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{{Short description|Shrub of the family Proteaceae}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
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{{Short description|A shrub of the family Proteaceae that is found only in eastern New South Wales in Australia}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Isopogon anemonifolius 01.jpg
| image = Isopogon anemonifolius 01.jpg
| image_caption = In [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Cranbourne]]
| genus = Isopogon
| genus = Isopogon
| species = anemonifolius
| species = anemonifolius
| authority = ([[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb.]]) [[Joseph Knight (horticulturist)|Knight]]
| authority = ([[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb.]]) [[Joseph Knight (horticulturist)|Knight]]<ref name=APC>{{cite web|title=''Isopogon anemonifolius''|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/83372|publisher=Australian Plant Census|access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref>
| synonyms =
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="APC" />
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* ''Protea anemonifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small><br>
| synonyms = {{collapsible list |
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* ''Protea tridactylides'' <small>[[Antonio José Cavanilles|Cav.]]</small><br>
* ''Atylus anemonifolia'' <small>(Salisb.) [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small>
* ''Atylus anemonifolius'' <small>(Salisb.) [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small>
* ''Isopogon anemonifolius'' <small>(Salisb.) [[R.Br.]] [[isonym]]</small>
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| range_map = Isopogonanmonifoliusrgemap.png
* ''Isopogon anemonifolius'' <small>(Salisb.) Knight</small> f. ''anemonifolius''
* ''Isopogon anemonifolius'' f. ''simplicifolia'' <small>Cheel</small>
* ''Isopogon anemonifolius'' <small>(Salisb.) Knight</small> var. ''anemonifolius''
* ''Isopogon anemonifolius'' var. ''glaber'' <small>R.Br.</small>
* ''Isopogon anemonifolius'' var. ''pubescens'' <small>R.Br.</small>
* ''Isopogon anemonifolius'' var. ''pubiflorus'' <small>[[Benth.]]</small>
* ''Isopogon tridactylidis'' <small>([[Antonio José Cavanilles|Cav.]]) [[Roem.]] & [[Schult.]]</small>
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* ''Protea anemonifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small>
* ''Protea anemonifolius'' <small>J.Wrigley & Fagg [[orth. var.]]</small>
* ''Protea apifolia'' <small>Meisn. nom. inval., pro syn.</small>
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* ''Protea tridactylides <small>[[Cav.]]</small>
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| range_map = Isopogonanmonifoliusrgemap.png
| range_map_caption = Range in New South Wales (in green)
| range_map_caption = Range in New South Wales (in green)
}}
}}
}}


'''''Isopogon anemonifolius''''', commonly known as '''broad-leaved drumsticks''', is a shrub of the family [[Proteaceae]] that is native to only eastern [[New South Wales]] in [[Australia]]. It occurs naturally in [[woodland]], open forest, and [[heath]]land on [[sandstone]] soils. ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' usually ranges between&nbsp;1 to 2&nbsp;metres in height, generally being smaller in exposed heathland. Its leaves are divided and narrow, though broader than those of the related ''[[Isopogon anethifolius]]'', and have a purplish tinge during the cooler months. The yellow flowers appear during late spring or early summer and are displayed prominently. They are followed by round grey cones, which give the plant its common name ''drumsticks''. The small hairy seeds are found in the old flower parts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/gnp1/isopogon-anemonifolius.html|title=Isopogon anemonifolius|last=|first=|date=|website=anbg.gov.au|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
'''''Isopogon anemonifolius''''', commonly known as '''broad-leaved drumsticks''',<ref name="floransw"/> is a shrub of the family [[Proteaceae]] that is native only to eastern [[New South Wales]] in [[Australia]]. It occurs naturally in [[woodland]], open forest, and [[heath]]land on [[sandstone]] soils. ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' usually ranges between one and two metres in height, and is generally smaller in exposed heathland. Its leaves are divided and narrow, though broader than those of the related ''[[Isopogon anethifolius]]'', and have a purplish tinge during the cooler months. The yellow flowers appear during late spring or early summer and are displayed prominently. They are followed by round grey cones, which give the plant its common name ''drumsticks''. The small hairy seeds are found in the old flower parts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/gnp1/isopogon-anemonifolius.html|title=''Isopogon anemonifolius''|website=anbg.gov.au}}</ref>


A long-lived plant reaching an age of up to 60 years, ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' resprouts from its woody base, known as a [[lignotuber]], after [[Bushfires in Australia|bushfire]]. Seedlings appear in the year following a fire. Although ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' was collected by [[Daniel Solander]] in 1770, it was not [[Species description|described]] until 1796 by [[Richard Salisbury]]. Several varieties have been named, though none are now recognised as distinct. It was first cultivated in the United Kingdom in 1791. ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' grows readily in the garden if located in a sunny or part-shaded spot with sandy soil and good drainage.
