May 1938: Difference between revisions
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==[[May 1]], 1938 (Sunday)== |
==[[May 1]], 1938 (Sunday)== |
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*Spanish Prime Minister [[Juan Negrín]] offered a thirteen-point peace proposal.<ref name="spartacus">{{cite web |url=http://spartacus-educational.com/SPAchronology.htm |title=Spanish Civil War: Chronology |last=Simkin |first=John |date=2014 |website=[[Spartacus Educational]] |
*Spanish Prime Minister [[Juan Negrín]] offered a thirteen-point peace proposal.<ref name="spartacus">{{cite web |url=http://spartacus-educational.com/SPAchronology.htm |title=Spanish Civil War: Chronology |last=Simkin |first=John |date=2014 |website=[[Spartacus Educational]] |accessdate=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> |
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*The [[Battle of Xuzhou]] ended in Japanese strategic victory. |
*The [[Battle of Xuzhou]] ended in Japanese strategic victory. |
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*[[Colombian presidential election, 1938|Presidential elections]] were held in [[Colombia]]. [[Eduardo Santos]] ran unopposed and received 100% of the vote. |
*[[Colombian presidential election, 1938|Presidential elections]] were held in [[Colombia]]. [[Eduardo Santos Montejo|Eduardo Santos]] ran unopposed and received 100% of the vote. |
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==[[May 2]], 1938 (Monday)== |
==[[May 2]], 1938 (Monday)== |
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*[[Louis Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia|Louis Ferdinand]] of the throneless [[House of Hohenzollern]] married [[Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna of Russia|Kira Kirillovna]] of the throneless [[House of Romanov]] in [[Potsdam]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Schultz |first=Sigrid | |
*[[Louis Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia|Louis Ferdinand]] of the throneless [[House of Hohenzollern]] married [[Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna of Russia|Kira Kirillovna]] of the throneless [[House of Romanov]] in [[Potsdam]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Schultz |first=Sigrid |author-link=Sigrid Schultz |date=May 3, 1938 |title=Royalty Glows; Hohenzollern Weds Romanoff | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=4 }}</ref> |
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*The British House of Commons approved the Anglo-Italian deal of April 16.<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." >{{cite book |
*The British House of Commons approved the Anglo-Italian deal of April 16.<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." >{{cite book |date=1989 |editor-last=Mercer |editor-first=Derrik |title=Chronicle of the 20th Century |location=London |publisher=Chronicle Communications Ltd. |pages=496–497 |isbn=978-0-582-03919-3 }}</ref> |
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*'''Born:''' King [[Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho]], in [[Morija]] (d. 1996) |
*'''Born:''' King [[Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho]], in [[Morija]] (d. 1996) |
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==[[May 3]], 1938 (Tuesday)== |
==[[May 3]], 1938 (Tuesday)== |
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*[[Adolf Hitler]] began a week-long state visit to Italy.<ref name="chronology 1938">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1938.htm |title=Chronology 1938 |
*[[Adolf Hitler]] began a week-long state visit to Italy.<ref name="chronology 1938">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1938.htm |title=Chronology 1938 |date=2002 |website=indiana.edu |accessdate=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> He was greeted by [[Benito Mussolini]] amid great ceremony.<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." /> |
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*[[Flossenbürg concentration camp]] took in its first prisoners.<ref name="musicandhistory">{{cite web|url=http://musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/199-1938.html |title=1938 |website=MusicAndHistory |accessdate=September 19, 2015 |url-status=dead | |
*[[Flossenbürg concentration camp]] took in its first prisoners.<ref name="musicandhistory">{{cite web|url=http://musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/199-1938.html |title=1938 |website=MusicAndHistory |accessdate=September 19, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828144945/http://www.musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/199-1938.html |archive-date=August 28, 2012 }}</ref> |
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*[[George VI]] opened the [[Empire Exhibition, Scotland 1938|Empire Exhibition]] in [[Glasgow]].<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." /> |
*[[George VI]] opened the [[Empire Exhibition, Scotland 1938|Empire Exhibition]] in [[Glasgow]].<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." /> |
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*[[Stanislav Kosior]] was arrested by the Soviets.<ref name="rosefielde">{{cite book |last=Rosefielde |first=Steven |date=2010 |title=Red Holocaust |
*[[Stanislav Kosior]] was arrested by the Soviets.<ref name="rosefielde">{{cite book |last=Rosefielde |first=Steven |date=2010 |title=Red Holocaust |publisher=Routledge |page=266 |isbn=978-1-135-19518-2 }}</ref> |
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*The "[[Box Office Poison (magazine article)|Box Office Poison]]" article appeared in the ''Independent Film Journal'', naming a number of movie stars who continued to draw high salaries despite making films that underperformed at the box office. [[Greta Garbo]], [[Marlene Dietrich]] and [[Mae West]] were among those given the undesirable label. |
*The "[[Box Office Poison (magazine article)|Box Office Poison]]" article appeared in the ''Independent Film Journal'', naming a number of movie stars who continued to draw high salaries despite making films that underperformed at the box office. [[Greta Garbo]], [[Marlene Dietrich]] and [[Mae West]] were among those given the undesirable label. |
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==[[May 4]], 1938 (Wednesday)== |
==[[May 4]], 1938 (Wednesday)== |
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*The [[Nationalist faction]] ordered the reinstatement of the [[Society of Jesus]] in Nationalist-held territory. The Jesuits had been ordered to dissolve and their property confiscated by the Spanish government in 1932.<ref>{{cite news |
