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{{Short description|American-born German theologian}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox academic
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = <!-- see [[MOS:CREDENTIAL]] and [[MOS:HONORIFIC]] -->
| honorific_prefix = <!-- see [[MOS:CREDENTIAL]] and [[MOS:HONORIFIC]] -->
| name = Caspar René Gregory
| name = Caspar René Gregory
| honorific_suffix =
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| image = Caspar René Gregory.jpg
| image = Caspar René Gregory.jpg
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| caption = Gregory in 1894
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1846|11|06|mf=y}}
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| birth_place = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1846|11|06|mf=y}}
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1917|04|09|1846|11|06|mf=y}}
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| birth_place = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]
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| death_place = near [[Neufchâtel-sur-Aisne]], [[France]]
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1917|04|09|1846|11|06|mf=y}}
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| death_place = near [[Neufchâtel-sur-Aisne]], [[France]]
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| nationality = [[German American]]
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| nationality = [[United States|American]]-[[Germany|German]]
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| education = [[University of Pennsylvania]]<br />[[Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary]]<br />[[Princeton Theological Seminary]]<br />[[University of Leipzig]]
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| website =
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| alma_mater = <!--will often consist of the linked name of the last-attended higher education institution-->
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| education = [[University of Pennsylvania]], [[Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary]], [[University of Glasgow]]
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| thesis_title = [[Abbé Grégoire|Grégoire]] the priest and the revolutionist
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| thesis_title = [[Abbé Grégoire|Grégoire]] the priest and the revolutionist
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| workplaces = [[University of Leipzig]]<br />[[University of Munich]]<!--full-time positions only, not student positions-->
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| workplaces = [[University of Leipzig]]<!--full-time positions only, not student positions-->
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| notable_works = ''Textkritik des neuen Testamentes''
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==Life==
==Life==
Gregory was born to Mary Jones and Henry Duval Gregory in [[Philadelphia]].<ref>Barnikol, Ernst (1966). "[http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0001/bsb00016325/images/index.html?id=00016325&groesser=&fip=eayaenenewqewqeayaenwyzts&no=1&seite=41 Gregory, Caspar René]". In: ''Neue Deutsche Biographie'' 7 (1966), p. 27-29. [https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118718746.html#ndbcontent Online version].</ref> He was the brother of the American zoologist [[Emily Ray Gregory]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ziegler|first1=Alexander|last2=Barr|first2=Dorothy J.|date=2018-05-08|title=The Historical and Biographical Context of Gregory's Diverticulum, an Unusual Organ in Sand Dollars|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97118157|journal=Breviora|volume=559|issue=1|pages=1–18|doi=10.3099/MCZ47.1|s2cid=90580020}}</ref> After completing his bachelor's degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 1864, he studied theology at two Presbyterian seminaries: in 1865–1867 at the [[Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary]], Philadelphia, and in 1867–1873 at the [[Princeton Theological Seminary]].<ref>"[https://books.google.com/books?id=OpjNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA351 Caspar René Gregory]" (1911). ''The Biblical World''. Vol. 38, no. 5, p. 350-354; here, p. 351.</ref> In 1873, he decided to continue his studies at the [[University of Leipzig]] under [[Constantin von Tischendorf]], to whose work on textual criticism of the New Testament he had been referred by his teacher [[Ezra Abbot]]. He administered the scientific legacy of Tischendorf, who died in 1874, and continued his work.
Gregory was born to Mary Jones and Henry Duval Gregory in [[Philadelphia]].<ref>Barnikol, Ernst (1966). "[http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0001/bsb00016325/images/index.html?id=00016325&groesser=&fip=eayaenenewqewqeayaenwyzts&no=1&seite=41 Gregory, Caspar René]". In: ''Neue Deutsche Biographie'' 7 (1966), p. 27-29. [https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118718746.html#ndbcontent Online version].</ref> He was the brother of the American zoologist [[Emily Ray Gregory]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ziegler|first1=Alexander|last2=Barr|first2=Dorothy J.|date=2018-05-08|title=The Historical and Biographical Context of Gregory's Diverticulum, an Unusual Organ in Sand Dollars|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97118157|journal=Breviora|volume=559|issue=1|pages=1–18|doi=10.3099/MCZ47.1|s2cid=90580020}}</ref> After completing his bachelor's degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 1864, he studied theology at two Presbyterian seminaries: in 1865—1867 at the [[Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary]], Philadelphia, and in 1867–1873 at the [[Princeton Theological Seminary]].<ref>"[https://books.google.com/books?id=OpjNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA351 Caspar René Gregory]" (1911). ''The Biblical World''. Vol. 38, no. 5, p. 350-354; here, p. 351.</ref> In 1873, he decided to continue his studies at the [[University of Leipzig]] under [[Constantin von Tischendorf]], to whose work on textual criticism of the New Testament he had been referred by his teacher [[Ezra Abbot]]. He administered the scientific legacy of Tischendorf, who died in 1874, and continued his work.


