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{{short description|Italian politician (1928–1992)}}
{{Infobox prime minister
{{use British English|date=May 2024}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Salvatore Lima
| name = Salvatore Lima
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| image = Salvo Lima 2.png
| image = Salvo Lima 2.png
| image_size =
| image_size =
| office = [[Member of the European Parliament|Member]] of the [[European Parliament]]
| office = [[Member of the European Parliament]]
| term_start = 17 July 1979
| term_start = 17 July 1979
| term_end = 12 March 1992
| term_end = 12 March 1992
Line 12: Line 15:
| term_start1 = 5 June 1968
| term_start1 = 5 June 1968
| term_end1 = 17 July 1979
| term_end1 = 17 July 1979
| constituency1 = [[Palermo]]
| constituency1 = [[Palermo–Trapani–Agrigento–Caltanissetta constituency (1946–1994)|Palermo]]
| office2 = [[List of mayors of Palermo|Mayor of Palermo]]
| office2 = [[List of mayors of Palermo|Mayor of Palermo]]
| term_start2 = 27 January 1965
| term_start2 = 27 January 1965
| term_end2 = 9 July 1968
| term_end2 = 9 July 1966
| predecessor2 = Paolo Bevilacqua
| predecessor2 = Paolo Bevilacqua
| successor2 = Paolo Bevilacqua
| successor2 = Paolo Bevilacqua
| term_start3 = 9 June 1958
| term_start3 = 7 June 1958
| term_end3 = 23 January 1963
| term_end3 = 23 January 1963
| predecessor3 = Luciano Maugeri
| predecessor3 = Luciano Maugeri
| successor3 = Francesco Diliberto
| successor3 = Francesco Saverio Diliberto
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|1|23|df=y}}
| birth_name = Salvatore Achille Ettore Lima
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|1|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Palermo]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]
| birth_place = [[Palermo]], [[Kingdom of Italy]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1992|3|12|1928|1|23|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1992|3|12|1928|1|23|df=y}}
| death_place = Palermo, [[Italy]]
| death_place = Palermo, Italy
| death_cause = [[Assassination]]
| death_cause = [[Assassination]]
| nationality =
| nationality =
| party = [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]]
| party = [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Palermo]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Palermo]]
| profession = [[Lawyer]]
| profession = [[Lawyer]]
}}
}}
'''Salvatore Achille Ettore Lima''' ({{IPA-it|salvaˈtoːre ˈliːma|lang}}; 23 January 1928 – 12 March 1992) was an [[Italy|Italian]] [[politician]] from [[Sicily]] who was associated with, and murdered by, the [[Sicilian Mafia]]. He is often just referred to as '''Salvo Lima'''.
'''Salvatore Achille Ettore Lima''' ({{IPA|it|salvaˈtoːre ˈliːma|lang}}; 23 January 1928 – 12 March 1992), often referred to as '''Salvo Lima''', was an Italian politician from [[Sicily]] who was associated with, and murdered by, the [[Sicilian Mafia]]. According to the ''[[pentito]]'' (Mafia defector) [[Tommaso Buscetta]], Lima's father, Vincenzo Lima, was a member of the Mafia but is not known whether Lima himself was a [[made member]] of Cosa Nostra. In the final report of the first [[Antimafia Commission]] (1963–1976), Lima was described as one of the pillars of Mafia power in [[Palermo]].


During his long career with [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] (DC) that began in the 1950s, Lima was first allied with the faction of [[Amintore Fanfani]] and after 1964 with the one of [[Giulio Andreotti]], seven times prime minister and a member of almost every post-war Italian government. That shift earned him a seat in the national parliament in 1968. Lima was often referred to as Andreotti's [[proconsul]] on Sicily. Under Andreotti, Lima once held a cabinet post. At the time of his death, he was a member of the [[European Parliament]]. Lima rarely spoke in public or campaigned during [[elections]] but usually managed to gain large support from seemingly nowhere when it came to voting day. He was assassinated in 1992 by the [[Sicilian Mafia]].
According to the ''[[pentito]]'' (Mafia defector) [[Tommaso Buscetta]], Lima’s father, Vincenzo Lima, was a member of the Mafia, but it is not known whether Lima himself was a "[[made man|made member]]" of [[Cosa Nostra]].<ref name=jam221>Jamieson, ''The Antimafia'', p. 221</ref><ref name=dickie285>Dickie, ''Cosa Nostra'', p. 285</ref> In the final report of the first Italian [[Antimafia Commission]] (1963–1976) Lima was described as one of the pillars of Mafia power in [[Palermo]].


== Early life and mayor of Palermo ==
During his long career with the [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democrat]] party (DC - [[Democrazia Cristiana]]) that began in the 1950s, Lima was first allied with the faction of [[Amintore Fanfani]] and after 1964 with the one of [[Giulio Andreotti]], seven times prime minister and a member of almost every post-war Italian government. That shift earned him a seat in the national parliament in 1968.
Lima was born in Palermo on 23 January 1928, the son of Vincenzo Lima, an archivist from the municipality of Palermo. In the early 1950s, after obtaining a degree in Law from the [[University of Palermo]], he found a job at the [[Banco di Sicilia]]. Following the 1956 Italian local election, Lima was elected municipal councilor of the municipality of Palermo and became a supporter of the Christian Democracy deputy and minister [[Giovanni Gioia]] several times, adhering to Amintore Fanfani's party current and becoming councilor with delegation to public works within the municipal council led by the new Palermo mayor [[Luciano Maugeri]]. From 1958 to 1963, Lima was [[mayor of Palermo]], his birthplace, while his fellow Christian Democrat [[Vito Ciancimino]] was assessor for public works.<ref name=rep141186>{{in lang|it}} [http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1986/11/14/impero-siciliano-di-salvo-lima.html L' impero siciliano di Salvo Lima & C.], La Repubblica, November 14, 1986</ref><ref name=schneider55>Schneider & Schneider, ''Reversible Destiny'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=f52WqN8pR14C&pg=PA55 pp. 55-56]</ref><ref name="Il Post 2022">{{cite web |date=12 March 2022 |title=L'omicidio di Salvo Lima |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2022/03/12/salvo-lima-omicidio/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=Il Post |language=it}}</ref>


Between 1951 and 1961, the population of Palermo had risen by 100,000. Under Lima and Ciancimino an unprecedented construction boom hit the city. They supported Mafia-allied building contractors such as Palermo’s leading construction entrepreneur [[Francesco Vassallo]] – a former cart driver hauling sand and stone in a poor district of Palermo. Vassallo was connected to mafiosi like [[Angelo La Barbera]] and Tommaso Buscetta. In five years, over 4,000 building licences were signed, more than half of them in the names of three pensioners who had no connection with construction at all.<ref name=servadio204>Servadio, ''Mafioso'', p. 204–206</ref><ref name=stille21>Stille, ''Excellent Cadavers'', p. 21–22</ref> This period was later referred to as the "[[Sack of Palermo]]" because the construction boom led to the destruction of the city's green belt, and villas that gave it architectural grace, to make way for characterless and shoddily constructed apartment blocks. In the meantime, Palermo's historical centre was allowed to crumble.<ref name=schneider14>Schneider & Schneider, ''Reversible Destiny'', pp. 14–19</ref> During an investigation in 1964, Lima had to admit that he knew La Barbera, one of Palermo's most powerful mobsters.<ref name=jam21>Jamieson, ''The Antimafia'', p. 21</ref><ref name=ind240995/> Lima's election was supported by the La Barbera clan.<ref name=jam221>Jamieson, ''The Antimafia'', p. 221</ref> From 1965 to 1968, Lima was again mayor of Palermo.<ref name=rep141186/>
Lima was often referred to as Andreotti's "[[proconsul]]" on Sicily. Under Andreotti Lima once held a cabinet post. At the time of his death he was a member of the [[European Parliament]]. Lima rarely spoke in public or campaigned during [[elections]], but usually he would manage to gain large support from seemingly nowhere when it came to voting day.