A long-lived plant reaching an age of up to 60 years, ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' resprouts from its woody base, known as a [[lignotuber]], after [[Bushfires in Australia|bushfire]]. Seedlings appear in the year following a fire. Although ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' was collected by [[Daniel Solander]] in 1770, it was not [[Species description|described]] until 1796 by [[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Richard Salisbury]]. Several varieties have been named, though none are now recognised as distinct. It was first cultivated in the United Kingdom in 1791. ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' grows readily in the garden if located in a sunny or part-shaded spot with sandy soil and good drainage.


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Isopogon anemonifolius cone (8196216334).jpg|thumb|left|The old cone, which gives the plant its common name]]
[[File:Isopogon anemonifolius cone (8196216334).jpg|thumb|left|The old cone, which gives the plant its common name]]


''Isopogon anemonifolius'' grows as a woody [[shrub]] to {{convert|1-1.5|m|ft|abbr=on|frac=4}} in height,<ref name="floransw"/> but is restricted to approximately {{convert|50|cm|ft|abbr=on|frac=4}} on exposed [[heath]]s and headlands.{{sfn|Wrigley|1991|p=427}} The leaves are {{convert|5-11|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} long and forked after {{convert|2-5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}}<ref name="floransw"/> into three segments, then often forked a second time.{{sfn|Wrigley|1991|p=427}} The leaf tips are pointed. Leaves can vary markedly on single plants, with some leaves undivided. Leaf surfaces are generally smooth, though occasionally covered with fine hair.<ref name=FoA>{{Flora of Australia Online | name = ''Isopogon anemonifolius'' (Salisb.) Knight | id = 44815}}</ref> Its flat leaves distinguish it from the terete (round in cross-section) leaves of ''[[Isopogon anethifolius]]'';<ref name="ap104"/> they are also broader, at {{convert|3-5|mm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}} wide compared with the 1&nbsp;mm ({{frac|1|25}}&nbsp;in) wide leaves of the latter species.<ref>{{cite web | title=Genus ''Isopogon'' |work=PlantNET: New South Wales Flora Online | url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Isopogon |author=Harden, Gwen J. | accessdate=25 January 2016 | publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust |location= Sydney, Australia}}</ref> The new growth and leaves of ''I. anemonifolius'' may be flushed red to purple, particularly in winter.<ref name="Rowell 1980">{{cite book|author=Rowell, Raymond J.| title=Ornamental Flowering Shrubs in Australia| publisher=AH & AW Reed Pty Ltd|location=Australia | year=1980 |page=166| isbn=0-589-50177-1}}</ref><ref name=enc>{{cite book | last1=Elliot | first1=Rodger W. | last2=Jones | first2=David L. | last3=Blake | first3=Trevor |title=Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 5 |year=1990 |page=440 |publisher=Lothian Press |location=Port Melbourne |isbn=0-85091-285-7}}</ref> The globular [[inflorescence]]s appear any time from July to January, being most abundant in October.<ref name=Benson2000/> They are {{convert|3-4|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} in diameter, and grow terminally at the tips of branches, or occasionally axillary (arising on short stems off branches).<ref name=FoA/> The individual flowers average {{convert|1.2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} long.{{sfn|Wrigley|1991|p=427}} They are straight stalkless structures arising from a basal scale. The [[perianth]], a tube that envelopes the flower's sexual organs, splits into four segments, revealing a thin delicate [[Stigma (botany)#Style|style]] tipped with the [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]]. At the ends of the four perianth segments are the male [[pollen]]-bearing structures known as [[stamen|anthers]].{{sfn|Wrigley|1991|pp=425–26}} Arranged in a spiral pattern, the flowers open from the bottom of the flowerhead inwards.<ref name="ap104">{{cite journal|author1=Fairley, Alan |author2=Moore, Philip |year=1985|title=Isopogon and Petrophile of New South Wales|journal=Australian Plants|volume=13|issue=104|pages=147–54}}</ref> Flowering is followed by the development of the round [[infructescence|fruiting cones]], which have a diameter of {{convert|1-1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}}.<ref name="floransw"/> The seed-bearing nuts are small—less than {{convert|4|mm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}} across—and lined with hairs.<ref name=FoA/>
