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Coordinates: 0°48′42″N 77°43′7″W / 0.81167°N 77.71861°W / 0.81167; -77.71861
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|official_name = Tulcán
|official_name = Tulcán
|native_name =
|native_name =
⚫
|image_caption =
|nickname = "Heir of the Sun, and Earth"
|nickname = "Heir of the Sun, and Earth"
|settlement_type = City
⚫
|image_skyline = Cementerio, Tulcán, Ecuador, 2015-07-21, DD 65.JPG
|total_type = City
⚫
|image_skyline = Collage Tulcán.png
|image_caption = '''From top, left to right:''' Aerial view of the city, south of Tulcan, Central Park of Independence, University Avenue, José María Azael Franco Guerrero Cemetery, Lemarie Theater, City of Tulcán Velodrome, Carchi State Polytechnic University and Eloy Alfaro Market.
|image_flag = Flag of Tulcán.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Tulcán.svg
|image_seal =
|flag_size =
|image_shield =
⚫
|shield_size =
|image_map =
|image_map =
|pushpin_map = Ecuador
|pushpin_map = Ecuador
|mapsize = 200px
|mapsize = 200px
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Ecuador]]
|subdivision_name = {{ECU}}
|subdivision_type1 = Province
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Ecuador|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Carchi Province|Carchi]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Carchi Province|Carchi]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Cantons of Ecuador|Canton]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Tulc%C3%A1n Canton]]
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = Julio Robles
|leader_name = Andrés Ruano
|established_title =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|established_date =
|area_total_km2 = 138.75
|area_total_km2 = 11.09
|area_metro_km2 = 1828.17
|area_metro_km2 =
|area_footnotes =
|area_footnotes =
|population_footnotes = <ref name="pop">[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ecuador/towns/carchi/040150__tulc%C3%A1n/ Citypopulation.de]</ref>
|population_as_of = 2010 census
|population_as_of = 2022 census
|population_total = 60403
|population_total = 56719
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_metro = 86498
|population_metro =
|population_demonym = Tulcaneño,-a
|population_demonym = Tulcaneño,-a
|timezone = UTC-5
|timezone = UTC−5
|utc_offset =
|utc_offset =
|timezone_DST =
|timezone_DST =
Line 39: Line 46:
|blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
|blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
|blank_info = [[Mediterranean climate#Warm-summer mediterranean climate|Csb]]
|blank_info = [[Mediterranean climate#Warm-summer mediterranean climate|Csb]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.gmtulcan.gob.ec/}} {{es}}
|website = {{URL|http://www.gmtulcan.gob.ec/}} {{in lang|es}}
}}
}}


'''Tulcán''' is the capital of the province of [[Carchi]] in [[Ecuador]] and the seat of [[Tulcán Canton]]. The population of the city of Tulcán was 47,359 in the 2001 cenesus and 53,558 in the 2010 census.<ref>"Tulcan, Ecuador", https://www.citypopulation.de/php/ecuador.php?cityid=040150, accessed 13 Jul 2017</ref> Tulcán is known for its [[hot spring]]s, deep wells, 3-acre [[topiary]] garden cemetery, the most elaborate topiary in the New World,<ref>According to Dr Edgar Anderson, director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, quoted in Charles B. Heiser, Jr., "Topiary in Tulcán", ''American Horticulturist'', April 1985:28-31.</ref> created with ''[[Cupressus sempervirens]]'' by José Maria Azael Franco in 1936. The city is the highest in Ecuador, at {{convert|2,950|m|abbr=on}} above sea level.
'''Tulcán''' ({{IPA|es|tulˈkan}}) is the capital of the province of [[Carchi Province|Carchi]] in [[Ecuador]] and the seat of [[Tulcán Canton]]. The population of the city of Tulcán was 56,719 in the 2022 census.<ref name="pop"/> Tulcán is known for its [[hot spring]]s, deep wells, 3-acre [[topiary]] garden cemetery, the most elaborate topiary in the New World,<ref>According to Dr Edgar Anderson, director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, quoted in Charles B. Heiser, Jr., "Topiary in Tulcán", ''American Horticulturist'', April 1985:28-31.</ref> created with ''[[Cupressus sempervirens]]'' by José Maria Azael Franco in 1936. The city is the highest in Ecuador, at {{convert|2,950|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, and it is located in the north of [[Andes|Andes Mountains]] in Ecuador, at {{convert|7|km|mi}} of the border between Ecuador and [[Colombia]].