== Early Mafia connections ==
==Mayor of Palermo==
As mayor of Palermo, Lima arranged an unusually lucrative concession to collect taxes in Sicily to [[Antonio Salvo]] and [[Ignazio Salvo]], two wealthy Mafia cousins from the town of [[Salemi]] in the province of [[Trapani]], in exchange for their loyalty to Lima and the Andreotti faction of Christian Democracy. The Salvos were allowed 10 percent of the take – three times as much as the national average of 3.3 percent. According to the Mafia defector Tommaso Buscetta, Lima's father was a man of honour of the Palermo Centro Mafia family that was led by Angelo and [[Salvatore La Barbera]], of which Buscetta's family (the Porta Nuova Mafia family) was also part. The La Barbera brothers helped Lima in getting elected. Buscetta himself met Lima many times and they became good friends. Every year, Lima provided Buscetta with tickets for the [[Teatro Massimo]] in Palermo.<ref name="Buscetta">{{in lang|it}} [http://web.tiscali.it/almanaccodeimisteri/andreotti17.htm I rapporti intrattenuti da Salvatore Lima con esponenti mafiosi] Sentenza primo grado processo Andreotti di Palermo, 23 October 1999.</ref>
From 1958 to 1963 Salvo Lima was [[mayor of Palermo]], his birthplace, while his fellow Christian Democrat [[Vito Ciancimino]] was assessor for public works.<ref name=rep141186>{{in lang|it}} [http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1986/11/14/impero-siciliano-di-salvo-lima.html L' impero siciliano di Salvo Lima & C.], La Repubblica, November 14, 1986</ref><ref name=schneider55>Schneider & Schneider, ''Reversible Destiny'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=f52WqN8pR14C&pg=PA55 pp. 55-56]</ref> Between 1951 and 1961 the population of Palermo had risen by 100,000. Under Lima and Ciancimino an unprecedented construction boom hit the city. They supported Mafia-allied building contractors such as Palermo’s leading construction entrepreneur [[Francesco Vassallo]] – a former cart driver hauling sand and stone in a poor district of Palermo. Vassallo was connected to mafiosi like [[Angelo La Barbera]] and [[Tommaso Buscetta]]. In five years, over 4,000 building licences were signed, more than half of them in the names of three pensioners who had no connection with construction at all.<ref name=servadio204>Servadio, ''Mafioso'', p. 204-06</ref><ref name=stille21>Stille, ''Excellent Cadavers'', p. 21-22</ref>


At the time, the public and authorities did not know these connections. Buscetta only revealed facts about the relations between mafiosi and politicians after judge [[Giovanni Falcone]] was killed in 1992. Already in 1964, one of Falcone's predecessors, judge [[Cesare Terranova]], unequivocally demonstrated Lima's connections with the La Barberas. In an indictment in 1964, Terranova wrote that "it is clear that Angelo and Salvatore La Barbera (well-known bosses in the Palermo area) ... knew former mayor Salvatore Lima and maintained relations in such a way as to ask for favours ... The undeniable contacts of the La Barbera mafiosi with the one who was the first citizen of Palermo ... constitute a confirmation of ... the infiltration of the Mafia in several sectors of public life."<ref>[http://www.fondazionecipriani.it/Kronologia/Archivio.php?DAANNO=1964&AANNO=1965&id=&start=210&id=&start=330 Indictment "Angelo La Barbera +42", June 23 1964]</ref><ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1992/marzo/13/discesa_comincio_con_pentiti_co_0_92031317219.shtml La discesa cominciò con i pentiti], Corriere della Sera, March 13, 1992</ref> Nevertheless, Lima was allowed to continue in politics as if nothing had happened.<ref name=rep141186/>
This period was later referred to as the "[[Sack of Palermo]]" because the construction boom led to the destruction of the city's green belt, and villas that gave it architectural grace, to make way for characterless and shoddily constructed apartment blocks. In the meantime Palermo’s historical centre was allowed to crumble.<ref name=schneider14>Schneider & Schneider, ''Reversible Destiny'', pp. 14-19</ref> In 1964, during an investigation, Lima had to admit that he knew [[Angelo La Barbera]], one of Palermo's most powerful mobsters.<ref name=jam21>Jamieson, ''The Antimafia'', p. 21</ref><ref name=ind240995/> Lima's election was supported by the La Barbera clan.<ref name=jam221/> From 1965-1968 Lima again was mayor of Palermo.<ref name=rep141186/>


== Alliance with Andreotti ==
Lima arranged an unusually lucrative concession to collect taxes in Sicily to [[Antonio Salvo]] and [[Ignazio Salvo]], two wealthy mafia-cousins from the town of [[Salemi]] in the province of [[Trapani]], in exchange for their loyalty to Salvo Lima and the Andreotti faction of the DC. The Salvo’s were allowed 10 percent of the take – three times as much as the national average of 3.3 percent.
[[File:Salvo Lima 1968.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Lima as member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]]]
In 1968, Lima was elected to the [[Italian Chamber of Deputies]], suddenly surpassing established politicians in Sicily. The alliance between Lima and Andreotti proved beneficial to both. Although Andreotti had a strong electoral base in and around Rome, his faction had no power base in the rest of Italy. With Lima, who at some time was in control of 25 percent of all party members in Sicily, the Andreotti faction turned into a truly national group. While Andreotti had been an important government minister before his alliance with Lima, he now became one of the most powerful politicians in Italy. Andreotti became prime minister for the first time in 1972. In 1974, Lima became Under-Secretary of the Budget. In 1979, Lima was elected in the European Parliament.<ref name="Il Post 2022"/>


In 1981, Palermo witnessed the outbreak of a bloody Mafia war. A new dominant group within the Mafia, headed by [[Salvatore Riina]] of [[Corleone]], killed and replaced the traditional bosses of Palermo and their associates. The [[Corleonesi]] also turned against state representatives and politicians, such as the communist senator [[Pio La Torre]], the ''[[Carabinieri]]'' general [[Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa]] who had been appointed as the prefect of Palermo to fight the Mafia, and [[Rocco Chinnici]], chief prosecutor in Palermo. A mounting public outcry demanded the Christian Democrats to clean up its house in Sicily. The mayor of Palermo, one of Lima's protégés, was forced to resign, and Andreotti's Sicilian faction was on the defensive. At the [[Maxi Trial]] against the Mafia in the mid 1980s, two of Lima's closest allies, the cousins Nino and Ignazio Salvo, were convicted as members of the Mafia.<ref name="ind240995" />
==Early Mafia connections==
According to the "[[pentito]]" (Mafia defector) [[Tommaso Buscetta]], Lima’s father, Vincenzo Lima, was a "man of honour" of the Palermo Centro Mafia family that was led by [[Salvatore La Barbera|Salvatore]] and [[Angelo La Barbera]] of which Buscetta's family – the Porta Nuova Mafia family – was part as well. The La Barbera brothers helped Salvo Lima getting elected. Buscetta himself met Salvo Lima many times and they became good friends. Every year Lima provided Buscetta with tickets for the [[Teatro Massimo]] in Palermo.<ref name="Buscetta">{{in lang|it}} [http://web.tiscali.it/almanaccodeimisteri/andreotti17.htm I rapporti intrattenuti da Salvatore Lima con esponenti mafiosi] Sentenza primo grado processo Andreotti di Palermo, 23 October 1999.</ref>