In 1876, he obtained his [[PhD]]. with a dissertation on ''[[Abbé Grégoire|Grégoire]] the priest and the revolutionist''. The first examiner for it was the historian [[Georg Voigt]].<ref>Todte, Mario (2004). ''Georg Voigt (1827-1891). Pionier der historischen Humanismusforschung''. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag. p.&nbsp;111. {{ISBN|3937209220}}.</ref>
In 1876, he obtained his [[PhD]] with a dissertation titled ''[[Abbé Grégoire|Grégoire]] the priest and the revolutionist''. The first examiner for it was the historian [[Georg Voigt]].<ref>Todte, Mario (2004). ''Georg Voigt (1827-1891). Pionier der historischen Humanismusforschung''. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag. p.&nbsp;111. {{ISBN|3937209220}}.</ref>


He completed his post-doctoral work in Leipzig in 1884, and became an associate professor in 1889 and a full honorary professor in 1891. He apparently had several doctorates: Karl Josef Friedrich (p.&nbsp;130) even mentions five doctorates in his biography of Gregory. At least one doctorate in theology obtained in Leipzig in 1889 is attested.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} In June 1901, he received an honorary [[Doctor of Divinity|doctorate of Divinity]] from the [[University of Glasgow]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Glasgow University jubilee |date=14 June 1901 |page_number=10 |issue=36481}}</ref>
He completed his post-doctoral work in Leipzig in 1884, and became an associate professor in 1889 and a full honorary professor in 1891. That same year, he was elected an International Member of the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Caspar+R.+Gregory&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> He apparently had several doctorates: Karl Josef Friedrich (p.&nbsp;130) even mentions five doctorates in his biography of Gregory. At least one doctorate in theology obtained in Leipzig in 1889 is attested.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} In June 1901, he received an honorary [[Doctor of Divinity|doctorate of Divinity]] from the [[University of Glasgow]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-glasgow-university-jubilee/131294008/ |date=14 June 1901 |title=Glasgow University Jubilee |page=10 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |publication-place=London |issue=36481 |access-date=2024-01-05 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
[[File:Ps165 (5247101435).jpg|thumb|left|Caspar René Gregory in 1914]]


On 11 August 1914, Gregory, who had been a citizen of [[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]] since 1881, enlisted in the [[German Army (German Empire)|German Army]] as its oldest wartime volunteer.<ref>{{Citation | last = Friedrich | first = Karl Josef | title = Volksfreund Gregory: Amerikaner, Pfadfinder, Urchrist, Deutscher Kämpfer | publisher = Friedrich Andreas Perthes | place = Gotha | year = 1920 | pages = 86 }}</ref> He became a second lieutenant in November 1916 and fell in 1917 on the [[Western Front (World War I)|western front]]. He died on April 9, 1917 in a [[field hospital]] in [[Neufchâtel-sur-Aisne]], [[France]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Friedrich | first = Karl Josef | title = Volksfreund Gregory: Amerikaner, Pfadfinder, Urchrist, Deutscher Kämpfer | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PRo2AAAAMAAJ | publisher = Friedrich Andreas Perthes | place = Gotha | year = 1920 | pages = 109–110, 113 }}</ref>
On August 11, 1914, Gregory, who had been a citizen of [[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]] since 1881, enlisted in the [[German Army (German Empire)|German Army]] as its oldest wartime volunteer.<ref>{{Citation | last = Friedrich | first = Karl Josef | title = Volksfreund Gregory: Amerikaner, Pfadfinder, Urchrist, Deutscher Kämpfer | publisher = Friedrich Andreas Perthes | place = Gotha | year = 1920 | pages = 86 }}</ref> He became a second lieutenant in November 1916 and died on April 9, 1917, in a [[field hospital]] in [[Neufchâtel-sur-Aisne]], [[France]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Friedrich | first = Karl Josef | title = Volksfreund Gregory: Amerikaner, Pfadfinder, Urchrist, Deutscher Kämpfer | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PRo2AAAAMAAJ | publisher = Friedrich Andreas Perthes | place = Gotha | year = 1920 | pages = 109–110, 113 }}</ref>on the [[Western Front (World War I)|western front]].