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The name is a Spaniard derivation of the indigenous peoples' original name ''Hul-Can'', which means "Warrior".<ref name="enciclopediadelecuador">{{cite web|url=http://www.enciclopediadelecuador.com/Indice.php?Ind=&Let=T|title=Enciclopedia del Ecuador - Efr&eacute;n Avil&eacute;s Pino|publisher=enciclopediadelecuador.com|accessdate=2014-01-25}}</ref>
The name is a Spanish derivation of the indigenous peoples' original name ''Hul-Can'', which means "Warrior".<ref name="enciclopediadelecuador">{{cite web|url=http://www.enciclopediadelecuador.com/Indice.php?Ind=&Let=T|title=Enciclopedia del Ecuador - Efrén Avilés Pino|publisher=enciclopediadelecuador.com|accessdate=2014-01-25}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[File:Male Figure seated on a bench, 1100-1400 AD, Carchi style, Carchi province, Ecuador, earthenware - Gardiner Museum, Toronto - DSC01199.JPG|150px|thumb|left|Male figure [[Carchi]] style CA 1100–1400]]
[[File:Male Figure seated on a bench, 1100-1400 AD, Carchi style, Carchi province, Ecuador, earthenware - Gardiner Museum, Toronto - DSC01199.JPG|150px|thumb|left|Male figure [[Carchi]] style CA 1100–1400]]
The known history of the aboriginal occupants of this lands begins with the conquest of the [[Incas]], who never definitively conquered this people. The northermost outpost of the [[Inca Empire]], according to Spanish chroniclers, was the [[Rumichaca Bridge]], {{convert|7|km|mi}} from Tulcan on the present-day border with [[Colombia]].<ref>Almeida Reyes, Dr. Eduardo (2015), "El Camino del Inca en las Sierra Norte del Ecuador y su Valoracion Turistica", Revista de Invetigacion Cientifica, No, 7, pp. 75-87</ref>
The first known history of the aboriginal occupants of this land begins with the failed [[Incas|Incan]] conquests. Tulcán sits within the northernmost outpost of the [[Inca Empire]], which according to Spanish chroniclers, was the [[Rumichaca Bridge]], located {{convert|7|km|mi}} from Tulcán and which is the present-day border with [[Colombia]].<ref>Almeida Reyes, Dr. Eduardo (2015), "El Camino del Inca en las Sierra Norte del Ecuador y su Valoracion Turistica", Revista de Invetigacion Cientifica, No, 7, pp. 75-87</ref>


