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|placeofburial= [[Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery]] in [[Elwood, Illinois]]
|placeofburial= [[Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery]] in [[Elwood, Illinois]]
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|placeofburial_label= Place of burial
|image= CarmenLozanoDurnier.jpg
|image= Carmen Lozano Dumler.jpg
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|caption='''Second Lieutenant Carmen Maria Lozano Dumler'''
|caption='''Second Lieutenant Carmen Maria Lozano Dumler'''
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Second Lieutenant '''Carmen Maria Lozano Dumler''',<ref group=note>This name uses Spanish marriage naming customs; the first is the maiden family name ''''' "Lozano"''''' and the second or matrimonial family name is '''''"Dumler"'''''.</ref> [[Registered nurse|RN]], (September 18, 1921 – March 29, 2015), was one of the first Puerto Rican women to become a [[United States Army]] officer.
Second Lieutenant '''Carmen Maria Lozano Dumler''',<ref group=note>This name uses Spanish marriage naming customs; the first is the maiden family name ''''' "Lozano"''''' and the second or matrimonial family name is '''''"Dumler"'''''.</ref> [[Registered nurse|RN]], (September 18, 1921 – March 29, 2015), was one of the first Puerto Rican women to become a [[United States Army]] officer. During [[World War II]], she served as a nurse and interpreter, and provided support for patients who spoke Spanish. Lozano Dumler has since been featured in promotional and recruitment materials that celebrate diversity in the US military.


==Early years==
==Early years==


Lozano was born and raised in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], the capital city of [[Puerto Rico]]. She lived in a coffee plantation which was managed by her father. She received her primary and secondary education in San Juan and after graduating from high school, she enrolled in the Presbyterian Hospital School of Nursing where she became a certified [[nurse]] in 1943.<ref name="CD">[http://www.womensmemorial.org/Education/PRHistory.html Women's Memorial] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205715/http://www.womensmemorial.org/Education/PRHistory.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.neguard.com/SEP/bulletins/files/BTG%20Issue%2011%20August_September%202008.pdf |title=la Voz |access-date=2010-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718120603/http://www.neguard.com/SEP/bulletins/files/BTG%20Issue%2011%20August_September%202008.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CST">[http://chicago.suntimes.com/news-chicago/7/71/567189/1921-2015-carmen-maria-lozano-dumler-trailblazing-puerto-rican-army-nurse Chicago Sun Times]</ref>
Lozano was born and raised in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], the capital city of [[Puerto Rico]]. She lived in a coffee plantation which was managed by her father. She received her primary and secondary education in San Juan.<ref name="CST">{{cite news |last1=O'Donnell |first1=Maureen |title=Carmen Lozano Dumler, Puerto Rican nurse who blazed trails in Army |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2016/6/24/18478065/carmen-lozano-dumler-puerto-rican-nurse-who-blazed-trails-in-army |access-date=5 February 2021 |work=The Chicago Sun-Times |date=June 24, 2016}}</ref> She graduated from the Presbyterian Hospital School of Nursing in the spring of 1944.<ref name="Lara" />