''Isopogon anemonifolius'' grows as an evergreen,<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.gardensonline.com.au/gardenshed/plantfinder/show_1265.aspx |work=Plantfinder |title=''Isopogon anemonifolius'' |author=Bob Saunders}}</ref> woody [[shrub]] to {{convert|1-1.5|m|ft|abbr=on|frac=4}} in height,<ref name="floransw"/> but is restricted to approximately {{convert|50|cm|ft|abbr=on|frac=4}} on exposed [[heath]]s and headlands.{{sfn|Wrigley|1991|p=427}} The leaves are {{convert|5-11|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} long and forked after {{convert|2-5|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}}<ref name="floransw"/> into three segments, then often forked a second time.{{sfn|Wrigley|1991|p=427}} The leaf tips are pointed. Leaves can vary markedly on single plants, with some leaves undivided. Leaf surfaces are generally smooth, though occasionally covered with fine hair.<ref name=FoA>{{Flora of Australia Online| name = ''Isopogon anemonifolius'' (Salisb.) Knight | id = 44815}}</ref> Its flat leaves distinguish it from the terete (round in cross-section) leaves of ''[[Isopogon anethifolius]]'';<ref name="ap104"/> they are also broader, at {{convert|3-5|mm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}} wide compared with the 1&nbsp;mm ({{frac|1|25}}&nbsp;in) wide leaves of the latter species.<ref>{{cite web| title=Genus ''Isopogon'' |work=PlantNET: New South Wales Flora Online | url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Isopogon |author=Harden, Gwen J. | access-date=25 January 2016 | publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust |location= Sydney, Australia}}</ref> The new growth and leaves of ''I. anemonifolius'' may be flushed red to purple, particularly in winter.<ref name="Rowell 1980">{{cite book|author=Rowell, Raymond J.| title=Ornamental Flowering Shrubs in Australia| publisher=AH & AW Reed Pty Ltd|location=Australia | year=1980 |page=166| isbn=0-589-50177-1}}</ref><ref name=enc>{{cite book | last1=Elliot | first1=Rodger W. | last2=Jones | first2=David L. | last3=Blake | first3=Trevor |title=Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 5 |year=1990 |page=440 |publisher=Lothian Press |location=Port Melbourne |isbn=0-85091-285-7}}</ref> The globular [[inflorescence]]s appear any time from July to January, being most abundant in October.<ref name=Benson2000/> They are {{convert|3-4|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} in diameter, and grow terminally at the tips of branches, or occasionally axillary (arising on short stems off branches).<ref name=FoA/> The individual flowers average {{convert|1.2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} long.{{sfn|Wrigley|1991|p=427}} They are straight stalkless structures arising from a basal scale. The [[perianth]], a tube that envelopes the flower's sexual organs, splits into four segments, revealing a thin delicate [[Stigma (botany)#Style|style]] tipped with the [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]]. At the ends of the four perianth segments are the male [[pollen]]-bearing structures known as [[stamen|anthers]].{{sfn|Wrigley|1991|pp=425–26}} Arranged in a spiral pattern, the flowers open from the bottom of the flowerhead inwards.<ref name="ap104">{{cite journal|author1=Fairley, Alan|author2=Moore, Philip |year=1985|title=Isopogon and Petrophile of New South Wales|journal=Australian Plants|volume=13|issue=104|pages=147–54}}</ref> Flowering is followed by the development of the round [[infructescence|fruiting cones]], which have a diameter of {{convert|1-1.6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}}.<ref name="floransw"/> The seed-bearing nuts are small—less than {{convert|4|mm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}} across—and lined with hairs.<ref name=FoA/>


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
Swedish naturalist [[Daniel Solander]], after collecting a specimen at [[Botany Bay]] in 1770 on the [[First voyage of James Cook|first voyage of Captain James Cook]], was the first to write of this species. He gave it the name ''Leucadendron apiifolium'', but never officially [[Species description|described]] it. The specific epithet referred to the similarity of its leaves to ''[[Apium]]'' (celery).{{sfn|Wrigley|1991|p=427}}<!-- cites previous 3 sentences -->
Swedish naturalist [[Daniel Solander]], after collecting a specimen at [[Botany Bay]] in 1770 on the [[First voyage of James Cook|first voyage of Captain James Cook]], was the first to write of this species. He gave it the name ''Leucadendron apiifolium'', but never officially [[Species description|described]] it. The specific epithet referred to the similarity of its leaves to ''[[Apium]]'' (celery).{{sfn|Wrigley|1991|p=427}}<!-- cites previous 3 sentences -->


In 1796 English botanist [[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Richard Salisbury]] published a formal description of the species,<ref name=apniold>{{APNI | name = ''Protea anemonifolia'' Salisb. | id = 544395 |accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref> from a specimen collected in Port Jackson (Sydney).<ref>{{cite book|last=Salisbury|first=Richard Anthony|title=Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium|publisher=Self-|location=London, United Kingdom|date= 1796 |page=48|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1485018|language=Latin}}</ref> He gave it the name ''Protea anemonifolia'', the specific epithet derived from ''anemone'' and ''folium'', the latter meaning "leaf", highlighting the resemblance of its leaves to those of [[anemone]]s.<ref name=Growing-Native-Plants>{{Cite web |author=Beeton Irene | origyear= 1971 | title=''Isopogon anemonifolius'' drumsticks | url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/gnp1/isopogon-aneminifolius.html | work= Growing Native Plants | version= (online version at www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/) | publisher= Australian National Botanic Gardens, Australian Government | date= 10 January 2016 | location= Canberra, Australian Capital Territory | accessdate= 21 December 2015}}</ref> The common name ''drumsticks'' is derived from their globular cones.<ref name=ANPSA>{{cite web|title=''Isopogon anemonifolius'' |author=Walters, Brian |url=http://anpsa.org.au/i-ane.html |publisher=Australian Native Plant Society (Australia)|date=December 2008 |accessdate=10 January 2016}}</ref>