Gregory specialized in New Testament [[textual criticism]]. He organized biblical manuscripts into a classification system (''Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments'', 1908) which is the system in use throughout the scholarly world today.<ref>{{Citation | last = Aland | first = Kurt and Barbara | title = The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RtcUAAAAIAAJ | publisher = Eerdmans | place = Grand Rapids | year = 1987 | pages = 9, 39–40, 73–75 | isbn = 0802836208 }}</ref> He is also credited with being the first to notice the consistent medieval practice (called Gregory's Law or Gregory's Rule) of collating parchment leaves so that grain side faced grain side and flesh side flesh side.<ref>{{Cite book | publisher = American Library Association; The British Library | isbn = 978-0-8389-0522-7 | last = Avrin| first = Leila | title = Scribes, Script, and Books: The Book Arts from Antiquity to the Renaissance | location = Chicago; London | year = 1991 | pages = 213 }}</ref> He was also interested in [[biblical canon]].
Gregory specialized in New Testament [[textual criticism]]. He organized biblical manuscripts into a classification system (''Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments'', 1908) which continues to be in use throughout the scholarly world today.<ref>{{Citation | last = Aland | first = Kurt and Barbara | title = The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RtcUAAAAIAAJ | publisher = Eerdmans | place = Grand Rapids | year = 1987 | pages = 9, 39–40, 73–75 | isbn = 0802836208 }}</ref> He is also credited with being the first to notice the consistent medieval practice (called Gregory's Law or Gregory's Rule) of collating parchment leaves so that grain side faced grain side and flesh side flesh side.<ref>{{Cite book | publisher = American Library Association; The British Library | isbn = 978-0-8389-0522-7 | last = Avrin| first = Leila | title = Scribes, Script, and Books: The Book Arts from Antiquity to the Renaissance | location = Chicago; London | year = 1991 | pages = 213 }}</ref> He was also interested in [[biblical canon]].