The Spanish, seeking gold, became interested in the Quillasinga (the name given to the land), meaning "Gold Noses".<ref name="banrepcultural">{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/antropologia/frontera/quil.htm#mano|title=EL TERRITORIO QUILLACINGA I &#124; banrepcultural.org|publisher=banrepcultural.org|accessdate=2014-01-25}}</ref> Quillasinga was named without distinction of the ethnic occupants including the [[Pastos]]. Upon assuming the sovereignty for the Spanish crown, the territory was divided into provinces: Quillasinga road to Quito, Quillasinga road to Popayan, Quillasinga road to Almaguer, and Quillasinga road of the mountains. Tulcan's foundation is said to have been on June 11, 1535. With the arrival of colonists and further Spanish conquistadors, its growth increased and immediately passed to serve the Township of Otavalo, until 1600 when it passed to the township of Ibarra.{{unclear|date=December 2014}} During the colonial age it remained under the authority of the [[Real Audiencia de Quito]], in which it increased its economic importance, until it became the most significant locality in the region.<ref name="enciclopediadelecuador"/>
The Spanish, seeking gold, became interested in the Quillasingas (the name given to the indigenous people of the region), meaning "Gold Noses".<ref name="banrepcultural">{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/antropologia/frontera/quil.htm#mano|title=EL TERRITORIO QUILLACINGA I - banrepcultural.org|publisher=banrepcultural.org|accessdate=2014-01-25}}</ref> Quillasingas were named without distinction of the ethnic occupants including the [[Pastos]]. Upon assuming the sovereignty for the Spanish crown, the territory was divided into provinces: Quillasinga road to Quito, Quillasinga road to Popayan, Quillasinga road to Almaguer, and Quillasinga road of the mountains. Tulcan's Spanish foundation is said to have been on June 11, 1535. With the arrival of colonists and further Spanish conquerors, its growth increased and immediately passed to be part of the Township of Otavalo, until 1600 when it passed to the Township of Ibarra. During the colonial age it remained under the authority of the [[Real Audiencia de Quito]], in which it increased its economic importance, until it became the most significant locality in the region.<ref name="enciclopediadelecuador"/>


===Independence===
===Independence===
Independence movements and proclamations [[Luz de América|sparked through the region]]. The independence movement in [[Carchi]] was led by Alejandro Ruano, Antonio Baca, Cecilio Arciniegas, Esteban Baca, Leandro Campiño, José María Pava, Antonio Rueda, and Ramón Montenegro. On April 14, 1814 with charges of conspiracy of fighting for independence, these men were shot in [[Bolívar Canton, Carchi|Bolivar]]. The population continued its rebellion and in 1820, it ratified the Declaration of Independence of [[9 de Octubre]]. Upon Ecuador becoming a republic, Tulcán retained its importance because it became a border town.<ref name="enciclopediadelecuador"/>
Independence movements and proclamations [[Luz de América|sparked through the region]]. The independence movement in [[Carchi]] was led by Alejandro Ruano, Antonio Baca, Cecilio Arciniegas, Esteban Baca, Leandro Campiño, José María Pava, Antonio Rueda, and Ramón Montenegro. On April 14, 1814, with charges of conspiracy of fighting for independence, these men were shot in [[Bolívar Canton, Carchi|Bolivar]]. The population continued its rebellion and in 1820, it ratified the Declaration of Independence of ''9 de Octubre''. Upon Ecuador becoming a republic, Tulcán retained its importance because it became a border town.<ref name="enciclopediadelecuador"/>


==Proximity to Colombia==
==Proximity to Colombia==
[[File:Tulcan_aero.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Aerial view of Tulcán. The Colombian city of Ipiales is in the upper right side]]
Tulcán is just {{convert|7|km|abbr=on}} from the [[Colombia]]n border; the international bridge at [[Rumichaca Bridge|Rumichaca]] which bridges the [[Carchi River]] is shared by the two countries. Tulcán is bounded on the north by the municipality of [[Ipiales]] ([[Colombia]]), on the south by the [[San Pedro de Huaca Canton]], to the east by the [[Amazon Rainforest|Amazon]]ian provinces of [[Sucumbios]] and to the west by the coastal province of [[Esmeraldas Province|Esmeraldas]].
Tulcán is just {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} from the [[Colombia]]n border; the international bridge at [[Rumichaca Bridge|Rumichaca]] which bridges the [[Carchi River]] is shared by the two countries. Tulcán is bounded on the north by the municipality of [[Ipiales]] ([[Colombia]]), on the south by the [[San Pedro de Huaca Canton]], to the east by the [[Amazon Rainforest|Amazon]]ian provinces of [[Sucumbios]] and to the west by the coastal province of [[Esmeraldas Province|Esmeraldas]].


This city is known for its [[Civic engagement|civic culture]] and [[Economy of Colombia|modern business]], similar to that of Colombia because of its proximity to and significant trade with that country.
This city is known for its [[Civic engagement|civic culture]] and [[Economy of Colombia|modern business]], similar to that of Colombia because of its proximity to and significant trade with that country.


