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"Sammankomsten" ("The Meeting"), oil painting by Ester Almqvist, original at the Swedish National Museum. The painting was chosen by the UN as a motif for a stamp commemorating the establishment of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, paragraph 20: the Right of Assembly.

Freedom of peaceful assembly, sometimes used interchangeably with the freedom of association, is the individual right or ability of people to come together and collectively express, promote, pursue, and defend their collective or shared ideas.^[2] The right to freedom of association is recognized as a human right, a political right and a civil liberty.

The terms freedom of assembly and freedom of association may be used to distinguish between the freedom to assemble in public places and the freedom to join an association. Freedom of assembly is often used in the context of the right to protest, while freedom of association is used in the context of labor rights. The Constitution of the United States is interpreted to mean both the freedom to assemble and the freedom to join an association.^[3]

Human rights instruments

Freedom of assembly is included in, among others, the following human rights instruments:

Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Article 20
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – Article 21
European Convention on Human Rights – Article 11
American Convention on Human Rights – Article 15

National and regional constitutions that recognize freedom of assembly include:

Bangladesh – Articles 37 and 38 of the Constitution of Bangladesh guarantee the freedom of association and assembly.^[4]
Brazil – Article 5 of the Constitution of Brazil
Canada – S. 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which forms part of the Constitution Act, 1982
France – Article 431-1 of the Nouveau Code Pénal
Germany – Article 8 GG (Grundgesetz, Basic Law)
Hungary – Article VIII (1) of the Fundamental Law
India – Article 19 of the Constitution of India
Indonesia – Article 28E(3) of the Constitution of Indonesia
Ireland – Article 40.6.1° of the Constitution, as enumerated under the heading "Fundamental Rights"^[5]^[6]
Italy – Article 17 of the Constitution^[7]
Japan – Article 21 of the Constitution of Japan
Macau Basic Law - Article 27
Malaysia – Article 10 of the Constitution of Malaysia
Mexico – Article 9 of the Constitution of Mexico
Netherlands - Articles 8 and 9 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
New Zealand – Section 16 New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990
Norway – Section 101 of the Constitution of Norway
Pakistan - Article 16 of the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973
Philippines – Article III, Section 4 of the Constitution of the Philippines
Poland – Article 57 of the Constitution of Poland
Russia – Articles 30 and 31 of the Constitution of Russia guarantee the freedom of association and peaceful assembly.^[8]
South Africa Bill of Rights – Article 17
Spain – Article 21 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978
Sweden – Chapter 2 of The Instrument of Government^[9]
Taiwan (Republic of China) – Article 14 guarantees freedom of assembly and association.
Turkey – Articles 33 and 34 of the Constitution of Turkey guarantee the freedom of association and assembly.
UAE – Article 33 of the Constitution of the UAE
United States – First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States
Venezuela – Article 68 of the Constitution of Venezuela^[10]

References

^ California Vehicle Code § 21950(b): "No pedestrian may unnecessarily stop or delay traffic while in a marked or unmarked crosswalk."
^ Jeremy McBride, Freedom of Association, in The Essentials of... Human Rights, Hodder Arnold, London, 2005, pp. 18–20
^ See: NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 898 (1982); Healey v. James, 408 U.S. 169 (1972); Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia, 377 U.S. 1 (1964); United Mine Workers v. Illinois State Bar Assn., 389 U.S. 217 (1967).
^ "Constitution of Bangladesh: Chapter III". Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
^ Citizensinformation.ie. "Fundamental Rights under the Irish Constitution". www.citizensinformation.ie. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
^ "Constitution of Ireland". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
^ "The Italian Constitution" (PDF). The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic. Archived from the original on 2016-11-27.
^ "Constitution of Russia: Article 30". Adopted at National Voting on December 12, 1993.
^ Riksdagsförvaltningen. "Kungörelse (1974:152) om beslutad ny regeringsform Svensk författningssamling 1974:1974:152 t.o.m. SFS 2018:1903 - Riksdagen". www.riksdagen.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2020-04-13.
^ Situación de la criminalización y represión en Venezuela- 2018 (PDF) (in Spanish). Caracas, Venezuela: Observatorio Venezolano de Conflictividad Social (published February 2019). 17 December 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2020.

External links

Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly OSCE/ODIHR, 2007
- Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly (2nd edition) Venice Commission and OSCE/ODIHR, 2010

[1] California Vehicle Code § 21950(b): "No pedestrian may unnecessarily stop or delay traffic while in a marked or unmarked crosswalk."

[2] Jeremy McBride, Freedom of Association, in The Essentials of... Human Rights, Hodder Arnold, London, 2005, pp. 18–20

[3] See: NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 898 (1982); Healey v. James, 408 U.S. 169 (1972); Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia, 377 U.S. 1 (1964); United Mine Workers v. Illinois State Bar Assn., 389 U.S. 217 (1967).