*The [[Nationalist faction]] ordered the reinstatement of the [[Society of Jesus]] in Nationalist-held territory. The Jesuits had been ordered to dissolve and their property confiscated by the Spanish government in 1932.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 5, 1938 |title=Franco Cabinet Restores Jesuit Society in Spain | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=3 }}</ref> |
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*[[Pope Pius XI]] was quoted in ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'' as saying that it was a "sad thing" for "another cross that is not the cross of Christ" to be erected in Rome. This was understood as referring to the [[swastika]]s on display around the city in honour of Adolf Hitler's visit.<ref name="eagle may 9">{{cite news |
*[[Pope Pius XI]] was quoted in ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'' as saying that it was a "sad thing" for "another cross that is not the cross of Christ" to be erected in Rome. This was understood as referring to the [[swastika]]s on display around the city in honour of Adolf Hitler's visit.<ref name="eagle may 9">{{cite news |date=May 9, 1938 |title=Pope Is Warned by Duce's Paper on Nazi Attack | work=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]] |page=1 }}</ref> |
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*The French passenger steamer ''Lafayette'' caught on fire in [[Le Havre]] and was a total loss.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chroniknet.de/daly_de.0.html?datum=4.5.1938&year=1938&month=5&day=4 |title=Tageseinträge für 4. Mai 1938 |
*The French passenger steamer ''Lafayette'' caught on fire in [[Le Havre]] and was a total loss.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chroniknet.de/daly_de.0.html?datum=4.5.1938&year=1938&month=5&day=4 |title=Tageseinträge für 4. Mai 1938 |website=chroniknet |accessdate=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> |
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*'''Born:''' [[Tyrone Davis]], blues and soul singer, in [[Greenville, Mississippi]] (d. 2005) |
*'''Born:''' [[Tyrone Davis]], blues and soul singer, in [[Greenville, Mississippi]] (d. 2005) |
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*'''Died:''' [[Carl von Ossietzky]], 48, German journalist, political activist and Nobel laureate |
*'''Died:''' [[Carl von Ossietzky]], 48, German journalist, political activist and Nobel laureate |
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==[[May 5]], 1938 (Thursday)== |
==[[May 5]], 1938 (Thursday)== |
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*Mussolini put on a grand naval review of over 200 warships in the [[Gulf of Naples]] to impress Hitler.<ref>{{cite news |last=Small |first=Alex |date=May 6, 1938 |title=Il Duce Shows His Sea Might to Awe Hitler |
*Mussolini put on a grand naval review of over 200 warships in the [[Gulf of Naples]] to impress Hitler.<ref>{{cite news |last=Small |first=Alex |date=May 6, 1938 |title=Il Duce Shows His Sea Might to Awe Hitler | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref> |
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*'''Born:''' [[Jerzy Skolimowski]], filmmaker and actor, in [[Łódź]], Poland |
*'''Born:''' [[Jerzy Skolimowski]], filmmaker and actor, in [[Łódź]], Poland |
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==[[May 6]], 1938 (Friday)== |
==[[May 6]], 1938 (Friday)== |
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*The Soviet Union announced the appointment of Alexey Merekalov as the new Ambassador to Nazi Germany.<ref>{{cite news |
*The Soviet Union announced the appointment of Alexey Merekalov as the new Ambassador to Nazi Germany.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 7, 1938 |title=Moscow Names An Ambassador to Nazi Germany |work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]] |page=4}}</ref> |
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*In the 1939 film ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'', the date on the death certificate of the [[Wicked Witch of the East]] is May 6, 1938. This was the 19th anniversary of the death of [[L. Frank Baum]], the author of ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]'' book, on May 6, 1919.<ref>{{cite web |last=Scarfone |first=Jay |author-link=Jay Scarfone |title=10 Things You Never Noticed About 'The Wizard of Oz' |date=December 1, 2013 |website=[[HuffPost]] |publisher=[[BuzzFeed, Inc.]] |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/10-things-you-never-noticed-about-wizard-of-oz_b_4350772 |access-date=November 3, 2021}}</ref> |
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*'''Born:''' [[Larry Gogan]], broadcaster, in [[Dublin]], Ireland |
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*'''Born:''' [[Larry Gogan]], broadcaster, in [[Dublin]], Ireland (d. 2020); [[Haryono Suyono]], Indonesian national Family Planning Coordination Body and the helper of 2nd president of Indonesia, [[Soeharto]]. |
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==[[May 7]], 1938 (Saturday)== |
==[[May 7]], 1938 (Saturday)== |
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*Ambassadors from Britain and France opened a discussion in [[Prague]] on Sudeten Germans. They advised Czechoslovakia to make greater concessions to ethnic Germans within its borders.<ref name="musicandhistory" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chroniknet.de/daly_de.0.html?datum=7.5.1938&year=1938&month=5&day=7 |title=Tageseinträge für 7. Mai 1938 |
*Ambassadors from Britain and France opened a discussion in [[Prague]] on Sudeten Germans. They advised Czechoslovakia to make greater concessions to ethnic Germans within its borders.<ref name="musicandhistory" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chroniknet.de/daly_de.0.html?datum=7.5.1938&year=1938&month=5&day=7 |title=Tageseinträge für 7. Mai 1938 |website=chroniknet |accessdate=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> |
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*Nine high justices were dismissed from the [[Supreme Court of Justice (Austria)|Austrian Supreme Court]] and replaced with Nazis.<ref>{{cite news |
*Nine high justices were dismissed from the [[Supreme Court of Justice (Austria)|Austrian Supreme Court]] and replaced with Nazis.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 8, 1938 |title=Supreme Court Head of Austria Ousted by Nazis | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=6 }}</ref> |