By this time the [[United States]] had entered [[World War II]] and therefore needed to boost its military capabilities; as a result, the Army ordered Puerto Rico's [[65th Infantry|65th Infantry Regiment]] to full war strength and drafted many Puerto Ricans &mdash; even those whose knowledge of [[English language|English]] was minimal. The Army recognized the need for bilingual nurses based on a letter to the surgeon general in New York to help the soldiers that returned with wounds. In 1944, the Army sent three WAC (Women's Army Corps) recruiters to the island to organize a unit of 200 WACs. Over 1,500 women responded to the call and applied. Lozano applied to become an Army nurse and on Aug. 21, 1944, became one of thirteen women to be selected.<ref name="CD"/><ref>[http://www.womensmemorial.org/Education/HisHistory.html The Contributions of Hispanic Servicewomen--Written by: Judith Bellafaire, Ph.D., Curator] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040314173138/http://www.womensmemorial.org/Education/HisHistory.html |date=2004-03-14 }}</ref>
By this time the [[United States]] had entered [[World War II]], and the Army drafted many Puerto Rican troops for service in the Caribbean and South Atlantic Theater of Operations.<ref name="AMEDD">{{cite web |title=The Historical Path of Hispanic Army Nurse Corps Officers |url=https://history.amedd.army.mil/ANCWebsite/articles/hispanicheritage.html |website=Office of Medical History |publisher=U.S. Army Medical Department |access-date=6 February 2021 |date=July 7, 2009}}</ref> The Army recognized the need for Puerto Rican nurses to address language barriers in hospitals, and the Surgeon General's Office, the Governor of Puerto Rico, the Commissioner of Health of Puerto Rico and physicians worked together to develop criteria to select Puerto Rican nurses for the Army Nurse Corps<ref name="AMEDD"/> for the first time.<ref name="CST" /> In 1944, WAC (Women's Army Corps) recruiters were sent to Puerto Rico to organize a unit of 200 WACs, and over 1,500 women applied.<ref name="Davis">{{cite news |last1=Davis Jr |first1=Command Sgt. Maj. Archie L. |title=A brief history of Hispanic women in our Army |url=http://www.forthoodsentinel.com/editorial/a-brief-history-of-hispanic-women-in-our-army/article_8bfe725d-c062-53e9-8649-e595f695f9b7.html |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=Fort Hood Sentinel |date=September 30, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Bellafaire">{{cite web |last1=Bellafaire |first1=Judith |title=Puerto Rican Servicewomen in Defense of the Nation |url=http://www.womensmemorial.org/Education/PRHistory.html |website=Women In Military Service For America Foundation, Inc. |access-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205715/http://www.womensmemorial.org/Education/PRHistory.html |archive-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref> Lozano applied to become an Army nurse and on Aug. 21, 1944, became one of thirteen women selected.<ref name="Bellafaire"/><ref name="Lara" /><ref name="AMEDD"/> According to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, she "described it as the happiest day of her life."<ref name="Lara" />


==Military service==
==Military service==
Lozano was one of the first Puerto Rican women to become a United States Army officer.<ref name="Lara" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Hispanics in Defense of Our Nation |url=https://diversity.defense.gov/Portals/51/Documents/Resources/Docs/Factsheets/Hispanics%20in%20Defense%20of%20our%20Nation.pdf |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |access-date=4 February 2021 |quote=Second Lieutenant Carmen Lozano Dumler was one of the first Puerto Rican women to become a US Army officer}}</ref> According to retired Lt. Col. Marilla Cushman of the Women in Military Service for America Memorial Foundation, "She is certainly a pioneer for Puerto Rican women, one of the first 13 to be commissioned into the Army Nurse Corps. Carmen and her 12 cohorts led the way for Puerto Rican women in the Army Nurse Corps.<ref name="CST"/>
On August 21, 1944, she was sworn in as a 2nd Lieutenant and assigned to the Rodriguez (161st) General Hospital (named after Major [[Fernando E. Rodriguez Vargas]]) at [[Fort Brooke, Puerto Rico]] in San Juan, where she continued to receive further training. Upon completing her advanced training, she was sent to Camp Tortugero where she also assisted as an interpreter whenever needed.<ref name="CD"/> In 1945, Lozano was reassigned to the 359th Station Hospital of Ft. Read, [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[British West Indies]], there she attended wounded soldiers who had returned from [[Normandy]], [[France]].<ref name="CD"/><ref>[http://www.womensmemorial.org/Education/PRHistory.html Puerto Rican Servicewomen in Defense of the Nation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205715/http://www.womensmemorial.org/Education/PRHistory.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref>


On August 21, 1944, she was sworn in as a 2nd Lieutenant and assigned to the Rodriguez (161st) General Hospital (named after Major [[Fernando E. Rodriguez Vargas]]) at [[Fort Brooke, Puerto Rico]] in San Juan, where she continued to receive further training. Upon completing her advanced training, she was sent to Camp Tortugero where she also assisted as an interpreter whenever needed.<ref name="Bellafaire"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramirez |first1=Marty |title="La Voz" - The Emerging Latino Voice |url=http://www.neguard.com/SEP/bulletins/files/BTGIssue11August_September2008.pdf |access-date=6 February 2021 |work=Bridging The Gap |agency=Nebraska National Guard |issue=11 |publisher=Special Emphasis Program (SEP) Group |date=August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718120603/http://www.neguard.com/SEP/bulletins/files/BTG%20Issue%2011%20August_September%202008.pdf |archive-date=July 18, 2011}}</ref> According to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, in addition to her work as a translator, she also provided "her support to the patients who appreciated having someone to talk to who shared the same language."<ref name="Lara" />
⚫
While in Trinidad she decided that she would like to become a doctor after the war and took correspondence courses from [[Louisiana State University]]. She met Lieutenant Joseph Dumler in Trinidad and they were married in the Base [[Chapel]].