[bd-4] "Constitution of Bangladesh: Chapter III". Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2011.

[5] Citizensinformation.ie. "Fundamental Rights under the Irish Constitution". www.citizensinformation.ie. Retrieved 2018-03-03.

[6] "Constitution of Ireland". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 2018-03-03.

[7] "The Italian Constitution" (PDF). The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic. Archived from the original on 2016-11-27.

[ru-8] "Constitution of Russia: Article 30". Adopted at National Voting on December 12, 1993.

[9] Riksdagsförvaltningen. "Kungörelse (1974:152) om beslutad ny regeringsform Svensk författningssamling 1974:1974:152 t.o.m. SFS 2018:1903 - Riksdagen". www.riksdagen.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2020-04-13.

[10] Situación de la criminalización y represión en Venezuela- 2018 (PDF) (in Spanish). Caracas, Venezuela: Observatorio Venezolano de Conflictividad Social (published February 2019). 17 December 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2020.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Use American English|date = March 2019}}
 {{Short description|Right to form social or political groups and hold meetings}}
-[[File:Themeeting.jpg|thumb|"Sammankomsten" ("The Meeting"), oil painting by [[Ester Almqvist]], original at the [[Swedish National Museum]]. The painting was chosen by the [[United Nations|UN]] as a motif for a stamp commemorating the establishment of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], paragraph 20: the Right of Assembly]]
+[[File:Themeeting.jpg|thumb|"Sammankomsten" ("The Meeting"), oil painting by [[Ester Almqvist]], original at the [[Swedish National Museum]]. The painting was chosen by the [[United Nations|UN]] as a motif for a stamp commemorating the establishment of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], paragraph 20: the Right of Assembly.]]
 [[File:Janitor strike santa monica.jpg|thumb|[[Janitor]]ial workers striking in front of the [[MTV]] building in [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]], [[California]].  Although striking in a [[trade union]] is a way of exercising freedom of assembly and freedom of association, other aspects of the conduct of the workers depicted here, such as pedestrian blocking of vehicle traffic in whichever direction has the [[Right-of-way (traffic)#Intersections|right of way]] at this signal-controlled intersection, may violate local or state laws such as California Vehicle Code § 21950(b).<ref>[https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=VEH&division=11.&title=&part=&chapter=5.&article= California Vehicle Code § 21950(b)]: "No pedestrian may unnecessarily stop or delay traffic while in a marked or unmarked crosswalk."</ref>]]
 [[File:Occupy Oakland Nov 12 2011 PM 57.jpg|thumb|Posted excerpt from the [[US Constitution]], at an [[Occupy Oakland]] event, 2011]]
 {{Liberalism sidebar}}
+{{United States constitutional law}}
 '''Freedom of peaceful assembly''', sometimes used interchangeably with the [[freedom of association]], is the [[right|individual right or ability]] of people to come together and collectively express, promote, pursue, and defend their collective or shared ideas.<ref>Jeremy McBride, Freedom of Association, in The Essentials of... Human Rights, Hodder Arnold, London, 2005, pp. 18–20</ref> The right to freedom of association is recognized as a [[human right]], a [[Political freedom|political right]] and a [[Civil liberties|civil liberty]].
-The terms ''freedom of assembly'' and ''freedom of association'' may be used to distinguish between the freedom to assemble in public places and the freedom to join an association. Freedom of assembly is often used in the context of the [[right to protest]], while freedom of association is used in the context of labor rights and in the [[Constitution of the United States]] is interpreted to mean both the freedom to assemble and the freedom to join an association.<ref>See: NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 898 (1982); Healey v. James, 408 U.S. 169 (1972); Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia, 377 U.S. 1 (1964); United Mine Workers v. Illinois State Bar Assn., 389 U.S. 217 (1967).</ref>
+The terms ''freedom of assembly'' and ''freedom of association'' may be used to distinguish between the freedom to assemble in public places and the freedom to join an association. Freedom of assembly is often used in the context of the [[right to protest]], while freedom of association is used in the context of labor rights. The [[Constitution of the United States]] is interpreted to mean both the freedom to assemble and the freedom to join an association.<ref>See: NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 898 (1982); Healey v. James, 408 U.S. 169 (1972); Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia, 377 U.S. 1 (1964); United Mine Workers v. Illinois State Bar Assn., 389 U.S. 217 (1967).</ref>
 ==Human rights instruments==
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 * [[Germany]] – Article 8 GG ([[Grundgesetz]], Basic Law)
 * [[Hungary]] – Article VIII (1) of the [[Constitution of Hungary|Fundamental Law]]
-* [[India]] – [[Fundamental Rights in India]]
+* [[India]] – Article 19 of the [[Constitution of India]]
 *[[Indonesia]] – Article 28E(3) of the [[Constitution of Indonesia]]
-* [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] – Article 40.6.1° of the [[Constitution of Ireland|Constitution]], as enumerated under the heading "Fundamental Rights"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/irish_constitution_1/constitution_fundamental_rights.html|title=Fundamental Rights under the Irish Constitution|last=Citizensinformation.ie|website=www.citizensinformation.ie|language=en|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#part13|title=electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)|last=(eISB)|first=electronic Irish Statute Book|website=www.irishstatutebook.ie|language=en|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref>
+* [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] – Article 40.6.1° of the [[Constitution of Ireland|Constitution]], as enumerated under the heading "Fundamental Rights"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/irish_constitution_1/constitution_fundamental_rights.html|title=Fundamental Rights under the Irish Constitution|last=Citizensinformation.ie|website=www.citizensinformation.ie|language=en|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#part13|title=Constitution of Ireland|website=[[Irish Statute Book]]|language=en|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref>
 * [[Italy]] – Article 17 of the [[Italian Constitution|Constitution]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The Italian Constitution |url=http://www.quirinale.it/page/costituzione|publisher=The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127152449/http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/costituzione/pdf/costituzione_inglese.pdf |archive-date=2016-11-27 }}</ref>
 * [[Japan]] – Article 21 of the [[Constitution of Japan]]
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 * [[Malaysia]] – [[Article 10 of the Constitution of Malaysia]]
 * [[Mexico]] – Article 9 of the [[Constitution of Mexico]]
+* [[Netherlands]] - Articles 8 and 9 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
 * [[New Zealand]] – Section 16 [[New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990]]
 * [[Norway]] – Section 101 of the [[Constitution of Norway]]
@@ Line 44: / Line 45: @@
 * [[Taiwan]] ([[Republic of China]]) – Article 14 guarantees freedom of assembly and association.
 * [[Turkey]] – Articles 33 and 34 of the [[Constitution of Turkey]] guarantee the freedom of association and assembly.
+* [[UAE]] – Article 33 of the [[Constitution of the United Arab Emirates|Constitution of the UAE]]
-* [[UAE]] – The UAE Constitution protects freedom of peaceful assembly.<ref>{{cite web |title=Human rights in the UAE|url=https://government.ae/en/about-the-uae/human-rights-in-the-uae/human-rights-are-guaranteed-by-constitution|publisher=Updated on 01 Jul 2019}}</ref>
 * [[United States]] – [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] to the [[United States Constitution|Constitution of the United States]]
+* [[Venezuela]]  – Article 68 of the [[Constitution of Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.observatoriodeconflictos.org.ve/oc/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/INFORMEcriminalizaci%C3%B3nyrepresi%C3%B3n-FINAL-digital-1.pdf |title=Situación de la criminalización y represión en Venezuela- 2018 |date=17 December 2023 |publisher=Observatorio Venezolano de Conflictividad Social |location=Caracas, Venezuela |publication-date=February 2019 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026160756/https://www.observatoriodeconflictos.org.ve/oc/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/INFORMEcriminalizaci%C3%B3nyrepresi%C3%B3n-FINAL-digital-1.pdf |archive-date=26 October 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==See also==