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*[[Lawrin]] won the [[Kentucky Derby]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Lane |first=French |date=May 8, 1938 |title=Lawrin Wins Kentucky Derby; Dauber 2d |
*[[Lawrin]] won the [[Kentucky Derby]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Lane |first=French |date=May 8, 1938 |title=Lawrin Wins Kentucky Derby; Dauber 2d | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=Part 2, p. 1 }}</ref> |
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*[[Salford Red Devils|Salford]] defeated [[Barrow Raiders|Barrow]] |
*[[Salford Red Devils|Salford]] defeated [[Barrow Raiders|Barrow]] 7–4 to win rugby's [[Challenge Cup]] in front of 51,243 people at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]]. It's the only Challenge Cup win in Salford's history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thereddevils.net/club |title=The Red Devils Story |website=Salford Red Devils |accessdate=September 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704210902/http://www.thereddevils.net/club |archive-date=July 4, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ladbrokeschallengecup.com/history/previous_winners |title=Previous Winners |website=Ladbrokes Challenge Cup |accessdate=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> |
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==[[May 8]], 1938 (Sunday)== |
==[[May 8]], 1938 (Sunday)== |
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*Nazi-controlled authorities in Austria issued a warrant for the arrest of [[Archduke Felix of Austria|Archduke Felix]], accusing him of stealing silverware and linen from the [[Theresian Military Academy]] where he was a cadet.<ref>{{cite news |
*Nazi-controlled authorities in Austria issued a warrant for the arrest of [[Archduke Felix of Austria|Archduke Felix]], accusing him of stealing silverware and linen from the [[Theresian Military Academy]] where he was a cadet.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 9, 1938 |title=Archduke Felix Sought by Nazis for Silver Theft | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=6 }}</ref> |
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*[[Olympique de Marseille]] defeated [[FC Metz]] |
*[[Olympique de Marseille]] defeated [[FC Metz]] 2–1 in the [[1938 Coupe de France Final|Coupe de France Final]]. |
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==[[May 9]], 1938 (Monday)== |
==[[May 9]], 1938 (Monday)== |
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*Hitler ended his state visit to Italy with a day of sightseeing in [[Florence]] with Mussolini.<ref>{{cite news |last=Small |first=Alex |date=May 10, 1938 |title=Mussolini Gives Hitler Surprise Fireworks Show |
*Hitler ended his state visit to Italy with a day of sightseeing in [[Florence]] with Mussolini.<ref>{{cite news |last=Small |first=Alex |date=May 10, 1938 |title=Mussolini Gives Hitler Surprise Fireworks Show | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=5 }}</ref> |
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*[[Archduke Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen]] lost his place in the [[House of Habsburg]] for marrying a commoner.<ref>{{cite news |
*[[Archduke Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen]] lost his place in the [[House of Habsburg]] for marrying a commoner.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 10, 1938 |title=Hapsburg Takes a Teacher for Bride and Loses Royal Status | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=5 }}</ref> |
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*An editorial in Mussolini's newspaper ''[[Il Popolo d'Italia]]'' fired back at the pope's recent statement by saying it was "very dangerous to speak of and wave the cross of Christ as if it were a weapon."<ref name="eagle may 9" /> |
*An editorial in Mussolini's newspaper ''[[Il Popolo d'Italia]]'' fired back at the pope's recent statement by saying it was "very dangerous to speak of and wave the cross of Christ as if it were a weapon."<ref name="eagle may 9" /> |
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*[[Tybee National Wildlife Refuge]] was established in [[Jasper County, South Carolina]] by an executive order of President Roosevelt. |
*[[Tybee National Wildlife Refuge]] was established in [[Jasper County, South Carolina]] by an executive order of President Roosevelt. |
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==[[May 10]], 1938 (Tuesday)== |
==[[May 10]], 1938 (Tuesday)== |
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*The Japanese began the [[Amoy Operation]] to blockade China. |
*The Japanese began the [[Amoy Operation]] to blockade China. |
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*An underground explosion at the Markham Colliery in [[Duckmanton]], England killed 79 men.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aboutderbyshire.co.uk/cms/11/1938-markham-colliery-dis.shtml |title=1938 Markham Colliery Disaster – On Record! |last=Bates |first=Tom |date=June 7, 2007 |website=About Derbyshire |
*An underground explosion at the Markham Colliery in [[Duckmanton]], England killed 79 men.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aboutderbyshire.co.uk/cms/11/1938-markham-colliery-dis.shtml |title=1938 Markham Colliery Disaster – On Record! |last=Bates |first=Tom |date=June 7, 2007 |website=About Derbyshire |accessdate=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> |
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==[[May 11]], 1938 (Wednesday)== |
==[[May 11]], 1938 (Wednesday)== |
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*The Brazilian government suppressed an uprising by the Integralistam, an organization with connections to the German government that was strongly supported by ethnic Germans living in southern Brazil.<ref name="chronology 1938" /> |
*The Brazilian government suppressed an uprising by the Integralistam, an organization with connections to the German government that was strongly supported by ethnic Germans living in southern Brazil.<ref name="chronology 1938" /> |
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*Portugal formally recognized [[Francoist Spain]].<ref name="spanish cw dictionary">{{cite book |
*Portugal formally recognized [[Francoist Spain]].<ref name="spanish cw dictionary">{{cite book |date=1982 |editor-last=Cortada |editor-first=James W. |title=Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |page=511 |isbn=0-313-22054-9 }}</ref> |