In 1945, Lozano was reassigned to the 359th Station Hospital of Ft. Read, [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[British West Indies]], where she attended wounded soldiers who had returned from [[Normandy]], [[France]].<ref name="Bellafaire"/><ref name="Lara" /> According to Judith Bellafaire of the Women in Military Service for America Memorial Foundation, "Many appreciated being able to "talk out" their anxieties and nightmares,"<ref name="Bellafaire" /> and according to the U.S. Army Medical Department Office of Medical History, "The Puerto Rican Army Nurses were applauded for their bilingual language abilities. Spanish-speaking patients expressed great appreciation for the nurses from their homeland that could speak and write letters for them in their native language."<ref name="AMEDD" />

⚫
While in Trinidad, she decided that she would like to become a doctor after the war and took correspondence courses from [[Louisiana State University]].<ref name="Bellafaire"/> She met Lieutenant Joseph Dumler in Trinidad and they were married in the Base [[Chapel]].<ref name="Bellafaire"/>


==Later years==
==Later years==
After the war, Lozano returned to civilian life and moved to [[Baltimore, Maryland]] with her husband. They later moved to Hoffman Estates where she hoped to continue her education in medicine. She enrolled as a part-time student at the University of Maryland but had to put her studies on hold after having her first child. She continued her nursing and counseling career at the Brothers Health System for 20 years until her retirement in 1985. After retiring, the Dumlers lived in Florida for 23 years, renting out four Sunshine State properties they’d bought as investments.<ref name="CST"/>
After the war, Dumler moved to [[Baltimore, Maryland]] with her husband. She hoped to continue her education in medicine and enrolled as a part-time student at the University of Maryland, but put her studies on hold after having her first child. Over eighteen years, she gave birth to seven children.<ref name="DH"/> She later continued college at Roosevelt University, and completed a degree in Psychology at Northeastern University, as well as a Certificate Diploma in Substance Abuse Counseling.<ref name="DH"/> She continued her nursing and counseling career at the Brothers Health System for 20 years until her retirement in 1985. After retiring, the Dumlers lived in Florida for 23 years, and rented out four properties they bought as investments.<ref name="CST"/>

⚫
Dumler died March 29, 2015, at Brookdale Senior Living facility in Hoffman Estates, Illinois.<ref name="DH">{{cite news|title=Carmen Maria Dumler 1921-2015|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/dailyherald/obituary.aspx?n=CARMEN-MARIA-DUMLER&pid=174689310|access-date=15 May 2015|agency=Chicago Suburban Daily Herald|date=22 April 2015}}</ref> She was 93 and had Alzheimer's disease.


In 2020 Carmen Lozano Dumler was posthumously inducted to the Puerto Rico Veterans Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.opv.pr.gov/salon-de-la-fama/salon-de-la-fama | title=Salón de la Fama }}</ref>
⚫
Dumler died March 29, 2015, at Brookdale Senior Living facility in Hoffman Estates, Illinois.<ref>{{cite news|title=Carmen Maria Dumler 1921-2015|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/dailyherald/obituary.aspx?n=CARMEN-MARIA-DUMLER&pid=174689310|accessdate=15 May 2015|agency=Chicago Suburban Daily Herald|date=22 April 2015}}</ref> She was 93 and had Alzheimer's disease. Marilla Cushman of the Women in Military Service for America Memorial Foundation said:<ref name="CST"/>{{quotation| “She is certainly a pioneer for Puerto Rican women, one of the first 13 to be commissioned into the Army Nurse Corps. Carmen and her 12 cohorts led the way for Puerto Rican women in the Army Nurse Corps.<ref name="CST"/>}}


==Awards and decorations==
==Awards and decorations==
Among Dumler's awards and decorations are:
Among Dumler's awards and decorations are:


{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
<center>
⚫
|colspan="3"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Army Good Conduct Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
{|
|-
⚫
|colspan="3" align="center" |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Army Good Conduct Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Women's Army Corps Service ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Women's Army Corps Service ribbon.svg|width=106}}
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|-
|-
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|
|
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|-
|-
|}
|}
</center>
'''Badges:'''
'''Badges:'''
*[[File:USA - Army Medical Nurse.png|Nurse Corps branch of service insignia|80px]]&nbsp;&nbsp; Army Nurse Corps badge
*[[File:USA - Army Medical Nurse.png|Nurse Corps branch of service insignia|80px]]&nbsp;&nbsp; Army Nurse Corps badge