v t e Liberty
Concepts	Cognitive liberty Moral responsibility Personification of Liberty Libertas Negative liberty Positive liberty Rights Self-ownership Social liberty Free will
By type	Academic Civil Economic Intellectual Internet Morphological Political
By right	Assembly Association Asylum Choice Death Education Fair trial Family life Freedom from discrimination Food Gun Health Housing Internet access Information Life Morphological Movement Press Privacy Property Protest Religion Repair Resist Self-defense Sexuality Silence Speech Thought To be forgotten Truth Water and sanitation
See also	Liberty, equality, brotherhood All men are created equal Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness Universal Declaration of Human Rights Anarchism Autonomy Civil libertarianism Drug liberalization Left-libertarianism Libertarianism Right-libertarianism

v t e Substantive human rights
What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights
Civil and political	Equality before the law Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention Freedom of assembly Freedom of association Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment Freedom from discrimination Freedom of information Freedom of movement Freedom of religion Freedom from slavery Freedom of speech Freedom of thought Freedom from torture Legal aid LGBT rights Liberty Nationality Personhood Presumption of innocence Right of asylum Right to die Right to a fair trial Right to family life Right to keep and bear arms Right to life Right to petition Right to privacy Right to protest Right to refuse medical treatment Right to resist Right of self-defense Right to truth Security of person Suffrage right to be a candidate Right to homeland
Economic, social and cultural	Digital rights Equal pay for equal work Fair remuneration Labor rights Right to an adequate standard of living Right to clothing Right to development Right to education Right to food Right to health Right to a healthy environment Right to housing Right to Internet access Right to property Right to public participation Right of reply Right to rest and leisure Right of return Right to science and culture Right to social security Right to water Right to work
Sexual and reproductive	Abortion Family planning Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation Intersex human rights LGBT rights Sexual and reproductive health Right to sexuality