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Coordinates: 0°48′42″N 77°43′7″W / 0.81167°N 77.71861°W / 0.81167; -77.71861
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'''Tulcán''' ({{IPA-es|tulˈkan}}) is the capital of the province of [[Carchi Province|Carchi]] in [[Ecuador]] and the seat of [[Tulcán Canton]]. The population of the city of Tulcán was 56,719 in the 2022 census.<ref name="pop"/> Tulcán is known for its [[hot spring]]s, deep wells, 3-acre [[topiary]] garden cemetery, the most elaborate topiary in the New World,<ref>According to Dr Edgar Anderson, director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, quoted in Charles B. Heiser, Jr., "Topiary in Tulcán", ''American Horticulturist'', April 1985:28-31.</ref> created with ''[[Cupressus sempervirens]]'' by José Maria Azael Franco in 1936. The city is the highest in Ecuador, at {{convert|2,950|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, and it is located in the north of [[Andes|Andes Mountains]] in Ecuador, at {{convert|7|km|mi}} of the border between Ecuador and [[Colombia]].
'''Tulcán''' ({{IPA|es|tulˈkan}}) is the capital of the province of [[Carchi Province|Carchi]] in [[Ecuador]] and the seat of [[Tulcán Canton]]. The population of the city of Tulcán was 56,719 in the 2022 census.<ref name="pop"/> Tulcán is known for its [[hot spring]]s, deep wells, 3-acre [[topiary]] garden cemetery, the most elaborate topiary in the New World,<ref>According to Dr Edgar Anderson, director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, quoted in Charles B. Heiser, Jr., "Topiary in Tulcán", ''American Horticulturist'', April 1985:28-31.</ref> created with ''[[Cupressus sempervirens]]'' by José Maria Azael Franco in 1936. The city is the highest in Ecuador, at {{convert|2,950|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, and it is located in the north of [[Andes|Andes Mountains]] in Ecuador, at {{convert|7|km|mi}} of the border between Ecuador and [[Colombia]].


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
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|single line=y
|single line=y
|collapsed = Y
|collapsed = Y
|location = [[Ipiales]]/Tulcán, elevation {{convert|2961|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1981–2010)
|location = Tulcán (El Rosal), elevation {{convert|2940|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1971–2000)
|Jan high C = 16.3
|Jan high C = 17.0
|Feb high C = 16.4
|Feb high C = 17.2
|Mar high C = 16.3
|Mar high C = 17.0
|Apr high C = 16.4
|Apr high C = 17.2
|May high C = 16.0
|May high C = 17.2
|Jun high C = 15.1
|Jun high C = 16.4
|Jul high C = 14.6
|Jul high C = 15.9
|Aug high C = 14.9
|Aug high C = 16.1
|Sep high C = 15.9
|Sep high C = 16.9
|Oct high C = 16.8
|Oct high C = 17.7
|Nov high C = 16.9
|Nov high C = 17.8
|Dec high C = 16.6
|Dec high C = 17.5
| year high C = 16.0
| year high C =
|Jan mean C = 11.2
|Jan low C = 6.4
|Feb mean C = 11.3
|Feb low C = 6.6
|Mar mean C = 11.4
|Mar low C = 6.9
|Apr mean C = 11.4
|Apr low C = 7.1
|May mean C = 11.3
|May low C = 7.0
|Jun mean C = 10.6
|Jun low C = 6.1
|Jul mean C = 10.0
|Jul low C = 5.6
|Aug mean C = 10.0
|Aug low C = 5.2
|Sep mean C = 10.5
|Sep low C = 5.3
|Oct mean C = 11.1
|Oct low C = 6.5
|Nov mean C = 11.4
|Nov low C = 6.8
|Dec mean C = 11.3
|Dec low C = 9.2
| year mean C = 11.0
| year low C =
⚫
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan low C = 5.8
|Feb low C = 6.0
|Jan precipitation mm = 71.0
|Mar low C = 6.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 72.0
|Apr low C = 6.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 87.0
|May low C = 6.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 95.0
|Jun low C = 6.0
|May precipitation mm = 69.0
|Jul low C = 5.1
|Jun precipitation mm = 56.0
|Aug low C = 4.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 35.0
|Sep low C = 4.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 34.0
|Oct low C = 5.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 46.0
|Nov low C = 6.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 114.0
|Dec low C = 6.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 123.0
| year low C = 5.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 89.0
|precipitation colour = green
|year precipitation mm =
⚫
| Jan humidity = 84
⚫
|Jan precipitation mm = 73.9
⚫
| Feb humidity = 85
|Feb precipitation mm = 71.7
⚫
| Mar humidity = 85
|Mar precipitation mm = 95.2
⚫
| Apr humidity = 85
|Apr precipitation mm = 102.1
⚫
| May humidity = 85
|May precipitation mm = 82.5
⚫
| Jun humidity = 85
|Jun precipitation mm = 51.4
⚫
| Jul humidity = 85
|Jul precipitation mm = 40.5
⚫
| Aug humidity = 83
|Aug precipitation mm = 31.7
⚫
| Sep humidity = 82
|Sep precipitation mm = 42.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 84.9
| Oct humidity = 84
⚫
| Nov humidity = 84
|Nov precipitation mm = 100.9
⚫
| Dec humidity = 86
|Dec precipitation mm = 97.2
|year precipitation mm = 874.6
| year humidity =
| source 1 = FAO<ref name=FAO>{{cite web
| Jan precipitation days = 19
| url = https://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/climwat-for-cropwat/en/
| Feb precipitation days = 18
| title = CLIMWAT climatic database
| Mar precipitation days = 20
| publisher= Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations
| Apr precipitation days = 21
⚫
| access-date = 20 June 2024}}</ref>
| May precipitation days = 22
| Jun precipitation days = 22
| Jul precipitation days = 20
| Aug precipitation days = 18
| Sep precipitation days = 17
| Oct precipitation days = 19
| Nov precipitation days = 20
| Dec precipitation days = 21
| year precipitation days = 236
⚫
| Jan humidity = 83
⚫
| Feb humidity = 83
⚫
| Mar humidity = 84
⚫
| Apr humidity = 85
⚫
| May humidity = 85
⚫
| Jun humidity = 85
⚫
| Jul humidity = 84
⚫
| Aug humidity = 82
⚫
| Sep humidity = 81
| Oct humidity = 82
⚫
| Nov humidity = 83
⚫
| Dec humidity = 84
| year humidity = 83
|Jan sun = 133.3
|Feb sun = 107.3
|Mar sun = 99.2
|Apr sun = 111.0
|May sun = 127.1
|Jun sun = 129.0
|Jul sun = 139.5
|Aug sun = 139.5
|Sep sun = 129.0
|Oct sun = 130.2
|Nov sun = 123.0
|Dec sun = 130.2
|year sun =
|Jand sun = 4.3
|Febd sun = 3.8
|Mard sun = 3.2
|Aprd sun = 3.7
|Mayd sun = 4.1
|Jund sun = 4.3
|Juld sun = 4.5
|Augd sun = 4.5
|Sepd sun = 4.3
|Octd sun = 4.2
|Novd sun = 4.1
|Decd sun = 4.2
|yeard sun =
|source 1 = [[Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (Colombia)|Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales]]<ref name=IDEAM1>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios+Climatol%C3%B3gicos++1981+-+2010.xlsx/f28d0b07-1208-4a46-8ccf-bddd70fb4128
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815025712/http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios%2BClimatol%C3%B3gicos%2B%2B1981%2B-%2B2010.xlsx/f28d0b07-1208-4a46-8ccf-bddd70fb4128
|archive-date=15 August 2016
|title=Promedios Climatológicos 1981–2010
|publisher=Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales
|language=es
⚫
|access-date= 17 June 2024
|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
}}