When in Sicily, Lima was allowed to use the bulletproof car of the Salvo's.<ref name="ind240995" /> Lima himself was never part of a criminal investigation because of the unwillingness of both witnesses and prosecutors.<ref name="ind240995" /> Mafia boss Tommaso Buscetta, whose testimonies as a collaborating witness during the [[Maxi Trial]] had been instrumental in convicting many Mafia bosses, refused to talk about the relationship between Cosa Nostra and politicians. He told [[Giovanni Falcone]], one of the prosecutors at the Maxi Trial: "I have told you repeatedly that I would not discuss it until and if the time is ripe. It would be extremely foolish to discuss this subject – which is the crucial knot of the Mafia problem – while the very people whom we would be discussing remain fully active on the political scene."<ref name="ind240995" /> Italy's [[Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)|Supreme Court of Cassation]], which is the court of final appeal,{{refn|According to the Italian law, which has three degrees of judgment and follows the "[[presumption of innocence]]" principle, a defendant is "not guilty" until the sentence "becomes final". A defendant has the right to all three levels of judgment ([[Court]], [[Court of Appeal]], and [[Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)|Supreme Court of Cassation]]) and to advance, in any level, a request for a constitutional complaint. They also have the right to go to supranational courts, such as the [[Court of Justice of the European Union]] and the [[European Court of Human Rights]], to stand up for their reasons. See {{cite web |date=2013 |title=Presunzione di non colpevolezza |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/presunzione-di-non-colpevolezza/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=Treccani |language=it}}|group=nb}} ruled in October 2004 that Andreotti had "friendly and even direct ties" with the Mafia,<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2013 |title=Giulio Andreotti |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/10039937/Giulio-Andreotti.html |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Barbacetto |first=Gianni |date=8 May 2013 |title=Blog {{!}} Andreotti: le tre svolte di Giulio, quello della mafia 'buona' |url=http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2013/05/08/andreotti-tre-svolte-di-giulio-quello-della-mafia-buona/586823/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 May 2013 |title=Italian prime minister who was too close to the Mafia |url=https://www.independent.ie/life/italian-prime-minister-who-was-too-close-to-the-mafia/29258393.html |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=Irish Independent}}</ref> particularly top men in the moderate wing of Cosa Nostra, such as [[Stefano Bontade]] and [[Gaetano Badalamenti]],<ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2003 |title=Andreotti disponibile verso i mafiosi fino al 1980 |url=https://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2003/07_Luglio/25/andreotti.shtml |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Corriere della Sera |language=it}}</ref><ref name="Baudino 2021">{{cite web |last=Baudino |first=Stefano |date=8 February 2021 |title=I rapporti tra Giulio Andreotti e Cosa Nostra |url=https://www.antimafiaduemila.com/home/opinioni/305-mafia-in-pillole/82126-i-rapporti-tra-giulio-andreotti-e-cosa-nostra.html |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=Antimafia Duemila |language=it}}</ref> and that this was favoured by the connection between them and Lima.<ref name="Baudino 2021" />
At the time, the public and authorities did not know these connections. Buscetta only revealed facts about the relations between mafiosi and politicians after judge [[Giovanni Falcone]] was killed in 1992. However, already in 1964 one of Falcone’s predecessors, judge [[Cesare Terranova]], unequivocally demonstrated Lima’s connections with the La Barberas.<ref name=cds130392>{{in lang|it}} [http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1992/marzo/13/discesa_comincio_con_pentiti_co_0_92031317219.shtml La discesa cominciò con i pentiti], Corriere della Sera, March 13, 1992</ref> In an indictment in 1964, Terranova wrote: "it is clear that Angelo and Salvatore La Barbera (well-known bosses in the Palermo area) ... knew former mayor Salvatore Lima and maintained relations in such a way as to ask for favours. ... The undeniable contacts of the La Barbera mafiosi with the one who was the first citizen of Palermo ... constitute a confirmation of ... the infiltration of the Mafia in several sectors of public life."<ref name="Terranova">[http://www.fondazionecipriani.it/Kronologia/Archivio.php?DAANNO=1964&AANNO=1965&id=&start=210&id=&start=330 Indictment "Angelo La Barbera +42", June 23 1964]</ref><ref name=cds130392/> Nevertheless, Lima was allowed to continue in politics as if nothing had happened.<ref name=rep141186/>


==Alliance with Andreotti==
== Death ==
[[File:Salvo Lima 1968.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Salvo Lima as member of the [[Italian Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]].]]
[[File:Lima Omicidio.jpg|thumb|The body of Lima after his murder]]
On 12 March 1992, 64-year-old Lima was on his way to Palermo in his chauffeur driven car when his tires were shot by a hitman on a motorcycle.<ref name=nyt130392>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE7D8103FF930A25750C0A964958260 A Top Sicilian Politician Is Slain; Pre-Election Mafia Warning Seen], The New York Times, March 13, 1992</ref> After his car screeched to a halt, Lima scrambled out and attempted to flee but the hitman got off the motorbike, shot Lima in the back, and then ran over and finished him off with a bullet to the neck. The hitman then sped away. The killing took place three weeks before Italy's national election, billed as a watershed in Italian politics.<ref name="nyt130392" /> The murder of Lima meant a turning point in the relations between the Mafia and its reference points in politics. The Mafia felt betrayed by Lima and Andreotti. In their opinion they had failed to block the confirmation of the sentence of the Maxi Trial by the Supreme Court of Cassation in January 1992, which upheld the Buscetta theorem that Cosa Nostra was a single hierarchical organisation ruled by the [[Sicilian Mafia Commission]] and that its leaders could be held responsible for criminal acts that were committed to benefit the organisation. In September 1992, the Mafia murdered [[Ignazio Salvo]], the prominent Mafia businessman who had been close to Lima.<ref>[http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1992/09/18/ucciso-ignazio-salvo-intoccabile.html UCCISO IGNAZIO SALVO, L'INTOCCABILE - la Repubblica.it]</ref>