==Honors==
Lozano Dumler has been featured in material that celebrates diversity in the US military, for Hispanic Heritage Month and for recruitment material:
* National Hispanic Heritage Month 2009 (U.S. Army Medical Department)<ref name="AMEDD" />
* National Hispanic Heritage Month 2015 (Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute)<ref name="HHM2015">{{cite web |title=HISPANIC AMERICANS: ENERGIZING OUR NATION'S DIVERSITY |url=https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/features/2015/0915_hispanic-heritage/Hispanic_Heritage_Month_2015_final.pdf |website=Department of Defense -Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute, Patrick Air Force Base, Florida September 2015|access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref>
* National Hispanic Heritage Month 2019 (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs)<ref name="Lara">{{cite web |last1=Lara |first1=Judith |title=Hispanic American Veterans honored during heritage month |url=https://blogs.va.gov/VAntage/67136/hispanic-american-veterans-honored-during-heritage-month/ |website=VAntage Point |publisher=U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs |access-date=3 February 2021 |date=October 11, 2019}}</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
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[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease]]
[[Category:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in the United States]]
[[Category:Female United States Army officers]]
[[Category:Female wartime nurses]]
[[Category:Female wartime nurses]]
[[Category:Louisiana State University alumni]]
[[Category:Louisiana State University alumni]]
Line 101: Line 111:
[[Category:Women's Army Corps soldiers]]
[[Category:Women's Army Corps soldiers]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]
[[Category:People from San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Military personnel from San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican military officers]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican military officers]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican women in the military]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican women in the military]]
[[Category:United States Army Nurse Corps officers]]
[[Category:United States Army Nurse Corps officers]]
[[Category:Women in World War II]]
[[Category:Women in World War II]]
[[Category:Neurological disease deaths in Illinois]]
[[Category:Burials at Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery]]

Latest revision as of 23:49, 14 August 2024

Carmen Maria Lozano Dumler
Second Lieutenant Carmen Maria Lozano Dumler
Born(1921-09-18)September 18, 1921
San Juan, Puerto Rico
DiedMarch 29, 2015(2015-03-29) (aged 93)
Hoffman Estates, Illinois
Place of burial
Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery in Elwood, Illinois
Allegiance United States Women's Army Corps
Years of service1944–1946
Rank
Second Lieutenant
Unit65th Infantry Regiment, United States Army Nurse Corps

Second Lieutenant Carmen Maria Lozano Dumler,[note 1] RN, (September 18, 1921 – March 29, 2015), was one of the first Puerto Rican women to become a United States Army officer. During World War II, she served as a nurse and interpreter, and provided support for patients who spoke Spanish. Lozano Dumler has since been featured in promotional and recruitment materials that celebrate diversity in the US military.

Early years

[edit]

Lozano was born and raised in San Juan, the capital city of Puerto Rico. She lived in a coffee plantation which was managed by her father. She received her primary and secondary education in San Juan.[1] She graduated from the Presbyterian Hospital School of Nursing in the spring of 1944.[2]

By this time the United States had entered World War II, and the Army drafted many Puerto Rican troops for service in the Caribbean and South Atlantic Theater of Operations.[3] The Army recognized the need for Puerto Rican nurses to address language barriers in hospitals, and the Surgeon General's Office, the Governor of Puerto Rico, the Commissioner of Health of Puerto Rico and physicians worked together to develop criteria to select Puerto Rican nurses for the Army Nurse Corps[3] for the first time.[1] In 1944, WAC (Women's Army Corps) recruiters were sent to Puerto Rico to organize a unit of 200 WACs, and over 1,500 women applied.[4][5] Lozano applied to become an Army nurse and on Aug. 21, 1944, became one of thirteen women selected.[5][2][3] According to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, she "described it as the happiest day of her life."[2]

Military service

[edit]

Lozano was one of the first Puerto Rican women to become a United States Army officer.[2][6] According to retired Lt. Col. Marilla Cushman of the Women in Military Service for America Memorial Foundation, "She is certainly a pioneer for Puerto Rican women, one of the first 13 to be commissioned into the Army Nurse Corps. Carmen and her 12 cohorts led the way for Puerto Rican women in the Army Nurse Corps.[1]

On August 21, 1944, she was sworn in as a 2nd Lieutenant and assigned to the Rodriguez (161st) General Hospital (named after Major Fernando E. Rodriguez Vargas) at Fort Brooke, Puerto Rico in San Juan, where she continued to receive further training. Upon completing her advanced training, she was sent to Camp Tortugero where she also assisted as an interpreter whenever needed.[5][7] According to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, in addition to her work as a translator, she also provided "her support to the patients who appreciated having someone to talk to who shared the same language."[2]