[[File:Gregory-Denkmal in der Naunhofer Straße.jpg|thumb|right|Relief of Caspar René Gregory in Leipzig on Naunhofer Straße]]
[[File:Gregory-Denkmal in der Naunhofer Straße.jpg|thumb|right|Relief of Caspar René Gregory in Leipzig on Naunhofer Straße]]
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== Works ==
== Works ==
===Books===
===Books===
* {{cite book|author1-last=Gregory |author1-first=Caspar René |title=Prolegomena zu Tischendorfs Novum Testamentum Graece'' (editio VIII. critica major), 2 Vols. |date=1884–1894 }}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Gregory |author1-first=Caspar René |title=Prolegomena zu Tischendorfs Novum Testamentum Graece'' (editio VIII. critica major), 2 Vols.'' |date=1884–1894 }}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Gregory |author1-first=Caspar René |author1-mask=3 | title = Textkritik des Neuen Testaments|volume= 1 | publisher = J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung | year = 1900 | location = Leipzig | url = https://archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n7/mode/2up |access-date= 2010-03-18|language= de}}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Gregory |author1-first=Caspar René |author1-mask=3 | title = Textkritik des Neuen Testaments|volume= 1 | publisher = J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung | year = 1900 | location = Leipzig | url = https://archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n7/mode/2up |access-date= 2010-03-18|language= de}}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Gregory |author1-first=Caspar René |author1-mask=3 | title = Canon and Text of the New Testament | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | year = 1907 | location = New York | url = https://archive.org/details/canontextofnewte00greg |access-date= 2011-08-03 }}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Gregory |author1-first=Caspar René |author1-mask=3 | title = Canon and Text of the New Testament | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | year = 1907 | location = New York | url = https://archive.org/details/canontextofnewte00greg |access-date= 2011-08-03 }}
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== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://library.hds.harvard.edu/exhibits/incomparable-treasure/gregory From the Papers of Caspar René Gregory.] In "Of the Incomparable Treasure of the Holy Scriptures: An Exhibit of Historic Bible-related Materials from the Collection of the Andover-Harvard Theological Library," October 1998
* [http://library.hds.harvard.edu/exhibits/incomparable-treasure/gregory From the Papers of Caspar René Gregory.] In "Of the Incomparable Treasure of the Holy Scriptures: An Exhibit of Historic Bible-related Materials from the Collection of the Harvard Divinity School Library", October 1998
* {{DNB portal|118718746|TYP=}}
* {{DNB portal|118718746|TYP=}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=6bcNAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22biblical+world%22+1911&source=bl&ots=ScK16rKc7t&sig=hwjmiN6oW3f_Wph7jmsMWT6XFGA&hl=en&ei=hy9nTN6XNIH_8AbLpOmyBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22biblical%20world%22%201911&f=false Biographical sketch in ''The Biblical World'', Vol. 38 (1911), pp. 350-354]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=6bcNAQAAIAAJ&q=%22biblical+world%22+1911 Biographical sketch in ''The Biblical World'', Vol. 38 (1911), pp. 350-354]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1917/04/14/archives/killed-in-war-at-70-penned-death-notice-prof-caspar-gregory-of.html Gregory's obituary in the ''New York Times'']
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1917/04/14/archives/killed-in-war-at-70-penned-death-notice-prof-caspar-gregory-of.html Gregory's obituary in the ''New York Times'']


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[[Category:German biblical scholars]]
[[Category:German biblical scholars]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:German military personnel killed in World War I]]
[[Category:German military personnel killed in World War I]]
[[Category:German papyrologists]]
[[Category:German papyrologists]]
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[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Writers from Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]

Latest revision as of 20:10, 13 August 2024

Caspar René Gregory
Gregory in 1894
Born(1846-11-06)November 6, 1846
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
DiedApril 9, 1917(1917-04-09) (aged 70)
near Neufchâtel-sur-Aisne, France
NationalityGerman American
Academic background
EducationUniversity of Pennsylvania
Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary
Princeton Theological Seminary
University of Leipzig
ThesisGrégoire the priest and the revolutionist (1876)
Academic work
DisciplineTheology
InstitutionsUniversity of Leipzig
University of Munich
Notable studentsEdward Rand
Notable worksTextkritik des neuen Testamentes

Caspar René Gregory (November 6, 1846 – April 9, 1917) was an American-born German theologian.

Life

[edit]

Gregory was born to Mary Jones and Henry Duval Gregory in Philadelphia.[1] He was the brother of the American zoologist Emily Ray Gregory.[2] After completing his bachelor's degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 1864, he studied theology at two Presbyterian seminaries: in 1865—1867 at the Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, and in 1867–1873 at the Princeton Theological Seminary.[3] In 1873, he decided to continue his studies at the University of Leipzig under Constantin von Tischendorf, to whose work on textual criticism of the New Testament he had been referred by his teacher Ezra Abbot. He administered the scientific legacy of Tischendorf, who died in 1874, and continued his work.

In 1876, he obtained his PhD with a dissertation titled Grégoire the priest and the revolutionist. The first examiner for it was the historian Georg Voigt.[4]

He completed his post-doctoral work in Leipzig in 1884, and became an associate professor in 1889 and a full honorary professor in 1891. That same year, he was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society.[5] He apparently had several doctorates: Karl Josef Friedrich (p. 130) even mentions five doctorates in his biography of Gregory. At least one doctorate in theology obtained in Leipzig in 1889 is attested.[citation needed] In June 1901, he received an honorary doctorate of Divinity from the University of Glasgow.[6]

Caspar René Gregory in 1914

On August 11, 1914, Gregory, who had been a citizen of Saxony since 1881, enlisted in the German Army as its oldest wartime volunteer.[7] He became a second lieutenant in November 1916 and died on April 9, 1917, in a field hospital in Neufchâtel-sur-Aisne, France.[8]on the western front.