The Mafia had counted on Lima and Andreotti to appoint [[Corrado Carnevale]] to review the sentence. Carnevale, known as "the sentence killer", had overturned many Mafia convictions on the slenderest of technicalities previously. Carnevale had to withdraw due to pressure from the public and from Giovanni Falcone, who at the time had moved to the ministry of Justice. Despite the fact that he served under an Andreotti-led government, Falcone was backed by the minister of Justice [[Claudio Martelli]].<ref>Stille, ''Excellent Cadavers'', p. 348-50</ref> In 1998, several Mafia bosses were sentenced to life in prison for Lima's murder, including Salvatore Riina.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.laprivatarepubblica.com/overruling/Lima%20-%20Cassazione%20-%2013-6-2003.pdf|title=Sentenza della Corte di Cassazione per l'omicidio Lima|language=Italian|publisher=laprivatarepubblica.com}}</ref> Tommaso Buscetta, moved by the deaths of Falcone and Borsellino, decided to break his long silence on ties between politics and Cosa Nostra. He acknowledged that he had known Lima since the late 1950s. On 16 November 1992, Buscetta testified before the Antimafia Commission presided by [[Luciano Violante]] about the links between Cosa Nostra and Lima and Andreotti. He indicated Lima as the contact of the Mafia in Italian politics. Buscetta testified: "Salvo Lima was, in fact, the politician to whom Cosa Nostra turned most often to resolve problems for the organisation whose solution lay in Rome."<ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://www.liberliber.it/biblioteca/i/italia/verbali_antimafia_xi_legislatura/html/violante01/12_00.htm Audizione del collaboratore della giustizia Tommaso Buscetta]</ref>
In 1968 Lima was elected to the [[Italian Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]] (Italian: Camera dei Deputati), suddenly surpassing established politicians in Sicily. The alliance between Lima and Andreotti proved beneficial to both. Although Andreotti had a strong electoral base in and around Rome, his faction had no power base in the rest of Italy. With Lima, who at some time controlled 25 percent of all party members in Sicily, the Andreotti faction turned into a truly national group. While Andreotti had been an important government minister before his alliance with Lima, he now became one of the most powerful politicians in Italy. Andreotti became prime minister for the first time in 1972. In 1974 Lima became Under-Secretary of the Budget. In 1979 Lima was elected in the European Parliament.


Other collaborating witnesses confirmed that Lima had been specifically ordered to fix the appeal of the [[Maxi Trial]] with the Supreme Court of Cassation and had been murdered because he failed to do so. [[Gaspare Mutolo]] stated: "I knew that for any problems requiring a solution in Rome, Lima was the man we turned to. Lima was killed because he did not uphold, or couldn’t uphold, the commitments he had made in Palermo ... The verdict of the Supreme Court was a disaster. After the Supreme Court verdict, we felt we were lost. That verdict was like a dose of poison for the mafiosi, who felt like wounded animals. That's why they carried out the massacres. Something had to happen. I was surprised when people who had eight years of a prison sentence still to serve started giving themselves up. Then they killed Lima and I understood."<ref name="ind240995">[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/all-the-prime-ministers-men-1602608.html All The Prime Minister's Men], by [[Alexander Stille]], The Independent on Sunday, September 24, 1995</ref><ref>Stille, ''Excellent Cadavers'', p. 378-80</ref><ref>Jamieson, ''The Antimafia'', p. 56</ref> According to Mutolo, "Lima was killed because he was the greatest symbol of that part of the political world which, after doing favours for Cosa Nostra in exchange for its votes, was no longer able to protect the interests of the organisation at the time of its most important trial."<ref name="ind240995" />
In 1981, Palermo witnessed the outbreak of a bloody Mafia war. A new dominant group within the Mafia, headed by Salvatore (Totò) Riina, of Corleone, killed and replaced the traditional bosses of Palermo and their associates. The Corleonesi also turned against state representatives and politicians, such as the communist senator [[Pio La Torre]], the Carabinieri general [[Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa]] who had been appointed as the prefect of Palermo to fight the Mafia, and [[Rocco Chinnici]], chief prosecutor in Palermo.


== Legacy ==
A mounting public outcry demanded the Christian Democrats to clean up its house in Sicily. The mayor of Palermo, one of Lima's protégés, was forced to resign, and Andreotti's Sicilian faction was on the defensive. At the [[Maxi Trial]] against the Mafia in the mid 1980s, two of Lima's closest allies, the cousins Nino and Ignazio Salvo, were convicted as members of the Mafia.<ref name=ind240995/> When Lima was in Sicily he was allowed to the bulletproof car of the Salvo’s.<ref name=ind240995/> Lima himself, however, never was part of a criminal investigation, because of the unwillingness of both witnesses and prosecutors.<ref name=ind240995/>
While the allegations of Lima being tied to the Mafia are generally held as true, he was never formally charged or convicted of such allegations, and it remains unknown whether he was a [[made man]] within the Mafia.<ref name=jam221/><ref>Dickie, ''Cosa Nostra'', p. 285</ref> The suspicion that he had relations with Cosa Nostra appeared several times in various reports of the Antimafia Commission, and the Chamber of Deputies rejected requests for authorization to proceed against him four times.<ref name="Il Post 2022"/> In 1993, the Antimafia Commission led by senator Luciano Violante concluded that there were strong indications of relations between Lima and members of Cosa Nostra. According to the Mafia defector [[Leonardo Messina]], "Lima became the prisoner of a system. Before this latest generation, being a friend of mafiosi was easy for everybody ... It was a great honour for a mafioso to have a member of parliament at a wedding or a baptism ... When a mafioso saw a parliamentarian he would take off his hat and offer him a seat."<ref name="st384">Stille, ''Excellent Cadavers'', p. 384</ref> With the rise of power of the Corleonesi, this changed profoundly. Messina said: "Now, it has become an imposition: do this or else."<ref name="st384"/>


In the 1998 trial for the murder of Lima, [[Giuseppe Calò]], [[Francesco Madonia]], Bernardo Brusca, Salvatore Riina, [[Giuseppe Graviano]], [[Pietro Aglieri]], [[Salvatore Montalto]], [[Giuseppe Montalto]], Salvatore Buscemi, Nenè Geraci, Raffaele Ganci, [[Giuseppe Farinella]], [[Benedetto Spera]], [[Antonino Giuffrè]], [[Salvatore Biondino]], [[Michelangelo La Barbera]], and [[Simone Scalici]] were sentenced to life imprisonment, while [[Salvatore Cancemi]] and [[Giovanni Brusca]] were sentenced to 18 years in prison and the collaborators of Justice Francesco Onorato and Giovan Battista Ferrante (who confessed to the crime) were sentenced to 13 years as material perpetrators of the ambush.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/133525.stm Italian Mafia bosses get life sentences], BBC News, 15 July 1998</ref><ref>[http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1998/luglio/16/Processo_Lima_ergastoli_padrini_Cosa_co_0_980716632.shtml Processo Lima: 18 ergastoli ai padrini di Cosa Nostra] Corriere della Sera, 16 luglio 1998</ref> In 2003, the Supreme Court of Cassation annulled the sentence to life imprisonment for Pietro Aglieri, Giuseppe Farinella, Giuseppe Graviano, and Benedetto Spera.<ref>[http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2003/06_Giugno/13/lima.shtml Omicidio Lima: annullati gli ergastoli a 4 boss - Corriere.it<!-- Titolo generato automaticamente -->]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.laprivatarepubblica.com/overruling/Lima%20-%20Cassazione%20-%2013-6-2003.pdf|title=Sentenza della Corte di Cassazione per l'omicidio Lima}}</ref>
Mafia boss [[Tommaso Buscetta]], whose testimonies as a collaborating witness during the [[Maxi Trial]] had been instrumental to convict many Mafia bosses, refused to talk about the relationship between Cosa Nostra and politicians. He told [[Giovanni Falcone]] one of the prosecutors at the Maxi Trial: "I have told you repeatedly that I would not discuss it until and if the time is ripe. It would be extremely foolish to discuss this subject - which is the crucial knot of the Mafia problem - while the very people whom we would be discussing remain fully active on the political scene."<ref name=ind240995/>


