most effectively. Geographic variation between environments is another selective pressure that helped color polymorphism evolve between pocket mice. Pocket mice that live in sunny environments with an abundance of sand will have a selective advantage with light colored yellow or brown coats. In contrast, pocket mice that live on rocks in environments with less sun are more likely to have a selective advantage with darker colored grey or black coats.<ref name="C2005"/> |
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'''Genetic |
'''Genetic basis''' |
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[[File:Mice 24 Nov 2004.jpg|thumb|9 day old mice show variation in coat color because of differences in [[genotype]].]] |
[[File:Mice 24 Nov 2004.jpg|thumb|9 day old mice show variation in coat color because of differences in [[genotype]].]] |
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The genetic difference for varying coat colors is controlled largely by two [[protein]]s in pocket mice: [[eumelanin]] and [[pheomelanin]]. Production of eumelanin gives hair a black or brown color, while pheomelanin gives hair a red color. [[Melanocyte]]s are pigment producing cells, which are controlled by [[gene]]s. Differences in [[gene expression]] cause melanocytes to produce varying levels and types of pigment.<ref name="NHD"/> |
The genetic difference for varying coat colors is controlled largely by two [[protein]]s in pocket mice: [[eumelanin]] and [[pheomelanin]]. Production of eumelanin gives hair a black or brown color, while pheomelanin gives hair a red color. [[Melanocyte]]s are pigment producing cells, which are controlled by [[gene]]s. Differences in [[gene expression]] cause melanocytes to produce varying levels and types of pigment.<ref name="NHD"/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
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*Patton, J. L. 2005. Family Heteromyidae. pp. 844–858 ''in'' Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. |
*Patton, J. L. 2005. Family Heteromyidae. pp. 844–858 ''in'' Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. |
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{{H. Perognathinae nav}} |
{{H. Perognathinae nav}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q172553}} |
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[[Category:Chaetodipus]] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pocket Mouse, Sinaloan}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Endemic mammals of Mexico]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Sinaloan dry forests]] |
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[[Category:Mammals |
[[Category:Mammals described in 1898]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Taxa named by Joel Asaph Allen]] |
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[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]] |
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[[Category:Sonoran–Sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest]] |
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Latest revision as of 02:41, 13 August 2024
| Sinaloan pocket mouse | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Heteromyidae |
| Genus: | Chaetodipus |
| Species: | C. pernix
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| Binomial name | |
| Chaetodipus pernix (J. A. Allen, 1898)
| |
The Sinaloan pocket mouse (Chaetodipus pernix) is one of 17 species of pocket mice in the genus Chaetodipus.[2] Two subspecies of C. pernix are recognized, C. p. pernix and C. p. rostratus, all are endemic to Mexico.[3]
This small mouse lives among shrubs and has a wide range of coat colors.
Range and habitat
[edit]
C. pernix mostly lives in the coastal plain of Sinaloa state within Mexico, which extends from southern Sonora to northern Nayarit. Their habitat consists mostly of small trees, shrubs, and cacti. Sinaloan pocket mice are found on sandy soil, living under low bushes or dense networks of vines and grasses.[3] Their habitat does not contain any rock material, unlike in its sister species, the rock pocket mouse.[4]
Description
[edit]The Sinaloan pocket mouse is one of the smallest in the genus Chaetodipus with a total length of less than 200mm. Their skull is narrow with an elongated nose and medium-sized ears. C. pernix has a thinly haired tail that is longer than the body length. Their coat color is variable (usually yellowish-brown), but always darker on the back and lighter on the sides and belly. Their diet consists of grains and seeds. The average litter size is seven.[3]
Color polymorphism
Coat color is a genetic polymorphism. Many different coat colors are seen between species of pocket mice and even within the same population because of differences in their genotype.[5] Multiple aspects of the environment put selective pressures on pocket mice to adapt their coat colors.[5] Variation in coat color between pocket mice can be a selective advantage for two main reasons: concealment and regulation of physiological processes.[5]
Concealment offers a large selective advantage for pocket mice that are able to successfully hide from potential predators, also known as Crypsis. Pocket mice generally show two forms of crypsis: camouflage and countershading. Camouflage is seen when an organism's coloring helps it blend into its background or environment. Evidence of camouflage is seen between different populations of pocket mice that live in two different environments. The Sinaloan pocket mouse usually has a yellow-brown coat with black hairs because they live in a sandy environment under shrubs, while the Rock pocket mouse usually has a grey or black coat color and lives among rocks.[6] Mice who show a very different coat color than their environment are more susceptible to predation because they can be seen easier than mice that blend in with their environment.[5] Countershading is another type of camouflage and is seen when an organism's pigmentation is darker on the upper side of the body and lighter on the underside of the body. Sinaloan pocket mice almost always have a lighter belly and sides compared to the darker color of their back. The selective advantage of this color patterning is again, concealment from predators, mostly owls in this case. Countershading helps the pocket mouse to reduce the appearance of their shadow in sunny environments.[5] Living in the sunny desert, this color pattern has a large selective advantage. Mice whose shadows were easily seen by owls flying overhead would more likely become prey, than mice whose shadows weren't as obvious.