In 1796, English botanist [[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Richard Salisbury]] published a formal description of the species,<ref name=apniold>{{APNI | name = ''Protea anemonifolia'' Salisb. | id = 544395 |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> from a specimen collected in Port Jackson (Sydney).<ref>{{cite book|last=Salisbury|first=Richard Anthony|title=Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium|publisher=Self-|location=London, United Kingdom|date= 1796 |page=48|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1485018|language=la}}</ref> He gave it the name ''Protea anemonifolia'', the specific epithet derived from ''anemone'' and ''folium'', the latter meaning "leaf", highlighting the resemblance of its leaves to those of [[anemone]]s.<ref name=Growing-Native-Plants>{{Cite web |author=Beeton Irene | orig-year= 1971 | title=''Isopogon anemonifolius'' drumsticks | url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/gnp1/isopogon-aneminifolius.html | work= Growing Native Plants | version= (online version at www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/) | publisher= Australian National Botanic Gardens, Australian Government | date= 10 January 2016 | location= Canberra, Australian Capital Territory | access-date= 21 December 2015}}</ref> The common name ''drumsticks'' is derived from their globular cones.<ref name=ANPSA>{{cite web |title=''Isopogon anemonifolius'' |author=Walters, Brian |url=http://anpsa.org.au/i-ane.html |publisher=Australian Native Plant Society (Australia) |date=December 2008 |access-date=10 January 2016 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329010159/http://anpsa.org.au/i-ane.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>


In 1799, the Spanish botanist [[Antonio José Cavanilles]] described ''Protea tridactylides'',<ref name="Cavanilles 1799">{{cite book | author = Cavanilles, Antonio José | title=Anales de historia natural | volume=1 | year=1799| pages= 235–36 | url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14585844| publisher = Imprenta Real por P. J. Pereyra | location = Madrid, Spain }}</ref> later identified as a [[junior synonym]] by Salisbury and the English horticulturalist [[Joseph Knight (horticulturist)|Joseph Knight]].<ref name="Knight 1809"/> Salisbury founded the new genus ''Atylus'' in 1807 to remove this and other species from ''Protea'', but did not make proper combinations for them in the new genus.<ref>{{cite book | last=Hooker | first=William | authorlink=William Hooker (botanical illustrator) | title=The Paradisus Londinensis | volume=1 | year=1805 | publisher=D. N. Shury | location=London, United Kingdom | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36898293}}</ref> It gained its current name in 1809 when it was redescribed as the anemone-leaved isopogon (''Isopogon anemonefolius'') in the controversial work ''[[On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae]]'',<ref name="Knight 1809">{{cite book | author = Knight, Joseph | authorlink = Joseph Knight (horticulturist) | year = 1809 | title = On the Cultivation of the Plants Belonging to the Natural Order of Proteeae |url=https://archive.org/details/oncultivationpl00kniggoog | publisher = W. Savage |location= London, United Kingdom |page = [https://archive.org/details/oncultivationpl00kniggoog/page/n117 93]}}</ref><ref name=apni>{{APNI | name = ''Isopogon anemonifolius'' (Salisb.) Knight | id = 83372 |accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref> published under Knight's name but written by Salisbury.<ref name=DNB00>{{cite DNB| wstitle=Salisbury, Richard Anthony |first=George Simonds |last=Boulger |authorlink=George Simonds Boulger |volume = 50 |quote=''sources:'' [Banks's manuscript ''Correspondence'', vol. x.; Preface to the ''Genera of Plants''; ''[[Journal of Botany, British and Foreign|Journal of Botany]]'', 1886.]}}</ref> {{efn|1=The first component of compound words were later ruled to end in 'i' under the International Code of Nomenclature.<ref>{{cite web| title= Article 60 | work=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code)|publisher=Eighteenth International Botanical Congress | year=2012| location=Melbourne, Victoria | url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art60#60G.1%28a%29 | author=International Association for Plant Taxonomy}}</ref>}} Scottish naturalist Robert Brown had written of the genus ''[[Isopogon]]'' but Salisbury and Knight had hurried out their work before Brown's. Brown's description appeared in his paper ''On the natural order of plants called Proteaceae'', subsequently published as "On the Proteaceae of Jussieu" in the ''Transactions of the Linnean Society'' in 1810.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Robert | last = Brown | year = 1810 | title = On the Proteaceae of Jussieu | journal = Transactions of the Linnean Society of London | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–226 [71–72] | url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=BKNbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA72#v=onepage&q&f=false | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1810.tb00013.x}}</ref>