Because of the proximity with Colombia, Tulcán and [[Ipiales]] form a bi-national conurbation with an approximate of 150.000 inhabitants.<ref>https%3A%2F%2Frevistasdigitales.upec.edu.ec%2Findex.php%2Fcomercionegocio%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F681%2F684%2F2120&usg=AOvVaw0cIaSgYX7VeDDdtGLfeNno&opi=89978449</ref>
⚫
==Climate==


==Geography==
⚫
Tulcán features a [[Mediterranean climate]] (Csb) under [[Koppen classification]].
⚫
===Climate===
⚫
Tulcán features a [[subtropical highland climate]] (''Csb'') under the [[Köppen climate classification]].


{{Weather box
{{Weather box|width=auto
⚫
|metric first=y
|location=Tulcán
⚫
|single line=y
⚫
|metric first=Yes
|collapsed = Y
⚫
|single line=Yes
|location = Tulcán (El Rosal), elevation {{convert|2940|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1971–2000)
⚫
|Jan high C = 16.6
|Feb high C = 16.6
|Jan high C = 17.0
|Mar high C = 16.6
|Feb high C = 17.2
|Apr high C = 16.8
|Mar high C = 17.0
|May high C = 16.7
|Apr high C = 17.2
|Jun high C = 15.9
|May high C = 17.2
|Jul high C = 15.3
|Jun high C = 16.4
|Aug high C = 15.6
|Jul high C = 15.9
|Sep high C = 16.4
|Aug high C = 16.1
|Oct high C = 17.0
|Sep high C = 16.9
|Nov high C = 17.1
|Oct high C = 17.7
|Dec high C = 16.8
|Nov high C = 17.8
⚫
|Dec high C = 17.5
| year high C =
|Jan low C = 6.4
|Jan low C = 6.4
|Feb low C = 6.6
|Feb low C = 6.6
|Mar low C = 6.7
|Mar low C = 6.9
|Apr low C = 7.0
|Apr low C = 7.1
|May low C = 6.8
|May low C = 7.0
|Jun low C = 6.3
|Jun low C = 6.1
|Jul low C = 5.6
|Jul low C = 5.6
|Aug low C = 5.5
|Aug low C = 5.2
|Sep low C = 5.8
|Sep low C = 5.3
|Oct low C = 6.4
|Oct low C = 6.5
|Nov low C = 6.5
|Nov low C = 6.8
|Dec low C = 7.4
|Dec low C = 9.2
| year low C =
|rain colour=green
|precipitation colour = green
⚫
|Jan rain mm = 75
|Feb rain mm = 80
|Jan precipitation mm = 71.0
|Mar rain mm = 92
|Feb precipitation mm = 72.0
|Apr rain mm = 106
|Mar precipitation mm = 87.0
|May rain mm = 78
|Apr precipitation mm = 95.0
|Jun rain mm = 58
|May precipitation mm = 69.0
|Jul rain mm = 37
|Jun precipitation mm = 56.0
|Aug rain mm = 37
|Jul precipitation mm = 35.0
|Sep rain mm = 51
|Aug precipitation mm = 34.0
|Oct rain mm = 113
|Sep precipitation mm = 46.0
|Nov rain mm = 120
|Oct precipitation mm = 114.0
|Dec rain mm = 94
|Nov precipitation mm = 123.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 89.0
|source 1=http://pt.climate-data.org/location/2978/ |title=Climate Data: }}
|year precipitation mm =

⚫
| Jan humidity = 84
| Feb humidity = 85
| Mar humidity = 85
| Apr humidity = 85
| May humidity = 85
| Jun humidity = 85
| Jul humidity = 85
| Aug humidity = 83
| Sep humidity = 82
| Oct humidity = 84
| Nov humidity = 84
| Dec humidity = 86
| year humidity =
| source 1 = FAO<ref name=FAO>{{cite web
| url = https://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/climwat-for-cropwat/en/
| title = CLIMWAT climatic database
| publisher= Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations
| access-date = 20 June 2024}}</ref>
}}