== Electoral history ==
The Court of Cassation (court of final appeal) ruled in October 2004 that Andreotti had "friendly and even direct ties" with top men in the so-called moderate wing of Cosa Nostra, [[Stefano Bontade]] and [[Gaetano Badalamenti]], favoured by the connection between them and Salvo Lima.
{|class=wikitable style="width:70%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"

==Killed by the Mafia==
[[File:Lima Omicidio.jpg|thumb|The body of Salvo Lima.]]
On 12 March 1992, 64-year-old Salvo Lima was on his way to Palermo in his chauffeur driven car when his tires were shot out by a gunman on a motorcycle.<ref name=nyt130392>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE7D8103FF930A25750C0A964958260 A Top Sicilian Politician Is Slain; Pre-Election Mafia Warning Seen], The New York Times, March 13, 1992</ref> After his car screeched to a halt, Lima scrambled out and attempted to flee, but the assassin got off the motorbike, shot Lima in the back and then ran over and finished him off with a bullet to the neck. The killer then sped away.

The killing took place three weeks before Italy's national election, billed as a watershed in Italian politics.<ref name=nyt130392/> The murder of Lima meant a turning point in the relations between the Mafia and its reference points in politics. The Mafia felt betrayed by Lima and Andreotti. In their opinion they had failed to block the confirmation of the sentence of the [[Maxi Trial]] by the Court of Cassation (court of final appeal) in January 1992, which upheld the Buscetta theorem that Cosa Nostra was a single hierarchical organisation ruled by a [[Sicilian Mafia Commission|Commission]] and that its leaders could be held responsible for criminal acts that were committed to benefit the organisation. In September 1992, the Mafia murdered [[Ignazio Salvo]], the prominent Mafia businessman who had been close to Lima.<ref>[http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1992/09/18/ucciso-ignazio-salvo-intoccabile.html UCCISO IGNAZIO SALVO, L'INTOCCABILE - la Repubblica.it]</ref>

The Mafia had counted on Lima and Andreotti to appoint [[Corrado Carnevale]] to review the sentence. Carnevale, known as "the sentence killer", had overturned many Mafia convictions on the slenderest of technicalities previously. Carnevale, however, had to withdraw due to pressure from the public and from [[Giovanni Falcone]] – who at the time had moved to the ministry of Justice. Falcone was backed by the minister of Justice [[Claudio Martelli]] despite the fact that he served under Prime Minister Andreotti.<ref>Stille, ''Excellent Cadavers'', p. 348-50</ref>

In 1998, several Mafia bosses were sentenced to life in prison for Lima's murder, including [[Salvatore Riina]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.laprivatarepubblica.com/overruling/Lima%20-%20Cassazione%20-%2013-6-2003.pdf|title=Sentenza della Corte di Cassazione per l'omicidio Lima|language=Italian|publisher=laprivatarepubblica.com}}</ref>

[[Tommaso Buscetta]], moved by the deaths of Falcone and Borsellino, decided to break his long silence on ties between politics and Cosa Nostra. He acknowledged that he had known Lima since the late 1950s. On 16 November 1992 Buscetta testified before the [[Antimafia Commission]] presided by [[Luciano Violante]] about the links between Cosa Nostra and [[Salvo Lima]] and [[Giulio Andreotti]]. He indicated [[Salvo Lima]] as the contact of the Mafia in Italian politics. "Salvo Lima was, in fact, the politician to whom Cosa Nostra turned most often to resolve problems for the organisation whose solution lay in Rome," Buscetta testified.<ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://www.liberliber.it/biblioteca/i/italia/verbali_antimafia_xi_legislatura/html/violante01/12_00.htm Audizione del collaboratore della giustizia Tommaso Buscetta]</ref> Other collaborating witnesses confirmed that Lima had been specifically ordered to "fix" the appeal of the [[Maxi Trial]] with Italy's Court of Cassation and had been murdered because he failed to do so.

"I knew that for any problems requiring a solution in Rome, Lima was the man we turned to," according to another pentito [[Gaspare Mutolo]]. "Lima was killed because he did not uphold or couldn’t uphold, the commitments he had made in Palermo (…) The verdict of the Supreme Court was disaster. After the Supreme Court verdict we felt we were lost. That verdict was like a dose of poison for the mafiosi, who felt like wounded animals. That’s why they carried out the massacres. Something had to happen. I was surprised when people who had eight years of a prison sentence still to serve started giving themselves up. Then they killed Lima and I understood."<ref name=ind240995>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/all-the-prime-ministers-men-1602608.html All The Prime Minister's Men], by [[Alexander Stille]], The Independent on Sunday, September 24, 1995</ref><ref>Stille, ''Excellent Cadavers'', p. 378-80</ref><ref>Jamieson, ''The Antimafia'', p. 56</ref> According to Mutolo, "Lima was killed because he was the greatest symbol of that part of the political world which, after doing favours for Cosa Nostra in exchange for its votes, was no longer able to protect the interests of the organisation at the time of its most important trial."<ref name=ind240995/>

==Legacy==
Most sources regard the allegations of Lima being tied to the Mafia as true, although it must be pointed out that he was never formally charged or convicted of such allegations. In 1993 the [[Antimafia Commission]] led by senator [[Luciano Violante]] concluded that there were strong indications of relations between Lima and members of Cosa Nostra.

"Lima became the prisoner of a system," according to the [[pentito]] [[Leonardo Messina]]. "Before this latest generation, being a friend of mafiosi was easy for everybody… It was a great honour for a mafioso to have a member of parliament at a wedding or a baptism… When a mafioso saw a parliamentarian he would take off his hat and offer him a seat." With the rise of power of the [[Corleonesi]] this changed profoundly. "Now, it has become an imposition: do this or else," Messina said.<ref name=st384>Stille, ''Excellent Cadavers'', p. 384</ref>

In 1998, in the trial for the murder of Lima, [[Giuseppe Calò]], [[Francesco Madonia]], Bernardo Brusca, [[Salvatore Riina]], [[Giuseppe Graviano]], [[Pietro Aglieri]], [[Salvatore Montalto]], [[Giuseppe Montalto]], Salvatore Buscemi, Nenè Geraci, Raffaele Ganci, [[Giuseppe Farinella]], [[Benedetto Spera]], [[Antonino Giuffrè]], [[Salvatore Biondino]], [[Michelangelo La Barbera]], and [[Simone Scalici]] were sentenced to life imprisonment, while [[Salvatore Cancemi]] and [[Giovanni Brusca]] were sentenced to 18 years in prison and the collaborators of Justice Francesco Onorato and Giovan Battista Ferrante (who confessed to the crime) were sentenced to 13 years as material perpetrators of the ambush.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/133525.stm Italian Mafia bosses get life sentences], BBC News, 15 July 1998</ref><ref>[http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1998/luglio/16/Processo_Lima_ergastoli_padrini_Cosa_co_0_980716632.shtml Processo Lima: 18 ergastoli ai padrini di Cosa Nostra] Corriere della Sera, 16 luglio 1998</ref> In 2003, the Cassation annulled the sentence to life imprisonment for Pietro Aglieri, Giuseppe Farinella, Giuseppe Graviano and Benedetto Spera.<ref>[http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2003/06_Giugno/13/lima.shtml Omicidio Lima: annullati gli ergastoli a 4 boss - Corriere.it<!-- Titolo generato automaticamente -->]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.laprivatarepubblica.com/overruling/Lima%20-%20Cassazione%20-%2013-6-2003.pdf|title=Sentenza della Corte di Cassazione per l'omicidio Lima}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
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==References==
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}