Gregory specialized in New Testament textual criticism. He organized biblical manuscripts into a classification system (Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments, 1908) which continues to be in use throughout the scholarly world today.[9] He is also credited with being the first to notice the consistent medieval practice (called Gregory's Law or Gregory's Rule) of collating parchment leaves so that grain side faced grain side and flesh side flesh side.[10] He was also interested in biblical canon.

Relief of Caspar René Gregory in Leipzig on Naunhofer Straße

Works

[edit]

Books

[edit]
  • Gregory, Caspar René (1884–1894). Prolegomena zu Tischendorfs Novum Testamentum Graece (editio VIII. critica major), 2 Vols..
  • ——— (1900). Textkritik des Neuen Testaments (in German). Vol. 1. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung. Retrieved March 18, 2010.
  • ——— (1907). Canon and Text of the New Testament. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
  • ——— (1908). Das Freer-Logion. Leipzig: Hinrichs.
  • ——— (1908). Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments. Leipzig.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • ——— (1909). Einleitung in das Neue Testament.
  • ——— (1911). Vorschläge für eine kritische Ausgabe des griechischen Neuen Testaments.
  • ——— (1913). Die Koridethi-Evangelien.
  • ——— (1919). Zu Fuß in Bibellanden. Hermann Guthe.

Journal articles

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Barnikol, Ernst (1966). "Gregory, Caspar René". In: Neue Deutsche Biographie 7 (1966), p. 27-29. Online version.
  2. ^ Ziegler, Alexander; Barr, Dorothy J. (May 8, 2018). "The Historical and Biographical Context of Gregory's Diverticulum, an Unusual Organ in Sand Dollars". Breviora. 559 (1): 1–18. doi:10.3099/MCZ47.1. S2CID 90580020.
  3. ^ "Caspar René Gregory" (1911). The Biblical World. Vol. 38, no. 5, p. 350-354; here, p. 351.
  4. ^ Todte, Mario (2004). Georg Voigt (1827-1891). Pionier der historischen Humanismusforschung. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag. p. 111. ISBN 3937209220.
  5. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
  6. ^ "Glasgow University Jubilee". The Times. No. 36481. London. June 14, 1901. p. 10. Retrieved January 5, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ^ Friedrich, Karl Josef (1920), Volksfreund Gregory: Amerikaner, Pfadfinder, Urchrist, Deutscher Kämpfer, Gotha: Friedrich Andreas Perthes, p. 86
  8. ^ Friedrich, Karl Josef (1920), Volksfreund Gregory: Amerikaner, Pfadfinder, Urchrist, Deutscher Kämpfer, Gotha: Friedrich Andreas Perthes, pp. 109–110, 113
  9. ^ Aland, Kurt and Barbara (1987), The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, pp. 9, 39–40, 73–75, ISBN 0802836208
  10. ^ Avrin, Leila (1991). Scribes, Script, and Books: The Book Arts from Antiquity to the Renaissance. Chicago; London: American Library Association; The British Library. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-8389-0522-7.
  11. ^ Gregory, Caspar René (1899), "The Essay 'Contra Novatianum'", The American Journal of Theology, 3 (3): 566–570, doi:10.1086/477154, JSTOR 3152976

Literature

[edit]
  • Ernst Barnikol (1966), "Gregory, Caspar René", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 7, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 27–29; (full text online).
  • Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz (1990). "Caspar René Gregory". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 2. Hamm: Bautz. col. 344. ISBN 3-88309-032-8.
  • Karl Josef Friedrich, Caspar Rene Gregory, in: Sächsische Lebensbilder, Vol. I, Dresden 1930, p. 125-131. (in German)
  • Ernst Jünger, ed. (1928), "Caspar René Gregory", in: Die Unvergessenen. Berlin: Andermann. p. 111 ff. (in German)
  • Bruno Hartung (1929), "Caspar René Gregory", in: Das Jahr des Herrn: Kalender für die evangelischen Gemeinden Leipzigs. 5. Jg., p. 36-38. (in German)
[edit]
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