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*The [[Rodgers and Hart]] stage musical ''[[I Married an Angel]]'' premiered at the [[Shubert Theatre (New York City)|Shubert Theatre]] on Broadway.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/10546/I-Married-an-Angel |title=I Married an Angel |
*The [[Rodgers and Hart]] stage musical ''[[I Married an Angel]]'' premiered at the [[Shubert Theatre (New York City)|Shubert Theatre]] on Broadway.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/10546/I-Married-an-Angel |title=I Married an Angel |website=[[Playbill|Playbill Vault]] |accessdate=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> |
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*'''Born:''' [[Fritz-Albert Popp]], biophysicist, in [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], Germany |
*'''Born:''' [[Fritz-Albert Popp]], biophysicist, in [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], Germany (d. 2018) |
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==[[May 12]], 1938 (Thursday)== |
==[[May 12]], 1938 (Thursday)== |
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*The [[Amoy Operation]] ended with Japanese control of [[Xiamen|Amoy]]. |
*The [[Amoy Operation]] ended with Japanese control of [[Xiamen|Amoy]]. |
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*Germany recognized [[Manchukuo]].<ref name="musicandhistory" /> |
*Germany recognized [[Manchukuo]].<ref name="musicandhistory" /> |
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*'''Born:''' [[Luana Anders]], actress, in New York City (d. 1996) |
*'''Born:''' [[Luana Anders]], actress, in New York City (d. 1996) |
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==[[May 13]], 1938 (Friday)== |
==[[May 13]], 1938 (Friday)== |
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*Mexico severed diplomatic ties with Britain over London's demands for a settlement of claims arising from the Mexican nationalization of foreign-owned oil properties.<ref>{{cite news |
*Mexico severed diplomatic ties with Britain over London's demands for a settlement of claims arising from the Mexican nationalization of foreign-owned oil properties.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 14, 1938 |title=Mexico Cuts Tie With Britain | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref> |
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*'''Born:''' [[Francine Pascal]], author, in [[Manhattan]], [[New York (state)|New York]] |
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*'''Died:''' [[Charles Édouard Guillaume]], 77, Swiss physicist and Nobel laureate |
*'''Died:''' [[Charles Édouard Guillaume]], 77, Swiss physicist and Nobel laureate |
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==[[May 14]], 1938 (Saturday)== |
==[[May 14]], 1938 (Saturday)== |
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*[[Béla Imrédy]] became [[Prime Minister of Hungary]]. |
*[[Béla Imrédy]] became [[Prime Minister of Hungary]]. |
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*German tennis star [[Gottfried von Cramm]] was convicted of immorality and sentenced to one year in prison for homosexual relations with a Jew.<ref>{{cite news |
*German tennis star [[Gottfried von Cramm]] was convicted of immorality and sentenced to one year in prison for homosexual relations with a Jew.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 15, 1938 |title=German Net Star Sent to Prison on Sex Charge | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=7 }}</ref> |
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*The swashbuckler film ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood]]'' starring [[Errol Flynn]], [[Olivia de Havilland]], [[Basil Rathbone]] and [[Claude Rains]] was released. |
*The swashbuckler film ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood]]'' starring [[Errol Flynn]], [[Olivia de Havilland]], [[Basil Rathbone]] and [[Claude Rains]] was released. |
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*[[Dauber (horse)|Dauber]] won the [[Preakness Stakes]].<ref>{{cite news |
*[[Dauber (horse)|Dauber]] won the [[Preakness Stakes]].<ref>{{cite news |date=May 15, 1938 |title=Dauber Wins Preakness; Cravat Second | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=Part 2, p. 1 }}</ref> |
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==[[May 15]], 1938 (Sunday)== |
==[[May 15]], 1938 (Sunday)== |
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==[[May 16]], 1938 (Monday)== |
==[[May 16]], 1938 (Monday)== |
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*The Vatican and the Francoist State made arrangements to exchange diplomatic representatives, completing the Vatican's formal recognition of Franco.<ref>{{cite news |
*The Vatican and the Francoist State made arrangements to exchange diplomatic representatives, completing the Vatican's formal recognition of Franco.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 17, 1938 |title=Vatican Exchanges Diplomatic Officials with Spanish Rebels | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=10 }}</ref> |
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*The [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] decided ''[[NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co.]]'' |
*The [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] decided ''[[NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co.]]'' |
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*'''Died:''' [[Lewis Bayly (Royal Navy officer)|Lewis Bayly]], 80, British admiral |
*'''Died:''' [[Lewis Bayly (Royal Navy officer)|Lewis Bayly]], 80, British admiral |
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==[[May 19]], 1938 (Thursday)== |
==[[May 19]], 1938 (Thursday)== |
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*5,000 marched in an anti-Nazi demonstration through the streets of [[Prague]].<ref>{{cite news |
*5,000 marched in an anti-Nazi demonstration through the streets of [[Prague]].<ref>{{cite news |date=May 20, 1938 |title=Germans Clash with Czechs in Prague Streets | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=2 }}</ref> |
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==[[May 20]], 1938 (Friday)== |
==[[May 20]], 1938 (Friday)== |
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*[[May Crisis 1938|May Crisis]]: Czechoslovakian President [[Edvard Beneš]] ordered a partial mobilization in reaction to reports of suspicious German troop movements.<ref>{{cite book |last=Agnew |first=Hugh LeCaine |date=2004 |title=The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown |url=https://archive.org/details/czechslandsofboh00agne/page/197 |