In 1945, Lozano was reassigned to the 359th Station Hospital of Ft. Read, Trinidad and Tobago, British West Indies, where she attended wounded soldiers who had returned from Normandy, France.[5][2] According to Judith Bellafaire of the Women in Military Service for America Memorial Foundation, "Many appreciated being able to "talk out" their anxieties and nightmares,"[5] and according to the U.S. Army Medical Department Office of Medical History, "The Puerto Rican Army Nurses were applauded for their bilingual language abilities. Spanish-speaking patients expressed great appreciation for the nurses from their homeland that could speak and write letters for them in their native language."[3]

While in Trinidad, she decided that she would like to become a doctor after the war and took correspondence courses from Louisiana State University.[5] She met Lieutenant Joseph Dumler in Trinidad and they were married in the Base Chapel.[5]

Later years

[edit]

After the war, Dumler moved to Baltimore, Maryland with her husband. She hoped to continue her education in medicine and enrolled as a part-time student at the University of Maryland, but put her studies on hold after having her first child. Over eighteen years, she gave birth to seven children.[8] She later continued college at Roosevelt University, and completed a degree in Psychology at Northeastern University, as well as a Certificate Diploma in Substance Abuse Counseling.[8] She continued her nursing and counseling career at the Brothers Health System for 20 years until her retirement in 1985. After retiring, the Dumlers lived in Florida for 23 years, and rented out four properties they bought as investments.[1]

Dumler died March 29, 2015, at Brookdale Senior Living facility in Hoffman Estates, Illinois.[8] She was 93 and had Alzheimer's disease.

In 2020 Carmen Lozano Dumler was posthumously inducted to the Puerto Rico Veterans Hall of Fame.[9]

Awards and decorations

[edit]

Among Dumler's awards and decorations are:

Army Good Conduct Medal
Women's Army Corps Service Medal American Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal

Badges:

  • Nurse Corps branch of service insignia   Army Nurse Corps badge

Honors

[edit]

Lozano Dumler has been featured in material that celebrates diversity in the US military, for Hispanic Heritage Month and for recruitment material:

  • National Hispanic Heritage Month 2009 (U.S. Army Medical Department)[3]
  • National Hispanic Heritage Month 2015 (Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute)[10]
  • National Hispanic Heritage Month 2019 (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs)[2]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ This name uses Spanish marriage naming customs; the first is the maiden family name "Lozano" and the second or matrimonial family name is "Dumler".

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d O'Donnell, Maureen (June 24, 2016). "Carmen Lozano Dumler, Puerto Rican nurse who blazed trails in Army". The Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Lara, Judith (October 11, 2019). "Hispanic American Veterans honored during heritage month". VAntage Point. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e "The Historical Path of Hispanic Army Nurse Corps Officers". Office of Medical History. U.S. Army Medical Department. July 7, 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  4. ^ Davis Jr, Command Sgt. Maj. Archie L. (September 30, 2010). "A brief history of Hispanic women in our Army". Fort Hood Sentinel. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Bellafaire, Judith. "Puerto Rican Servicewomen in Defense of the Nation". Women In Military Service For America Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  6. ^ "Hispanics in Defense of Our Nation" (PDF). U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 4 February 2021. Second Lieutenant Carmen Lozano Dumler was one of the first Puerto Rican women to become a US Army officer
  7. ^ Ramirez, Marty (August 2008). ""La Voz" - The Emerging Latino Voice" (PDF). Bridging The Gap. No. 11. Special Emphasis Program (SEP) Group. Nebraska National Guard. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  8. ^ a b c "Carmen Maria Dumler 1921-2015". Chicago Suburban Daily Herald. 22 April 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  9. ^ "Salón de la Fama".
  10. ^ "HISPANIC AMERICANS: ENERGIZING OUR NATION'S DIVERSITY" (PDF). Department of Defense -Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute, Patrick Air Force Base, Florida September 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2021.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Puertorriquenos Who Served With Guts, Glory, and Honor. Fighting to Defend a Nation Not Completely Their Own; by : Greg Boudonck; ISBN 978-1497421837
  • LAS WACS-Participacion de la Mujer Boricua en la Seginda Guerra Mundial; by: Carmen Garcia Rosado; 1ra. Edicion publicada en Octubre de 2006; 2da Edicion revisada 2007; Regitro tro Propiedad Intectual ELA (Government of Puerto Rico) #06-13P-)1A-399; Library of Congress TXY 1-312-685
  • Historia militar de Puerto Rico; by: Hector Andres Negroni; Publisher: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992); ISBN 84-7844-138-7
[edit]
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