==Transportation==
==Transportation==
Line 119: Line 150:


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|Tulcán}}
{{Commons category|Tulcán}}
*[http://www.thebestofecuador.com/tulcan.htm The Best of Ecuador - Tulcán]
*[http://www.thebestofecuador.com/tulcan.htm The Best of Ecuador - Tulcán]
*[http://www.vivecuador.com/html2/eng/carchi_en.htm Ministry of Tourism, Ecuador - Carchi province (English)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060207164705/http://www.vivecuador.com/html2/eng/carchi_en.htm Ministry of Tourism, Ecuador - Carchi province (English)]


{{Province capitals in Ecuador}}
{{Province capitals in Ecuador}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Tulcan}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tulcan}}

Latest revision as of 04:32, 15 August 2024

"Tulcan" is also an alternative spelling of tulchan
Tulcán
City
From top, left to right: Aerial view of the city, south of Tulcan, Central Park of Independence, University Avenue, José María Azael Franco Guerrero Cemetery, Lemarie Theater, City of Tulcán Velodrome, Carchi State Polytechnic University and Eloy Alfaro Market.
From top, left to right: Aerial view of the city, south of Tulcan, Central Park of Independence, University Avenue, José María Azael Franco Guerrero Cemetery, Lemarie Theater, City of Tulcán Velodrome, Carchi State Polytechnic University and Eloy Alfaro Market.
Flag of Tulcán
Flag
Nickname(s): 
"Heir of the Sun, and Earth"
Tulcán is located in Ecuador
Tulcán
Tulcán
Coordinates: 0°48′42″N 77°43′7″W / 0.81167°N 77.71861°W / 0.81167; -77.71861
Country Ecuador
ProvinceCarchi
CantonTulcán Canton
Government
 • MayorAndrés Ruano
Area
 • City
11.09 km2 (4.28 sq mi)
Elevation
2,980 m (9,780 ft)
Population
 (2022 census)[1]
 • City
56,719
 • Density5,100/km2 (13,000/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Tulcaneño,-a
Time zoneUTC−5
Postal code
EC040101-2
Area code(+593) 6
ClimateCsb
Websitewww.gmtulcan.gob.ec (in Spanish)

Tulcán (Spanish pronunciation: [tulˈkan]) is the capital of the province of Carchi in Ecuador and the seat of Tulcán Canton. The population of the city of Tulcán was 56,719 in the 2022 census.[1] Tulcán is known for its hot springs, deep wells, 3-acre topiary garden cemetery, the most elaborate topiary in the New World,[2] created with Cupressus sempervirens by José Maria Azael Franco in 1936. The city is the highest in Ecuador, at 2,950 m (9,680 ft) above sea level, and it is located in the north of Andes Mountains in Ecuador, at 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) of the border between Ecuador and Colombia.

Etymology

[edit]

The name is a Spanish derivation of the indigenous peoples' original name Hul-Can, which means "Warrior".[3]

History

[edit]
Male figure Carchi style CA 1100–1400

The first known history of the aboriginal occupants of this land begins with the failed Incan conquests. Tulcán sits within the northernmost outpost of the Inca Empire, which according to Spanish chroniclers, was the Rumichaca Bridge, located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from Tulcán and which is the present-day border with Colombia.[4]

The Spanish, seeking gold, became interested in the Quillasingas (the name given to the indigenous people of the region), meaning "Gold Noses".[5] Quillasingas were named without distinction of the ethnic occupants including the Pastos. Upon assuming the sovereignty for the Spanish crown, the territory was divided into provinces: Quillasinga road to Quito, Quillasinga road to Popayan, Quillasinga road to Almaguer, and Quillasinga road of the mountains. Tulcan's Spanish foundation is said to have been on June 11, 1535. With the arrival of colonists and further Spanish conquerors, its growth increased and immediately passed to be part of the Township of Otavalo, until 1600 when it passed to the Township of Ibarra. During the colonial age it remained under the authority of the Real Audiencia de Quito, in which it increased its economic importance, until it became the most significant locality in the region.[3]