*[[May Crisis 1938|May Crisis]]: Czechoslovakian President [[Edvard Beneš]] ordered a partial mobilization in reaction to reports of suspicious German troop movements.<ref>{{cite book |last=Agnew |first=Hugh LeCaine |date=2004 |title=The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown |url=https://archive.org/details/czechslandsofboh00agne/page/197 |publisher=Hoover Institution Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/czechslandsofboh00agne/page/197 197] |isbn=978-0-8179-4492-6 }}</ref> |
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*The [[Nuremberg Laws]] went into effect in annexed Austria.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Matthäus |first1=Jürgen |last2=Roseman |first2=Mark |date=2010 |title=Jewish Responses to Persecution: 1933–1938 |
*The [[Nuremberg Laws]] went into effect in annexed Austria.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Matthäus |first1=Jürgen |last2=Roseman |first2=Mark |date=2010 |title=Jewish Responses to Persecution: 1933–1938 |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=449 |isbn=978-0-7591-1910-9 }}</ref> |
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*The Japanese captured [[Xuzhou]].<ref name="chronology 1938" /> |
*The Japanese captured [[Xuzhou]].<ref name="chronology 1938" /> |
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*The French playwrights [[Henri Bernstein]] and [[Édouard Bourdet]] fought an [[épée]] duel after feuding with each other for years. [[Jean-Joseph Renaud]] refereed the duel and declared Bernstein the winner after Bourdet was nicked in the arm.<ref>{{cite news |
*The French playwrights [[Henri Bernstein]] and [[Édouard Bourdet]] fought an [[épée]] duel after feuding with each other for years. [[Jean-Joseph Renaud]] refereed the duel and declared Bernstein the winner after Bourdet was nicked in the arm.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 21, 1938 |title=Bernstein Pinks Colleague; Wins Duel Over Slurs | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=12 }}</ref> |
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==[[May 21]], 1938 (Saturday)== |
==[[May 21]], 1938 (Saturday)== |
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*In [[Meridian, Mississippi]], the General Assembly of the [[American Presbyterianism|Presbyterian Church of the United States]] voted |
*In [[Meridian, Mississippi]], the General Assembly of the [[American Presbyterianism|Presbyterian Church of the United States]] voted 151–130 to omit a passage from the church code saying that "some men and angels are predestined unto everlasting life and others fore-ordained to everlasting death", and that their numbers could not be changed.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 22, 1938 |title=Presbyterian Church Votes Out Predestination View | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref> |
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*The [[Bertolt Brecht]] play ''[[Fear and Misery of the Third Reich]]'' premiered in Paris.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brecht |first=Bertolt |date=2000 |title=Brecht on Performance: Messingkauf and Modelbooks |
*The [[Bertolt Brecht]] play ''[[Fear and Misery of the Third Reich]]'' premiered in Paris.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brecht |first=Bertolt |date=2000 |title=Brecht on Performance: Messingkauf and Modelbooks |publisher=Bloomsbury |page=69 |isbn=978-1-4081-5455-7 }}</ref> |
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*'''Died:''' [[Silver King (baseball)|Silver King]], 70, American baseball player |
*'''Died:''' [[Silver King (baseball)|Silver King]], 70, American baseball player |
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==[[May 22]], 1938 (Sunday)== |
==[[May 22]], 1938 (Sunday)== |
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*British Foreign Secretary [[Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Halifax]] told the French ambassador not to count on British support in the event of a war over Czechoslovakia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Adamthwaite |first=Anthony P. |date=1992 |title=The Making of the Second World War |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofsecondwo00adam_0/page/184 |
*British Foreign Secretary [[Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Halifax]] told the French ambassador not to count on British support in the event of a war over Czechoslovakia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Adamthwaite |first=Anthony P. |date=1992 |title=The Making of the Second World War |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofsecondwo00adam_0/page/184 |publisher=Routledge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingofsecondwo00adam_0/page/184 184–185] |isbn=978-0-415-90716-3 }}</ref> Poland's ambassador also told French Foreign Secretary [[Georges Bonnet]] that Poland would not move if France moved against Germany to defend Czechoslovakia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hehn |first=Paul N. |date=2005 |title=A Low, Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe and the Economic Origins of World War II |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |page=89 |isbn=978-0-8264-1761-9 }}</ref> |
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*The [[Stromboli]] volcano in the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]] erupted spectacularly.<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." /> |
*The [[Stromboli]] volcano in the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]] erupted spectacularly.<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." /> |
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*'''Born:''' [[Richard Benjamin]], actor and director, in New York City |
*'''Born:''' [[Richard Benjamin]], actor and director, in New York City |
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| Line 136: | Line 136: | ||
==[[May 26]], 1938 (Thursday)== |
==[[May 26]], 1938 (Thursday)== |
||
*Hitler laid the cornerstone for a new ''[[Volkswagen]]'' plant in the [[Fallersleben]] district of [[Wolfsburg]]. Mass production was projected to begin there by the end of 1939.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schultz |first=Sigrid | |
*Hitler laid the cornerstone for a new ''[[Volkswagen]]'' plant in the [[Fallersleben]] district of [[Wolfsburg]]. Mass production was projected to begin there by the end of 1939.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schultz |first=Sigrid |author-link=Sigrid Schultz |date=May 27, 1938 |title=Hitler Launches Greatest Auto Plant in Europe | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=9 }}</ref> |