== References ==
*Dickie, John (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_W6WBgAAQBAJ Cosa Nostra. A history of the Sicilian Mafia]'', London: Coronet, {{ISBN|0-340-82435-2}}
{{reflist}}
*Jamieson, Alison (2000), ''The Antimafia. Italy’s Fight Against Organized Crime'', London: MacMillan Press {{ISBN|0-333-80158-X}}
*Schneider, Jane T. & Peter T. Schneider (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=f52WqN8pR14C Reversible Destiny: Mafia, Antimafia, and the Struggle for Palermo]'', Berkeley: University of California Press {{ISBN|0-520-23609-2}}
*Servadio Gaia (1976). ''Mafioso. A history of the Mafia from its origins to the present day'', London: Secker & Warburg {{ISBN|0-440-55104-8}}
*[[Alexander Stille|Stille, Alexander]] (1995). ''Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic'', New York: Vintage {{ISBN|0-09-959491-9}}


== Bibliography ==
==External links==
* Dickie, John (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_W6WBgAAQBAJ Cosa Nostra: A History of the Sicilian Mafia]''. London: Coronet. {{ISBN|0-340-82435-2}}.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060324222910/http://www.europarl.eu.int/members/archive/term3/view.do?language=EN&id=991 Salvatore Lima's European Parliament page]
* Jamieson, Alison (2000). ''The Antimafia: Italy's Fight Against Organized Crime''. London: MacMillan Press. {{ISBN|0-333-80158-X}}.
*{{in lang|it}} [http://www.ipezzimancanti.it/download/Sentenza%20Lima%20Cassazione.doc Sentenza Cassazione omicidio Lima]
* Schneider, Jane T.; Schneider, Peter T. (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=f52WqN8pR14C Reversible Destiny: Mafia, Antimafia, and the Struggle for Palermo]''. Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-23609-2}}.
* Servadio, Gaia (1976). ''Mafioso: A History of the Mafia from Its Origins to the Present Day''. London: Secker & Warburg. {{ISBN|0-440-55104-8}}.
* [[Alexander Stille|Stille, Alexander]] (1995). ''Excellent Cadavers: The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic''. New York: Vintage. {{ISBN|0-09-959491-9}}.


== External links ==
{{Authority control}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060324222910/http://www.europarl.eu.int/members/archive/term3/view.do?language=EN&id=991 Salvatore Lima's European Parliament page]
* [http://www.ipezzimancanti.it/download/Sentenza%20Lima%20Cassazione.doc 2001 sentence of the Supreme Court of Cassation about Lima's murder] {{in lang|it}}
** At [https://www.csm.it/documents/21768/129113/Corte+cassazione+27+aprile+2001/8a0b81d3-9e76-4165-80ac-d9d778e901e1 CSM] {{in lang|it}}
* 2004 sentence of the Supreme Court of Cassation about Andreotti and his relations with the Mafia, which were favoured by their links with Lima
** At [https://www.archivioantimafia.org/sentenze2/andreotti/andreotti_cassazione.pdf ArchivioAntimafia] {{in lang|it}}
** At [https://www.leggioggi.it/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Sentenza-Cassazione-Andreotti-2004-1.pdf LeggiOggi] {{in lang|it}}


{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lima, Salvo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lima, Salvo}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Palermo]]
[[Category:Assassinated Sicilian politicians]]
[[Category:Christian Democracy (Italy) politicians]]
[[Category:Christian Democracy (Italy) politicians]]
[[Category:Murdered mayors]]
[[Category:Mayors of Palermo]]
[[Category:Mayors of Palermo]]
[[Category:Politicians of Sicily]]
[[Category:MEPs for Italy 1979–1984]]
[[Category:People murdered by the Corleonesi]]
[[Category:People murdered by the Corleonesi]]
[[Category:Assassinated Sicilian politicians]]
[[Category:People murdered in Italy]]
[[Category:People murdered in Italy]]
[[Category:MEPs for Italy 1979–1984]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 1992]]

Latest revision as of 21:20, 15 August 2024

Salvatore Lima
Member of the European Parliament
In office
17 July 1979 – 12 March 1992
ConstituencyItalian Islands
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
In office
5 June 1968 – 17 July 1979
ConstituencyPalermo
Mayor of Palermo
In office
27 January 1965 – 9 July 1966
Preceded byPaolo Bevilacqua
Succeeded byPaolo Bevilacqua
In office
7 June 1958 – 23 January 1963
Preceded byLuciano Maugeri
Succeeded byFrancesco Saverio Diliberto
Personal details
Born
Salvatore Achille Ettore Lima

(1928-01-23)23 January 1928
Palermo, Kingdom of Italy
Died12 March 1992(1992-03-12) (aged 64)
Palermo, Italy
Manner of deathAssassination
Political partyChristian Democracy
Alma materUniversity of Palermo
ProfessionLawyer
NicknameSalvo

Salvatore Achille Ettore Lima (Italian: [salvaˈtoːre ˈliːma]; 23 January 1928 – 12 March 1992), often referred to as Salvo Lima, was an Italian politician from Sicily who was associated with, and murdered by, the Sicilian Mafia. According to the pentito (Mafia defector) Tommaso Buscetta, Lima's father, Vincenzo Lima, was a member of the Mafia but is not known whether Lima himself was a made member of Cosa Nostra. In the final report of the first Antimafia Commission (1963–1976), Lima was described as one of the pillars of Mafia power in Palermo.

During his long career with Christian Democracy (DC) that began in the 1950s, Lima was first allied with the faction of Amintore Fanfani and after 1964 with the one of Giulio Andreotti, seven times prime minister and a member of almost every post-war Italian government. That shift earned him a seat in the national parliament in 1968. Lima was often referred to as Andreotti's proconsul on Sicily. Under Andreotti, Lima once held a cabinet post. At the time of his death, he was a member of the European Parliament. Lima rarely spoke in public or campaigned during elections but usually managed to gain large support from seemingly nowhere when it came to voting day. He was assassinated in 1992 by the Sicilian Mafia.