Latest revision as of 04:32, 15 August 2024

"Tulcan" is also an alternative spelling of tulchan
Tulcán
City
From top, left to right: Aerial view of the city, south of Tulcan, Central Park of Independence, University Avenue, José María Azael Franco Guerrero Cemetery, Lemarie Theater, City of Tulcán Velodrome, Carchi State Polytechnic University and Eloy Alfaro Market.
From top, left to right: Aerial view of the city, south of Tulcan, Central Park of Independence, University Avenue, José María Azael Franco Guerrero Cemetery, Lemarie Theater, City of Tulcán Velodrome, Carchi State Polytechnic University and Eloy Alfaro Market.
Flag of Tulcán
Flag
Nickname(s): 
"Heir of the Sun, and Earth"
Tulcán is located in Ecuador
Tulcán
Tulcán
Coordinates: 0°48′42″N 77°43′7″W / 0.81167°N 77.71861°W / 0.81167; -77.71861
Country Ecuador
ProvinceCarchi
CantonTulcán Canton
Government
 • MayorAndrés Ruano
Area
 • City
11.09 km2 (4.28 sq mi)
Elevation
2,980 m (9,780 ft)
Population
 (2022 census)[1]
 • City
56,719
 • Density5,100/km2 (13,000/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Tulcaneño,-a
Time zoneUTC−5
Postal code
EC040101-2
Area code(+593) 6
ClimateCsb
Websitewww.gmtulcan.gob.ec (in Spanish)

Tulcán (Spanish pronunciation: [tulˈkan]) is the capital of the province of Carchi in Ecuador and the seat of Tulcán Canton. The population of the city of Tulcán was 56,719 in the 2022 census.[1] Tulcán is known for its hot springs, deep wells, 3-acre topiary garden cemetery, the most elaborate topiary in the New World,[2] created with Cupressus sempervirens by José Maria Azael Franco in 1936. The city is the highest in Ecuador, at 2,950 m (9,680 ft) above sea level, and it is located in the north of Andes Mountains in Ecuador, at 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) of the border between Ecuador and Colombia.