||
*'''Born:''' [[William Bolcom]], composer and pianist, in [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]; [[Pauline Parker]], murderer, in [[Christchurch]], New Zealand; [[Teresa Stratas]], operatic soprano, in [[Toronto]], Canada |
*'''Born:''' [[William Bolcom]], composer and pianist, in [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]; [[Pauline Parker]], murderer, in [[Christchurch]], New Zealand; [[Teresa Stratas]], operatic soprano, in [[Toronto]], Canada |
||
*'''Died:''' [[John Jacob Abel]], 81, American biochemist and pharmacologist |
*'''Died:''' [[John Jacob Abel]], 81, American biochemist and pharmacologist |
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| Line 144: | Line 144: | ||
==[[May 28]], 1938 (Saturday)== |
==[[May 28]], 1938 (Saturday)== |
||
*The 1,495 ton British steamer ''Greatend'' was bombed and sunk by Nationalist warplanes at the dock of [[Valencia]]. 10 were killed and 18 wounded in bombing of the city itself.<ref>{{cite news |
*The 1,495 ton British steamer ''Greatend'' was bombed and sunk by Nationalist warplanes at the dock of [[Valencia]]. 10 were killed and 18 wounded in bombing of the city itself.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 29, 1938 |title=Spanish Rebels Bomb Valencia; Sink British Ship | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=3 }}</ref> |
||
*'''Born:''' [[Jerry West]], basketball player, in [[Chelyan, West Virginia]] |
*'''Born:''' [[Jerry West]], basketball player, in [[Chelyan, West Virginia]] (d. 2024) |
||
==[[May 29]], 1938 (Sunday)== |
==[[May 29]], 1938 (Sunday)== |
||
| Line 158: | Line 158: | ||
*The [[Aviazione Legionaria]] carried out the [[Bombing of Granollers]]. |
*The [[Aviazione Legionaria]] carried out the [[Bombing of Granollers]]. |
||
*[[Francisco Franco]] staged a review of his navy at [[Vinaròs]].<ref name="spanish cw dictionary" /> |
*[[Francisco Franco]] staged a review of his navy at [[Vinaròs]].<ref name="spanish cw dictionary" /> |
||
*[[Henry Armstrong]] defeated [[Barney Ross]] by judges' decision at [[Madison Square Garden Bowl]] in [[Queens]], [[New York (state)|New York]] to win the [[List of welterweight boxing champions|world welterweight boxing title]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxrec.com/boxer/009018 |title=Henry Armstrong |
*[[Henry Armstrong]] defeated [[Barney Ross]] by judges' decision at [[Madison Square Garden Bowl]] in [[Queens]], [[New York (state)|New York]] to win the [[List of welterweight boxing champions|world welterweight boxing title]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxrec.com/boxer/009018 |title=Henry Armstrong |website=[[BoxRec]] |accessdate=September 19, 2015 }}</ref> |
||
*The [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] decided ''[[Collins v. Yosemite Park & Curry Co.]]'' and ''[[In re NLRB]]''. |
*The [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] decided ''[[Collins v. Yosemite Park & Curry Co.]]'' and ''[[In re NLRB]]''. |
||
*[[BBC Television]] broadcast its first-ever [[game show]], called ''Spelling Bee''.<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." /> |
*[[BBC Television]] broadcast its first-ever [[game show]], called ''Spelling Bee''.<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." /> |
||
*'''Born:''' [[Johnny Paycheck]], country singer, in [[Greenfield, Ohio]] (d. 2003); [[Peter Yarrow]], singer ([[Peter, Paul and Mary]]), in [[Manhattan]], [[New York (state)|New York]] |
*'''Born:''' [[Johnny Paycheck]], country singer, in [[Greenfield, Ohio]] (d. 2003); [[Peter Yarrow]], folk singer ([[Peter, Paul and Mary]]), in [[Manhattan]], [[New York (state)|New York]] |
||
==References== |
==References== |
||
Latest revision as of 17:12, 14 August 2024
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The following events happened in May 1938:
- Spanish Prime Minister Juan Negrín offered a thirteen-point peace proposal.[1]
- The Battle of Xuzhou ended in Japanese strategic victory.
- Presidential elections were held in Colombia. Eduardo Santos ran unopposed and received 100% of the vote.
- Louis Ferdinand of the throneless House of Hohenzollern married Kira Kirillovna of the throneless House of Romanov in Potsdam.[2]
- The British House of Commons approved the Anglo-Italian deal of April 16.[3]
- Born: King Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho, in Morija (d. 1996)
- Adolf Hitler began a week-long state visit to Italy.[4] He was greeted by Benito Mussolini amid great ceremony.[3]
- Flossenbürg concentration camp took in its first prisoners.[5]
- George VI opened the Empire Exhibition in Glasgow.[3]
- Stanislav Kosior was arrested by the Soviets.[6]
- The "Box Office Poison" article appeared in the Independent Film Journal, naming a number of movie stars who continued to draw high salaries despite making films that underperformed at the box office. Greta Garbo, Marlene Dietrich and Mae West were among those given the undesirable label.
- The Nationalist faction ordered the reinstatement of the Society of Jesus in Nationalist-held territory. The Jesuits had been ordered to dissolve and their property confiscated by the Spanish government in 1932.[7]
- Pope Pius XI was quoted in L'Osservatore Romano as saying that it was a "sad thing" for "another cross that is not the cross of Christ" to be erected in Rome. This was understood as referring to the swastikas on display around the city in honour of Adolf Hitler's visit.[8]
- The French passenger steamer Lafayette caught on fire in Le Havre and was a total loss.[9]
- Born: Tyrone Davis, blues and soul singer, in Greenville, Mississippi (d. 2005)
- Died: Carl von Ossietzky, 48, German journalist, political activist and Nobel laureate
- Mussolini put on a grand naval review of over 200 warships in the Gulf of Naples to impress Hitler.[10]
- Born: Jerzy Skolimowski, filmmaker and actor, in Łódź, Poland
- The Soviet Union announced the appointment of Alexey Merekalov as the new Ambassador to Nazi Germany.[11]
- In the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, the date on the death certificate of the Wicked Witch of the East is May 6, 1938. This was the 19th anniversary of the death of L. Frank Baum, the author of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz book, on May 6, 1919.[12]
- Born: Larry Gogan, broadcaster, in Dublin, Ireland (d. 2020); Haryono Suyono, Indonesian national Family Planning Coordination Body and the helper of 2nd president of Indonesia, Soeharto.