Early life and mayor of Palermo

[edit]

Lima was born in Palermo on 23 January 1928, the son of Vincenzo Lima, an archivist from the municipality of Palermo. In the early 1950s, after obtaining a degree in Law from the University of Palermo, he found a job at the Banco di Sicilia. Following the 1956 Italian local election, Lima was elected municipal councilor of the municipality of Palermo and became a supporter of the Christian Democracy deputy and minister Giovanni Gioia several times, adhering to Amintore Fanfani's party current and becoming councilor with delegation to public works within the municipal council led by the new Palermo mayor Luciano Maugeri. From 1958 to 1963, Lima was mayor of Palermo, his birthplace, while his fellow Christian Democrat Vito Ciancimino was assessor for public works.[1][2][3]

Between 1951 and 1961, the population of Palermo had risen by 100,000. Under Lima and Ciancimino an unprecedented construction boom hit the city. They supported Mafia-allied building contractors such as Palermo’s leading construction entrepreneur Francesco Vassallo – a former cart driver hauling sand and stone in a poor district of Palermo. Vassallo was connected to mafiosi like Angelo La Barbera and Tommaso Buscetta. In five years, over 4,000 building licences were signed, more than half of them in the names of three pensioners who had no connection with construction at all.[4][5] This period was later referred to as the "Sack of Palermo" because the construction boom led to the destruction of the city's green belt, and villas that gave it architectural grace, to make way for characterless and shoddily constructed apartment blocks. In the meantime, Palermo's historical centre was allowed to crumble.[6] During an investigation in 1964, Lima had to admit that he knew La Barbera, one of Palermo's most powerful mobsters.[7][8] Lima's election was supported by the La Barbera clan.[9] From 1965 to 1968, Lima was again mayor of Palermo.[1]

Early Mafia connections

[edit]

As mayor of Palermo, Lima arranged an unusually lucrative concession to collect taxes in Sicily to Antonio Salvo and Ignazio Salvo, two wealthy Mafia cousins from the town of Salemi in the province of Trapani, in exchange for their loyalty to Lima and the Andreotti faction of Christian Democracy. The Salvos were allowed 10 percent of the take – three times as much as the national average of 3.3 percent. According to the Mafia defector Tommaso Buscetta, Lima's father was a man of honour of the Palermo Centro Mafia family that was led by Angelo and Salvatore La Barbera, of which Buscetta's family (the Porta Nuova Mafia family) was also part. The La Barbera brothers helped Lima in getting elected. Buscetta himself met Lima many times and they became good friends. Every year, Lima provided Buscetta with tickets for the Teatro Massimo in Palermo.[10]

At the time, the public and authorities did not know these connections. Buscetta only revealed facts about the relations between mafiosi and politicians after judge Giovanni Falcone was killed in 1992. Already in 1964, one of Falcone's predecessors, judge Cesare Terranova, unequivocally demonstrated Lima's connections with the La Barberas. In an indictment in 1964, Terranova wrote that "it is clear that Angelo and Salvatore La Barbera (well-known bosses in the Palermo area) ... knew former mayor Salvatore Lima and maintained relations in such a way as to ask for favours ... The undeniable contacts of the La Barbera mafiosi with the one who was the first citizen of Palermo ... constitute a confirmation of ... the infiltration of the Mafia in several sectors of public life."[11][12] Nevertheless, Lima was allowed to continue in politics as if nothing had happened.[1]

Alliance with Andreotti

[edit]
Lima as member of the Chamber of Deputies

In 1968, Lima was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies, suddenly surpassing established politicians in Sicily. The alliance between Lima and Andreotti proved beneficial to both. Although Andreotti had a strong electoral base in and around Rome, his faction had no power base in the rest of Italy. With Lima, who at some time was in control of 25 percent of all party members in Sicily, the Andreotti faction turned into a truly national group. While Andreotti had been an important government minister before his alliance with Lima, he now became one of the most powerful politicians in Italy. Andreotti became prime minister for the first time in 1972. In 1974, Lima became Under-Secretary of the Budget. In 1979, Lima was elected in the European Parliament.[3]

In 1981, Palermo witnessed the outbreak of a bloody Mafia war. A new dominant group within the Mafia, headed by Salvatore Riina of Corleone, killed and replaced the traditional bosses of Palermo and their associates. The Corleonesi also turned against state representatives and politicians, such as the communist senator Pio La Torre, the Carabinieri general Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa who had been appointed as the prefect of Palermo to fight the Mafia, and Rocco Chinnici, chief prosecutor in Palermo. A mounting public outcry demanded the Christian Democrats to clean up its house in Sicily. The mayor of Palermo, one of Lima's protégés, was forced to resign, and Andreotti's Sicilian faction was on the defensive. At the Maxi Trial against the Mafia in the mid 1980s, two of Lima's closest allies, the cousins Nino and Ignazio Salvo, were convicted as members of the Mafia.[8]

When in Sicily, Lima was allowed to use the bulletproof car of the Salvo's.[8] Lima himself was never part of a criminal investigation because of the unwillingness of both witnesses and prosecutors.[8] Mafia boss Tommaso Buscetta, whose testimonies as a collaborating witness during the Maxi Trial had been instrumental in convicting many Mafia bosses, refused to talk about the relationship between Cosa Nostra and politicians. He told Giovanni Falcone, one of the prosecutors at the Maxi Trial: "I have told you repeatedly that I would not discuss it until and if the time is ripe. It would be extremely foolish to discuss this subject – which is the crucial knot of the Mafia problem – while the very people whom we would be discussing remain fully active on the political scene."[8] Italy's Supreme Court of Cassation, which is the court of final appeal,[nb 1] ruled in October 2004 that Andreotti had "friendly and even direct ties" with the Mafia,[13][14][15] particularly top men in the moderate wing of Cosa Nostra, such as Stefano Bontade and Gaetano Badalamenti,[16][17] and that this was favoured by the connection between them and Lima.[17]

Death

[edit]
The body of Lima after his murder

On 12 March 1992, 64-year-old Lima was on his way to Palermo in his chauffeur driven car when his tires were shot by a hitman on a motorcycle.[18] After his car screeched to a halt, Lima scrambled out and attempted to flee but the hitman got off the motorbike, shot Lima in the back, and then ran over and finished him off with a bullet to the neck. The hitman then sped away. The killing took place three weeks before Italy's national election, billed as a watershed in Italian politics.[18] The murder of Lima meant a turning point in the relations between the Mafia and its reference points in politics. The Mafia felt betrayed by Lima and Andreotti. In their opinion they had failed to block the confirmation of the sentence of the Maxi Trial by the Supreme Court of Cassation in January 1992, which upheld the Buscetta theorem that Cosa Nostra was a single hierarchical organisation ruled by the Sicilian Mafia Commission and that its leaders could be held responsible for criminal acts that were committed to benefit the organisation. In September 1992, the Mafia murdered Ignazio Salvo, the prominent Mafia businessman who had been close to Lima.[19]

The Mafia had counted on Lima and Andreotti to appoint Corrado Carnevale to review the sentence. Carnevale, known as "the sentence killer", had overturned many Mafia convictions on the slenderest of technicalities previously. Carnevale had to withdraw due to pressure from the public and from Giovanni Falcone, who at the time had moved to the ministry of Justice. Despite the fact that he served under an Andreotti-led government, Falcone was backed by the minister of Justice Claudio Martelli.[20] In 1998, several Mafia bosses were sentenced to life in prison for Lima's murder, including Salvatore Riina.[21] Tommaso Buscetta, moved by the deaths of Falcone and Borsellino, decided to break his long silence on ties between politics and Cosa Nostra. He acknowledged that he had known Lima since the late 1950s. On 16 November 1992, Buscetta testified before the Antimafia Commission presided by Luciano Violante about the links between Cosa Nostra and Lima and Andreotti. He indicated Lima as the contact of the Mafia in Italian politics. Buscetta testified: "Salvo Lima was, in fact, the politician to whom Cosa Nostra turned most often to resolve problems for the organisation whose solution lay in Rome."[22]