In 1799, the Spanish botanist [[Antonio José Cavanilles]] described ''Protea tridactylides'',<ref name="Cavanilles 1799">{{cite book | author = Cavanilles, Antonio José | title=Anales de historia natural | volume=1 | year=1799| pages= 235–36 | url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14585844| publisher = Imprenta Real por P. J. Pereyra | location = Madrid, Spain }}</ref> later identified as a [[junior synonym]] by Salisbury and the English horticulturalist [[Joseph Knight (horticulturist)|Joseph Knight]].<ref name="Knight 1809"/> Salisbury founded the new genus ''Atylus'' in 1807 to remove this and other species from ''Protea'', but did not make proper combinations for them in the new genus.<ref>{{cite book | last=Hooker | first=William | author-link=William Hooker (botanical illustrator) | title=The Paradisus Londinensis | volume=1 | year=1805 | publisher=D. N. Shury | location=London, United Kingdom | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36898293}}</ref> It gained its current name in 1809 when it was redescribed as the anemone-leaved isopogon (''Isopogon anemonefolius'') in the controversial work ''[[On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae]]'',<ref name="Knight 1809">{{cite book | author = Knight, Joseph | author-link = Joseph Knight (horticulturist) | year = 1809 | title = On the Cultivation of the Plants Belonging to the Natural Order of Proteeae |url=https://archive.org/details/oncultivationpl00kniggoog | publisher = W. Savage |location= London, United Kingdom |page = [https://archive.org/details/oncultivationpl00kniggoog/page/n117 93]}}</ref><ref name=apni>{{APNI | name = ''Isopogon anemonifolius'' (Salisb.) Knight | id = 83372 |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> published under Knight's name but written by Salisbury.<ref name=DNB00>{{cite DNB| wstitle=Salisbury, Richard Anthony |first=George Simonds |last=Boulger |author-link=George Simonds Boulger |volume = 50 |quote=''sources:'' [Banks's manuscript ''Correspondence'', vol. x.; Preface to the ''Genera of Plants''; ''[[Journal of Botany, British and Foreign|Journal of Botany]]'', 1886.]}}</ref> {{efn|1=The first component of compound words were later ruled to end in 'i' under the International Code of Nomenclature.<ref>{{cite web| title= Article 60 | work=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code)|publisher=Eighteenth International Botanical Congress | year=2012| location=Melbourne, Victoria | url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art60#60G.1%28a%29 | author=International Association for Plant Taxonomy}}</ref>}} Scottish naturalist Robert Brown had written of the genus ''[[Isopogon]]'' but Salisbury and Knight had hurried out their work before Brown's. Brown's description appeared in his paper ''On the natural order of plants called Proteaceae'', subsequently published as "On the Proteaceae of Jussieu" in the ''Transactions of the Linnean Society'' in 1810.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Robert | last = Brown | year = 1810 | title = On the Proteaceae of Jussieu | journal = Transactions of the Linnean Society of London | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–226 [71–72] | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKNbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA72 | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1810.tb00013.x}}</ref>


In 1891, German botanist [[Otto Kuntze]] published ''[[Revisio generum plantarum]]'', his response to what he perceived as a lack of method in existing nomenclatural practice.<ref name="kuntze">{{cite web | last=Erickson | first=Robert F. | url=http://www.botanicus.org/creator/298 | title=Kuntze, Otto (1843–1907) | website=Botanicus.org | accessdate=28 November 2015}}</ref> He revived the genus ''Atylus'' on the grounds of priority,<ref name="Kuntz1891">{{cite book|last=Kuntze|first=Otto|authorlink=Otto Kuntze|title=Revisio generum plantarum:vascularium omnium atque cellularium multarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum in itinere mundi collectarum|publisher=A. Felix|location=Leipzig, Germany|year=1891|page=578|url=http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5480&Pagina=204|access-date=2016-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208064024/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5480&Pagina=204|archive-date=2015-12-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> and correctly made the combination ''Atylus anemonifolius''.<ref name=apniold2>{{APNI | name = ''Atylus anemonifolius'' (Salisb.) Kuntze | id = 547045 |accessdate=18 January 2016}}</ref> However, Kuntze's revisionary program was not accepted by the majority of botanists.<ref name="kuntze"/> Ultimately, the genus ''Isopogon'' was [[conserved name|nomenclaturally conserved]] over ''Atylus'' by the [[International Botanical Congress]] of 1905.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Congrès international de Botanique de Vienne | journal=Bulletin de la Société botanique de France | volume=52 | year=1905 | page=LIV | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/325450}}</ref>