- Ambassadors from Britain and France opened a discussion in Prague on Sudeten Germans. They advised Czechoslovakia to make greater concessions to ethnic Germans within its borders.[5][13]
- Nine high justices were dismissed from the Austrian Supreme Court and replaced with Nazis.[14]
- Lawrin won the Kentucky Derby.[15]
- Salford defeated Barrow 7–4 to win rugby's Challenge Cup in front of 51,243 people at Wembley Stadium. It's the only Challenge Cup win in Salford's history.[16][17]
- Nazi-controlled authorities in Austria issued a warrant for the arrest of Archduke Felix, accusing him of stealing silverware and linen from the Theresian Military Academy where he was a cadet.[18]
- Olympique de Marseille defeated FC Metz 2–1 in the Coupe de France Final.
- Hitler ended his state visit to Italy with a day of sightseeing in Florence with Mussolini.[19]
- Archduke Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen lost his place in the House of Habsburg for marrying a commoner.[20]
- An editorial in Mussolini's newspaper Il Popolo d'Italia fired back at the pope's recent statement by saying it was "very dangerous to speak of and wave the cross of Christ as if it were a weapon."[8]
- Tybee National Wildlife Refuge was established in Jasper County, South Carolina by an executive order of President Roosevelt.
- Born: Wojciech Leśnikowski, architect, in Lublin, Poland (d. 2014)
- Died: Thomas B. Thrige, 72, Danish industrialist
- The Japanese began the Amoy Operation to blockade China.
- An underground explosion at the Markham Colliery in Duckmanton, England killed 79 men.[21]
- The Brazilian government suppressed an uprising by the Integralistam, an organization with connections to the German government that was strongly supported by ethnic Germans living in southern Brazil.[4]
- Portugal formally recognized Francoist Spain.[22]
- The Rodgers and Hart stage musical I Married an Angel premiered at the Shubert Theatre on Broadway.[23]
- Born: Fritz-Albert Popp, biophysicist, in Frankfurt am Main, Germany (d. 2018)
- The Amoy Operation ended with Japanese control of Amoy.
- Germany recognized Manchukuo.[5]
- Born: Luana Anders, actress, in New York City (d. 1996)
- Mexico severed diplomatic ties with Britain over London's demands for a settlement of claims arising from the Mexican nationalization of foreign-owned oil properties.[24]
- Died: Charles Édouard Guillaume, 77, Swiss physicist and Nobel laureate
- Béla Imrédy became Prime Minister of Hungary.
- German tennis star Gottfried von Cramm was convicted of immorality and sentenced to one year in prison for homosexual relations with a Jew.[25]
- The swashbuckler film The Adventures of Robin Hood starring Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, Basil Rathbone and Claude Rains was released.
- Dauber won the Preakness Stakes.[26]
- Paul-Henri Spaak became Prime Minister of Belgium, the country's first socialist leader.[5]
- The Vatican and the Francoist State made arrangements to exchange diplomatic representatives, completing the Vatican's formal recognition of Franco.[27]
- The U.S. Supreme Court decided NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co.
- Died: Lewis Bayly, 80, British admiral
- The Eire (Confirmation of Agreements) Act received Royal Assent.
- The Charing Cross (District line) tube crash occurred, killing 6 people.[3]
- The Naval Act of 1938 was enacted in the United States.
- Half the city of Cardiff was sold for £20 million in the biggest property deal in British history. The property came from the estate of the Marquess of Bute.[3]
- The radio quiz show Information Please premiered on NBC.
- Born: Jason Bernard, actor, in Chicago (d. 1996)
- A general election was held in South Africa, won by the United Party.
- Born: Janet Fish, Realist painter, in Boston, Massachusetts
- May Crisis: Czechoslovakian President Edvard Beneš ordered a partial mobilization in reaction to reports of suspicious German troop movements.[29]
- The Nuremberg Laws went into effect in annexed Austria.[30]
- The Japanese captured Xuzhou.[4]
- The French playwrights Henri Bernstein and Édouard Bourdet fought an épée duel after feuding with each other for years. Jean-Joseph Renaud refereed the duel and declared Bernstein the winner after Bourdet was nicked in the arm.[31]
- In Meridian, Mississippi, the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of the United States voted 151–130 to omit a passage from the church code saying that "some men and angels are predestined unto everlasting life and others fore-ordained to everlasting death", and that their numbers could not be changed.[32]
- The Bertolt Brecht play Fear and Misery of the Third Reich premiered in Paris.[33]
- Died: Silver King, 70, American baseball player
- British Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax told the French ambassador not to count on British support in the event of a war over Czechoslovakia.[34] Poland's ambassador also told French Foreign Secretary Georges Bonnet that Poland would not move if France moved against Germany to defend Czechoslovakia.[35]
- The Stromboli volcano in the Tyrrhenian Sea erupted spectacularly.[3]
- Born: Richard Benjamin, actor and director, in New York City
- Died: William Glackens, 68, American painter
- The May Crisis passed when Germany denied any planned aggression against Czechoslovakia.[5]
- Rufus Franklin, Thomas R. Limerick and James C. Lucas took part in the third documented escape attempt from Alcatraz Prison. A guard shot Limerick (who soon died) and Franklin and the escape attempt was foiled.
- The U.S. Supreme Court decided Johnson v. Zerbst.
- Died: Thomas R. Limerick, 36, American criminal (shot); Frederick Ruple, 66, Swiss-American painter
- The Aviazione Legionaria carried out the Bombing of Alicante.
- The 34th Eucharistic Congress opened in Budapest.