Other collaborating witnesses confirmed that Lima had been specifically ordered to fix the appeal of the Maxi Trial with the Supreme Court of Cassation and had been murdered because he failed to do so. Gaspare Mutolo stated: "I knew that for any problems requiring a solution in Rome, Lima was the man we turned to. Lima was killed because he did not uphold, or couldn’t uphold, the commitments he had made in Palermo ... The verdict of the Supreme Court was a disaster. After the Supreme Court verdict, we felt we were lost. That verdict was like a dose of poison for the mafiosi, who felt like wounded animals. That's why they carried out the massacres. Something had to happen. I was surprised when people who had eight years of a prison sentence still to serve started giving themselves up. Then they killed Lima and I understood."[8][23][24] According to Mutolo, "Lima was killed because he was the greatest symbol of that part of the political world which, after doing favours for Cosa Nostra in exchange for its votes, was no longer able to protect the interests of the organisation at the time of its most important trial."[8]

Legacy

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While the allegations of Lima being tied to the Mafia are generally held as true, he was never formally charged or convicted of such allegations, and it remains unknown whether he was a made man within the Mafia.[9][25] The suspicion that he had relations with Cosa Nostra appeared several times in various reports of the Antimafia Commission, and the Chamber of Deputies rejected requests for authorization to proceed against him four times.[3] In 1993, the Antimafia Commission led by senator Luciano Violante concluded that there were strong indications of relations between Lima and members of Cosa Nostra. According to the Mafia defector Leonardo Messina, "Lima became the prisoner of a system. Before this latest generation, being a friend of mafiosi was easy for everybody ... It was a great honour for a mafioso to have a member of parliament at a wedding or a baptism ... When a mafioso saw a parliamentarian he would take off his hat and offer him a seat."[26] With the rise of power of the Corleonesi, this changed profoundly. Messina said: "Now, it has become an imposition: do this or else."[26]

In the 1998 trial for the murder of Lima, Giuseppe Calò, Francesco Madonia, Bernardo Brusca, Salvatore Riina, Giuseppe Graviano, Pietro Aglieri, Salvatore Montalto, Giuseppe Montalto, Salvatore Buscemi, Nenè Geraci, Raffaele Ganci, Giuseppe Farinella, Benedetto Spera, Antonino Giuffrè, Salvatore Biondino, Michelangelo La Barbera, and Simone Scalici were sentenced to life imprisonment, while Salvatore Cancemi and Giovanni Brusca were sentenced to 18 years in prison and the collaborators of Justice Francesco Onorato and Giovan Battista Ferrante (who confessed to the crime) were sentenced to 13 years as material perpetrators of the ambush.[27][28] In 2003, the Supreme Court of Cassation annulled the sentence to life imprisonment for Pietro Aglieri, Giuseppe Farinella, Giuseppe Graviano, and Benedetto Spera.[29][30]

Electoral history

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Election House Constituency Party Votes Result
1968 Chamber of the Deputies Palermo–Trapani–Agrigento–Caltanissetta DC 80,387 checkY Elected
1972 Chamber of the Deputies Palermo–Trapani–Agrigento–Caltanissetta DC 84,755 checkY Elected
1976 Chamber of the Deputies Palermo–Trapani–Agrigento–Caltanissetta DC 100,792 checkY Elected
1979 European Parliament Italian Islands DC 305,308 checkY Elected
1984 European Parliament Italian Islands DC 256,633 checkY Elected
1989 European Parliament Italian Islands DC 246,912 checkY Elected

Notes

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  1. ^ According to the Italian law, which has three degrees of judgment and follows the "presumption of innocence" principle, a defendant is "not guilty" until the sentence "becomes final". A defendant has the right to all three levels of judgment (Court, Court of Appeal, and Supreme Court of Cassation) and to advance, in any level, a request for a constitutional complaint. They also have the right to go to supranational courts, such as the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights, to stand up for their reasons. See "Presunzione di non colpevolezza". Treccani (in Italian). 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2024.

References

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  1. ^ a b c (in Italian) L' impero siciliano di Salvo Lima & C., La Repubblica, November 14, 1986
  2. ^ Schneider & Schneider, Reversible Destiny, pp. 55-56
  3. ^ a b c "L'omicidio di Salvo Lima". Il Post (in Italian). 12 March 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  4. ^ Servadio, Mafioso, p. 204–206
  5. ^ Stille, Excellent Cadavers, p. 21–22
  6. ^ Schneider & Schneider, Reversible Destiny, pp. 14–19
  7. ^ Jamieson, The Antimafia, p. 21
  8. ^ a b c d e f g All The Prime Minister's Men, by Alexander Stille, The Independent on Sunday, September 24, 1995
  9. ^ a b Jamieson, The Antimafia, p. 221
  10. ^ (in Italian) I rapporti intrattenuti da Salvatore Lima con esponenti mafiosi Sentenza primo grado processo Andreotti di Palermo, 23 October 1999.
  11. ^ Indictment "Angelo La Barbera +42", June 23 1964
  12. ^ (in Italian) La discesa cominciò con i pentiti, Corriere della Sera, March 13, 1992
  13. ^ "Giulio Andreotti". The Telegraph. 6 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  14. ^ Barbacetto, Gianni (8 May 2013). "Blog | Andreotti: le tre svolte di Giulio, quello della mafia 'buona'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  15. ^ "Italian prime minister who was too close to the Mafia". Irish Independent. 12 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  16. ^ "Andreotti disponibile verso i mafiosi fino al 1980". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 25 July 2003. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  17. ^ a b Baudino, Stefano (8 February 2021). "I rapporti tra Giulio Andreotti e Cosa Nostra". Antimafia Duemila (in Italian). Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  18. ^ a b A Top Sicilian Politician Is Slain; Pre-Election Mafia Warning Seen, The New York Times, March 13, 1992
  19. ^ UCCISO IGNAZIO SALVO, L'INTOCCABILE - la Repubblica.it
  20. ^ Stille, Excellent Cadavers, p. 348-50
  21. ^ "Sentenza della Corte di Cassazione per l'omicidio Lima" (PDF) (in Italian). laprivatarepubblica.com.
  22. ^ (in Italian) Audizione del collaboratore della giustizia Tommaso Buscetta
  23. ^ Stille, Excellent Cadavers, p. 378-80
  24. ^ Jamieson, The Antimafia, p. 56
  25. ^ Dickie, Cosa Nostra, p. 285
  26. ^ a b Stille, Excellent Cadavers, p. 384
  27. ^ Italian Mafia bosses get life sentences, BBC News, 15 July 1998
  28. ^ Processo Lima: 18 ergastoli ai padrini di Cosa Nostra Corriere della Sera, 16 luglio 1998
  29. ^ Omicidio Lima: annullati gli ergastoli a 4 boss - Corriere.it
  30. ^ "Sentenza della Corte di Cassazione per l'omicidio Lima" (PDF).

Bibliography

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