In 1891, German botanist [[Otto Kuntze]] published ''[[Revisio generum plantarum]]'', his response to what he perceived as a lack of method in existing nomenclatural practice.<ref name="kuntze">{{cite web | last=Erickson | first=Robert F. | url=http://www.botanicus.org/creator/298 | title=Kuntze, Otto (1843–1907) | website=Botanicus.org | access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref> He revived the genus ''Atylus'' on the grounds of priority,<ref name="Kuntz1891">{{cite book|last=Kuntze|first=Otto|author-link=Otto Kuntze|title=Revisio generum plantarum:vascularium omnium atque cellularium multarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum in itinere mundi collectarum|publisher=A. Felix|location=Leipzig, Germany|year=1891|page=578|url=http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5480&Pagina=204|access-date=2016-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208064024/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5480&Pagina=204|archive-date=2015-12-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> and correctly made the combination ''Atylus anemonifolius''.<ref name=apniold2>{{APNI | name = ''Atylus anemonifolius'' (Salisb.) Kuntze | id = 547045 |access-date=18 January 2016}}</ref> However, Kuntze's revisionary program was not accepted by the majority of botanists.<ref name="kuntze"/> Ultimately, the genus ''Isopogon'' was [[conserved name|nomenclaturally conserved]] over ''Atylus'' by the [[International Botanical Congress]] of 1905.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Congrès international de Botanique de Vienne | journal=Bulletin de la Société botanique de France | volume=52 | year=1905 | page=LIV | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/325450}}</ref>


Several [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] have been described but have been synonymised with ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' or recognised as distinct species. Brown described varieties ''glaber'', identified by wholly smooth leaves and branches, and ''pubescens'', with leaves and branches covered in fine pale grey hairs, in 1830.<ref name="Brown 1830">{{cite book | author = Brown, Robert | year = 1830 | title = Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae | location = London, United Kingdom | page=8 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96656j/f8.image | publisher = Richard Taylor | authorlink = Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)}}</ref> English botanist [[George Bentham]] tentatively described variety ''pubiflorus'' in his 1870 work ''[[Flora Australiensis]]''. He queried that it may have been from Sydney, and had a slightly hairy perianth.<ref name="Bentham 1870">{{cite book | last = Bentham | first = George | authorlink = George Bentham | year = 1870 | title = Flora Australiensis: Volume 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae | page = 347 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11623059 | location = London, United Kingdom| publisher = L. Reeve & Co}}</ref> These are not regarded as distinct.<ref name=FoA/> Victorian Government botanist [[Ferdinand von Mueller]] described ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' var. ''tenuifolius'' in 1870,<ref name="Bentham 1870"/> now recognised as ''[[Isopogon prostratus|I.&nbsp;prostratus]]''. Australian botanist [[Edwin Cheel]] described forma ''simplicifolia'' in 1923, from collections from [[Mount Victoria, New South Wales|Mount Victoria]] and [[Hornsby, New South Wales|Hornsby]]. He described it as having mostly unlobed (simple) leaves compared with the typical form.<ref name=cheel1923>{{cite journal | author= Cheel, Edwin | year=1923 |title= New or noteworthy Plants from the National Herbarium, Sydney |journal= Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales |volume=48|issue=4 |page= 682 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35067239}}</ref> His variety ''ceratophylloides'' is now a separate species, ''[[Isopogon petiolaris|I. petiolaris]]''.<ref name=FoA2>{{Flora of Australia Online | name = ''Isopogon petiolaris'' A.Cunn. ex R.Br. | id = 44810}}</ref>