Coat color in pocket mice can also be a selective advantage because it can help regulate physiological processes of the body. Light coat colors have a selective advantage in hot, sunny environments because they can help regulate body temperature. A dark coat in a sunny environment would attract sunlight and cause the mouse to overheat more easily, requiring more energy from the mouse to try and lower their body temperature. A light coat color requires less energy input to regulate body temperature and therefore has a selective advantage over dark coat color which requires more energy.[5]
The selective advantage of coat color for concealment and regulation of body temperature likely caused geographic variation of coat color as well. For both concealment and body temperature regulation, the mice better adapted to their environment will likely survive better and produce more offspring. This means that the mouse that blends in with its environment the best, in a way that uses the least amount of energy will have a selective advantage. Going along with this, mice in different environments require different coat colors to blend in most effectively. Geographic variation between environments is another selective pressure that helped color polymorphism evolve between pocket mice. Pocket mice that live in sunny environments with an abundance of sand will have a selective advantage with light colored yellow or brown coats. In contrast, pocket mice that live on rocks in environments with less sun are more likely to have a selective advantage with darker colored grey or black coats.[5]
Genetic basis
The genetic difference for varying coat colors is controlled largely by two proteins in pocket mice: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Production of eumelanin gives hair a black or brown color, while pheomelanin gives hair a red color. Melanocytes are pigment producing cells, which are controlled by genes. Differences in gene expression cause melanocytes to produce varying levels and types of pigment.[6]
Eumelanin is produced when the G protein-coupled receptor called melanocortin-1-receptor (MC1R) is activated. Pheomelanin production is controlled by the agouti-signaling protein, which is an inverse agonist of MC1R. Therefore, Agouti expression causes decreased levels of eumelanin production, which allows increased levels of pheomelanin expression.[6] Variation in the environment can cause proteins to be expressed differently in the genome, producing variation in coat color between two different environments.
References
[edit]- ^ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Castro-Arellano, I.; Lacher, T. (2016). "Chaetodipus pernix". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4337A22225579. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T4337A22225579.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ Patton, J.L. (2005). "Genus Chaetodipus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 853–856. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c Best TL, Lackey JA (December 10, 1992). "Chaetodipus pernix". Mammalian Species (420): 1–3. doi:10.2307/0.420.1. JSTOR 3504184.
- ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Perognathus intermedius".
- ^ a b c d e f g Caro T (February 2005). "The Adaptive Significance of Coloration in Mammals". BioScience. 55 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:tasoci]2.0.co;2.
- ^ a b c Nachman MW, Hoekstra HE, D'Agostino SL (April 2003). "The genetic basis of adaptive melanism in pocket mice". PNAS. 100 (9): 5268–5273. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.5268N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0431157100. PMC 154334. PMID 12704245.
- Patton, J. L. 2005. Family Heteromyidae. pp. 844–858 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.