Etymology

[edit]

The name is a Spanish derivation of the indigenous peoples' original name Hul-Can, which means "Warrior".[3]

History

[edit]
Male figure Carchi style CA 1100–1400

The first known history of the aboriginal occupants of this land begins with the failed Incan conquests. Tulcán sits within the northernmost outpost of the Inca Empire, which according to Spanish chroniclers, was the Rumichaca Bridge, located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from Tulcán and which is the present-day border with Colombia.[4]

The Spanish, seeking gold, became interested in the Quillasingas (the name given to the indigenous people of the region), meaning "Gold Noses".[5] Quillasingas were named without distinction of the ethnic occupants including the Pastos. Upon assuming the sovereignty for the Spanish crown, the territory was divided into provinces: Quillasinga road to Quito, Quillasinga road to Popayan, Quillasinga road to Almaguer, and Quillasinga road of the mountains. Tulcan's Spanish foundation is said to have been on June 11, 1535. With the arrival of colonists and further Spanish conquerors, its growth increased and immediately passed to be part of the Township of Otavalo, until 1600 when it passed to the Township of Ibarra. During the colonial age it remained under the authority of the Real Audiencia de Quito, in which it increased its economic importance, until it became the most significant locality in the region.[3]

Independence

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Independence movements and proclamations sparked through the region. The independence movement in Carchi was led by Alejandro Ruano, Antonio Baca, Cecilio Arciniegas, Esteban Baca, Leandro Campiño, José María Pava, Antonio Rueda, and Ramón Montenegro. On April 14, 1814, with charges of conspiracy of fighting for independence, these men were shot in Bolivar. The population continued its rebellion and in 1820, it ratified the Declaration of Independence of 9 de Octubre. Upon Ecuador becoming a republic, Tulcán retained its importance because it became a border town.[3]

Proximity to Colombia

[edit]
Aerial view of Tulcán. The Colombian city of Ipiales is in the upper right side

Tulcán is just 2 km (1.2 mi) from the Colombian border; the international bridge at Rumichaca which bridges the Carchi River is shared by the two countries. Tulcán is bounded on the north by the municipality of Ipiales (Colombia), on the south by the San Pedro de Huaca Canton, to the east by the Amazonian provinces of Sucumbios and to the west by the coastal province of Esmeraldas.

This city is known for its civic culture and modern business, similar to that of Colombia because of its proximity to and significant trade with that country.

Because of the proximity with Colombia, Tulcán and Ipiales form a bi-national conurbation with an approximate of 150.000 inhabitants.[6]

Geography

[edit]

Climate

[edit]

Tulcán features a subtropical highland climate (Csb) under the Köppen climate classification.

Climate data for Tulcán (El Rosal), elevation 2,940 m (9,650 ft), (1971–2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 17.0
(62.6) 		17.2
(63.0) 		17.0
(62.6) 		17.2
(63.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		16.4
(61.5) 		15.9
(60.6) 		16.1
(61.0) 		16.9
(62.4) 		17.7
(63.9) 		17.8
(64.0) 		17.5
(63.5) 		17.0
(62.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.4
(43.5) 		6.6
(43.9) 		6.9
(44.4) 		7.1
(44.8) 		7.0
(44.6) 		6.1
(43.0) 		5.6
(42.1) 		5.2
(41.4) 		5.3
(41.5) 		6.5
(43.7) 		6.8
(44.2) 		9.2
(48.6) 		6.6
(43.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 71.0
(2.80) 		72.0
(2.83) 		87.0
(3.43) 		95.0
(3.74) 		69.0
(2.72) 		56.0
(2.20) 		35.0
(1.38) 		34.0
(1.34) 		46.0
(1.81) 		114.0
(4.49) 		123.0
(4.84) 		89.0
(3.50) 		891
(35.08)
Average relative humidity (%) 84 85 85 85 85 85 85 83 82 84 84 86 84
Source: FAO[7]

Transportation

[edit]

Tulcán is very well connected in terms of land and air transport: the Panamerican Highway and Luis A. Mantilla airport are located nearby.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Citypopulation.de
  2. ^ According to Dr Edgar Anderson, director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, quoted in Charles B. Heiser, Jr., "Topiary in Tulcán", American Horticulturist, April 1985:28-31.
  3. ^ a b c "Enciclopedia del Ecuador - Efrén Avilés Pino". enciclopediadelecuador.com. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
  4. ^ Almeida Reyes, Dr. Eduardo (2015), "El Camino del Inca en las Sierra Norte del Ecuador y su Valoracion Turistica", Revista de Invetigacion Cientifica, No, 7, pp. 75-87
  5. ^ "EL TERRITORIO QUILLACINGA I - banrepcultural.org". banrepcultural.org. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
  6. ^ https%3A%2F%2Frevistasdigitales.upec.edu.ec%2Findex.php%2Fcomercionegocio%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F681%2F684%2F2120&usg=AOvVaw0cIaSgYX7VeDDdtGLfeNno&opi=89978449
  7. ^ "CLIMWAT climatic database". Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
[edit]
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