Several [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] have been described but have been synonymised with ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' or recognised as distinct species. Brown described varieties ''glaber'', identified by wholly smooth leaves and branches, and ''pubescens'', with leaves and branches covered in fine pale grey hairs, in 1830.<ref name="Brown 1830">{{cite book | author = Brown, Robert | year = 1830 | title = Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae | location = London, United Kingdom | page=8 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96656j/f8.image | publisher = Richard Taylor | author-link = Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)}}</ref> English botanist [[George Bentham]] tentatively described variety ''pubiflorus'' in his 1870 work ''[[Flora Australiensis]]''. He queried that it may have been from Sydney, and had a slightly hairy perianth.<ref name="Bentham 1870">{{cite book | last = Bentham | first = George | author-link = George Bentham | year = 1870 | title = Flora Australiensis: Volume 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae | volume = 5 | page = 347 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11623059 | location = London, United Kingdom| publisher = L. Reeve & Co}}</ref> These are not regarded as distinct.<ref name=FoA/> Victorian Government botanist [[Ferdinand von Mueller]] described ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' var. ''tenuifolius'' in 1870,<ref name="Bentham 1870"/> now recognised as ''[[Isopogon prostratus|I.&nbsp;prostratus]]''. Australian botanist [[Edwin Cheel]] described forma ''simplicifolia'' in 1923, from collections from [[Mount Victoria, New South Wales|Mount Victoria]] and [[Hornsby, New South Wales|Hornsby]]. He described it as having mostly unlobed (simple) leaves compared with the typical form.<ref name=cheel1923>{{cite journal | author= Cheel, Edwin | year=1923 |title= New or noteworthy Plants from the National Herbarium, Sydney |journal= Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales |volume=48|issue=4 |page= 682 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35067239}}</ref> His variety ''ceratophylloides'' is now a separate species, ''[[Isopogon petiolaris|I. petiolaris]]''.<ref name=FoA2>{{Flora of Australia Online | name = ''Isopogon petiolaris'' A.Cunn. ex R.Br. | id = 44810}}</ref>


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Isopogon anemonifolius winter.jpg|thumb|right|The red winter leaf colours]]
[[File:Isopogon anemonifolius winter.jpg|thumb|right|The red winter leaf colours]]
''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' is found along the east coast of New South Wales, from near the Victorian border almost to (and possibly reaching) Queensland. It is most common between [[Smoky Cape]] and [[Ulladulla]]. There is an outlying population in the vicinity of [[Torrington, New South Wales|Torrington]] in the [[New England (New South Wales)|New England]] region.<ref name="floransw">{{NSW Flora Online|genus=Isopogon |species=anemonifolius|author=Harden, Gwen|accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref><!-- cites previous 3 sentences --> It occurs naturally from sea level to {{convert|1200|m|ft|comma=5|-3|abbr=on}} and is found on low-nutrient [[sandstone]] soils in heathland and dry [[sclerophyll]] [[woodland]], particularly along ridges or tops of hills.<ref name=Benson2000/> Typical woodland trees it is associated with include the scribbly gums ''[[Eucalyptus haemastoma]]'' and ''[[Eucalyptus sclerophylla|E. sclerophylla]]'', yertchuk (''[[Eucalyptus consideniana|E. consideniana]]''), yellow bloodwood (''[[Corymbia eximia]]''), red bloodwood (''[[Corymbia gummifera|C. gummifera]]'') and smooth-barked apple (''[[Angophora costata]]''), and heathland plants such as rusty banksia (''[[Banksia oblongifolia]]''), swamp banksia (''[[Banksia paludosa|B. paludosa]]''), mountain devil (''[[Lambertia formosa]]''), conesticks (''[[Petrophile pulchella]]''), tick bush (''[[Kunzea ambigua]]''), forest oak (''[[Allocasuarina torulosa]]'') and ''[[Hakea laevipes]]''.<ref name=Benson2000>{{cite journal|author1=Benson, Doug|author2=McDougall, Lyn|year=2000|title=Ecology of Sydney plant species: Part 7b Dicotyledon families Proteaceae to Rubiaceae|journal=Cunninghamia|volume=6|issue=4|pages=1017–1202 [1089–90]|url=https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/RoyalBotanicGarden/media/RBG/Science/Cunninghamia/Volume%206%20-%202000/Volume-6(4)-2000-Cun6Ben1016-1202.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225030205/https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/RoyalBotanicGarden/media/RBG/Science/Cunninghamia/Volume%206%20-%202000/Volume-6(4)-2000-Cun6Ben1016-1202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-12-25}}</ref>
''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' is found along the east coast of New South Wales, from near the Victorian border almost to (and possibly reaching) Queensland. It is most common between [[Smoky Cape]] and [[Ulladulla]]. There is an outlying population in the vicinity of [[Torrington, New South Wales|Torrington]] in the [[New England (New South Wales)|New England]] region.<ref name="floransw">{{NSW Flora Online|genus=Isopogon |species=anemonifolius|author=Harden, Gwen|access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref><!-- cites previous 3 sentences --> It occurs naturally from sea level to {{convert|1200|m|ft|comma=5|-3|abbr=on}} and is found on low-nutrient [[sandstone]] soils in heathland and dry [[sclerophyll]] [[woodland]], particularly along ridges or tops of hills.