- Hitler had the small Austrian town of Braunau am Inn, his birthplace, designated a city.[3]
- Hitler laid the cornerstone for a new Volkswagen plant in the Fallersleben district of Wolfsburg. Mass production was projected to begin there by the end of 1939.[36]
- Born: William Bolcom, composer and pianist, in Seattle, Washington; Pauline Parker, murderer, in Christchurch, New Zealand; Teresa Stratas, operatic soprano, in Toronto, Canada
- Died: John Jacob Abel, 81, American biochemist and pharmacologist
- Éamon de Valera called an Irish general election.[3]
- The 1,495 ton British steamer Greatend was bombed and sunk by Nationalist warplanes at the dock of Valencia. 10 were killed and 18 wounded in bombing of the city itself.[37]
- Born: Jerry West, basketball player, in Chelyan, West Virginia (d. 2024)
- The Balaguer Offensive ended in Republican failure.
- Giovanni Valetti of Italy won the 26th Giro d'Italia.
- Floyd Roberts won the Indianapolis 500.
- Died: Anton Lang, 63, German stage actor
- The Aviazione Legionaria carried out the Bombing of Granollers.
- Francisco Franco staged a review of his navy at Vinaròs.[22]
- Henry Armstrong defeated Barney Ross by judges' decision at Madison Square Garden Bowl in Queens, New York to win the world welterweight boxing title.[38]
- The U.S. Supreme Court decided Collins v. Yosemite Park & Curry Co. and In re NLRB.
- BBC Television broadcast its first-ever game show, called Spelling Bee.[3]
- Born: Johnny Paycheck, country singer, in Greenfield, Ohio (d. 2003); Peter Yarrow, folk singer (Peter, Paul and Mary), in Manhattan, New York
References
[edit]- ^ Simkin, John (2014). "Spanish Civil War: Chronology". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ Schultz, Sigrid (May 3, 1938). "Royalty Glows; Hohenzollern Weds Romanoff". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mercer, Derrik, ed. (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. pp. 496–497. ISBN 978-0-582-03919-3.
- ^ a b c "Chronology 1938". indiana.edu. 2002. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f "1938". MusicAndHistory. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ Rosefielde, Steven (2010). Red Holocaust. Routledge. p. 266. ISBN 978-1-135-19518-2.
- ^ "Franco Cabinet Restores Jesuit Society in Spain". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 5, 1938. p. 3.
- ^ a b "Pope Is Warned by Duce's Paper on Nazi Attack". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 9, 1938. p. 1.
- ^ "Tageseinträge für 4. Mai 1938". chroniknet. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ Small, Alex (May 6, 1938). "Il Duce Shows His Sea Might to Awe Hitler". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ "Moscow Names An Ambassador to Nazi Germany". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 7, 1938. p. 4.
- ^ Scarfone, Jay (December 1, 2013). "10 Things You Never Noticed About 'The Wizard of Oz'". HuffPost. BuzzFeed, Inc. Retrieved November 3, 2021.
- ^ "Tageseinträge für 7. Mai 1938". chroniknet. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ "Supreme Court Head of Austria Ousted by Nazis". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 8, 1938. p. 6.
- ^ Lane, French (May 8, 1938). "Lawrin Wins Kentucky Derby; Dauber 2d". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. Part 2, p. 1.
- ^ "The Red Devils Story". Salford Red Devils. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ "Previous Winners". Ladbrokes Challenge Cup. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ "Archduke Felix Sought by Nazis for Silver Theft". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 9, 1938. p. 6.
- ^ Small, Alex (May 10, 1938). "Mussolini Gives Hitler Surprise Fireworks Show". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 5.
- ^ "Hapsburg Takes a Teacher for Bride and Loses Royal Status". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 10, 1938. p. 5.
- ^ Bates, Tom (June 7, 2007). "1938 Markham Colliery Disaster – On Record!". About Derbyshire. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ a b Cortada, James W., ed. (1982). Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 511. ISBN 0-313-22054-9.
- ^ "I Married an Angel". Playbill Vault. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
- ^ "Mexico Cuts Tie With Britain". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 14, 1938. p. 1.
- ^ "German Net Star Sent to Prison on Sex Charge". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 15, 1938. p. 7.
- ^ "Dauber Wins Preakness; Cravat Second". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 15, 1938. p. Part 2, p. 1.
- ^ "Vatican Exchanges Diplomatic Officials with Spanish Rebels". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 17, 1938. p. 10.
- ^ "Germans Clash with Czechs in Prague Streets". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 20, 1938. p. 2.
- ^ Agnew, Hugh LeCaine (2004). The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Hoover Institution Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-8179-4492-6.
- ^ Matthäus, Jürgen; Roseman, Mark (2010). Jewish Responses to Persecution: 1933–1938. AltaMira Press. p. 449. ISBN 978-0-7591-1910-9.
- ^ "Bernstein Pinks Colleague; Wins Duel Over Slurs". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 21, 1938. p. 12.
- ^ "Presbyterian Church Votes Out Predestination View". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 22, 1938. p. 1.
- ^ Brecht, Bertolt (2000). Brecht on Performance: Messingkauf and Modelbooks. Bloomsbury. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-4081-5455-7.
- ^ Adamthwaite, Anthony P. (1992). The Making of the Second World War. Routledge. pp. 184–185. ISBN 978-0-415-90716-3.
- ^ Hehn, Paul N. (2005). A Low, Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe and the Economic Origins of World War II. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-8264-1761-9.
- ^ Schultz, Sigrid (May 27, 1938). "Hitler Launches Greatest Auto Plant in Europe". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 9.
- ^ "Spanish Rebels Bomb Valencia; Sink British Ship". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 29, 1938. p. 3.
- ^ "Henry Armstrong". BoxRec. Retrieved September 19, 2015.