Independence

[edit]

Independence movements and proclamations sparked through the region. The independence movement in Carchi was led by Alejandro Ruano, Antonio Baca, Cecilio Arciniegas, Esteban Baca, Leandro Campiño, José María Pava, Antonio Rueda, and Ramón Montenegro. On April 14, 1814, with charges of conspiracy of fighting for independence, these men were shot in Bolivar. The population continued its rebellion and in 1820, it ratified the Declaration of Independence of 9 de Octubre. Upon Ecuador becoming a republic, Tulcán retained its importance because it became a border town.[3]

Proximity to Colombia

[edit]
Aerial view of Tulcán. The Colombian city of Ipiales is in the upper right side

Tulcán is just 2 km (1.2 mi) from the Colombian border; the international bridge at Rumichaca which bridges the Carchi River is shared by the two countries. Tulcán is bounded on the north by the municipality of Ipiales (Colombia), on the south by the San Pedro de Huaca Canton, to the east by the Amazonian provinces of Sucumbios and to the west by the coastal province of Esmeraldas.

This city is known for its civic culture and modern business, similar to that of Colombia because of its proximity to and significant trade with that country.

Because of the proximity with Colombia, Tulcán and Ipiales form a bi-national conurbation with an approximate of 150.000 inhabitants.[6]

Geography

[edit]

Climate

[edit]

Tulcán features a subtropical highland climate (Csb) under the Köppen climate classification.

Climate data for Tulcán (El Rosal), elevation 2,940 m (9,650 ft), (1971–2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 17.0
(62.6) 		17.2
(63.0) 		17.0
(62.6) 		17.2
(63.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		16.4
(61.5) 		15.9
(60.6) 		16.1
(61.0) 		16.9
(62.4) 		17.7
(63.9) 		17.8
(64.0) 		17.5
(63.5) 		17.0
(62.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.4
(43.5) 		6.6
(43.9) 		6.9
(44.4) 		7.1
(44.8) 		7.0
(44.6) 		6.1
(43.0) 		5.6
(42.1) 		5.2
(41.4) 		5.3
(41.5) 		6.5
(43.7) 		6.8
(44.2) 		9.2
(48.6) 		6.6
(43.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 71.0
(2.80) 		72.0
(2.83) 		87.0
(3.43) 		95.0
(3.74) 		69.0
(2.72) 		56.0
(2.20) 		35.0
(1.38) 		34.0
(1.34) 		46.0
(1.81) 		114.0
(4.49) 		123.0
(4.84) 		89.0
(3.50) 		891
(35.08)
Average relative humidity (%) 84 85 85 85 85 85 85 83 82 84 84 86 84
Source: FAO[7]

Transportation

[edit]

Tulcán is very well connected in terms of land and air transport: the Panamerican Highway and Luis A. Mantilla airport are located nearby.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Citypopulation.de
  2. ^ According to Dr Edgar Anderson, director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, quoted in Charles B. Heiser, Jr., "Topiary in Tulcán", American Horticulturist, April 1985:28-31.
  3. ^ a b c "Enciclopedia del Ecuador - Efrén Avilés Pino". enciclopediadelecuador.com. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
  4. ^ Almeida Reyes, Dr. Eduardo (2015), "El Camino del Inca en las Sierra Norte del Ecuador y su Valoracion Turistica", Revista de Invetigacion Cientifica, No, 7, pp. 75-87
  5. ^ "EL TERRITORIO QUILLACINGA I - banrepcultural.org". banrepcultural.org. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
  6. ^ https%3A%2F%2Frevistasdigitales.upec.edu.ec%2Findex.php%2Fcomercionegocio%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F681%2F684%2F2120&usg=AOvVaw0cIaSgYX7VeDDdtGLfeNno&opi=89978449
  7. ^ "CLIMWAT climatic database". Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
[edit]
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