<ref name=Benson2000/> Typical woodland trees it is associated with include the scribbly gums ''[[Eucalyptus haemastoma]]'' and ''[[Eucalyptus sclerophylla|E. sclerophylla]]'', yertchuk (''[[Eucalyptus consideniana|E. consideniana]]''), yellow bloodwood (''[[Corymbia eximia]]''), red bloodwood (''[[Corymbia gummifera|C. gummifera]]'') and smooth-barked apple (''[[Angophora costata]]''), and heathland plants such as rusty banksia (''[[Banksia oblongifolia]]''), swamp banksia (''[[Banksia paludosa|B. paludosa]]''), mountain devil (''[[Lambertia formosa]]''), conesticks (''[[Petrophile pulchella]]''), tick bush (''[[Kunzea ambigua]]''), forest oak (''[[Allocasuarina torulosa]]'') and ''[[Hakea laevipes]]''.<ref name=Benson2000>{{cite journal|author1=Benson, Doug|author2=McDougall, Lyn|year=2000|title=Ecology of Sydney plant species: Part 7b Dicotyledon families Proteaceae to Rubiaceae|journal=Cunninghamia|volume=6|issue=4|pages=1017–1202 [1089–90]|url=https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/RoyalBotanicGarden/media/RBG/Science/Cunninghamia/Volume%206%20-%202000/Volume-6(4)-2000-Cun6Ben1016-1202.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225030205/https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/RoyalBotanicGarden/media/RBG/Science/Cunninghamia/Volume%206%20-%202000/Volume-6(4)-2000-Cun6Ben1016-1202.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-12-25}}</ref>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
[[File:Isopogonanemonifoliuswybung.jpg|thumb|left|Fluffy seed pods can be seen in the old cones, Wybung Head]]
[[File:Isopogonanemonifoliuswybung.jpg|thumb|left|Fluffy seed pods can be seen in the old cones, Wybung Head]]
''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' is a long-lived plant, with a lifespan of 60&nbsp;years. It resprouts from its woody base, known as a [[lignotuber]], approximately two months after being burnt in a [[Bushfires in Australia|bushfire]]. The resultant new growth takes two years to flower,<ref name=Benson2000/> though older plants with larger lignotubers are able to re-grow more quickly. ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' is slow-growing; a 1990 field study in [[Brisbane Water National Park]] found that the lignotuber grew at a rate of 0.173&nbsp;cm per existing cm of lignotuber per year, yielding a lignotuber of around {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} in diameter at 10 years of age and 5&nbsp;cm (2&nbsp;in) diameter at 20&nbsp;years of age. The largest lignotubers found have a diameter of 40&nbsp;cm (16&nbsp;in).<ref name=bradstock90>{{cite journal |title= Demography of woody plants in relation to fire: ''Banksia serrata'' Lf. and ''Isopogon anemonifolius'' (Salisb.) Knight | author=Bradstock,R.A.| journal= Austral Ecology | volume = 15 |issue = 1| pages = 117–32 | year=1990 | doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.1990.tb01026.x}}</ref><!-- cites previous 2.5 sentences -->
''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' is a long-lived plant, with a lifespan of 60&nbsp;years. It resprouts from its woody base, known as a [[lignotuber]], approximately two months after being burnt in a [[Bushfires in Australia|bushfire]]. The resultant new growth takes two years to flower,<ref name=Benson2000/> though older plants with larger lignotubers are able to re-grow more quickly. ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' is slow-growing; a 1990 field study in [[Brisbane Water National Park]] found that the lignotuber grew at a rate of 0.173&nbsp;cm per existing cm of lignotuber per year, yielding a lignotuber of around {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} in diameter at 10 years of age and {{convert|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} diameter at 20&nbsp;years of age. The largest lignotubers found have a diameter of {{convert|40|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=bradstock90>{{cite journal|title= Demography of woody plants in relation to fire: ''Banksia serrata'' Lf. and ''Isopogon anemonifolius'' (Salisb.) Knight | author=Bradstock, R.A.| journal= Austral Ecology | volume = 15 |issue = 1| pages = 117–32 | year=1990 | doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.1990.tb01026.x}}</ref><!-- cites previous 2.5 sentences -->


Plants need a lignotuber of {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} diameter to survive low intensity fires. Plants are able to resprout after more intense fires when 15&nbsp;years of age. ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' is also [[serotiny|serotinous]]—the seeds are held on the plant as a canopy-based seedbank and are released after fire.<ref name=Benson2000/> Most seedlings arise within a year of a bushfire, though very few are seen at other times.<ref name=bradstock88>{{cite journal |title= The Survival and Population Response to Frequent Fires of Two Woody Resprouters ''Banksia serrata'' and ''Isopogon anemonifolius'' |author1=Bradstock,R.A. |author2=Myerscough, P.J. | journal= Australian Journal of Botany | volume=36|issue=4| pages=415–31 | year=1988 | doi=10.1071/BT9880415}}</ref> The seedbank is most productive between 25 and 35 years after a previous fire. However seedlings may be outcompeted by seedlings of obligate seeder species.<ref name=bradstock90/> The seeds of ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' fall directly to the ground or are blown a short distance by wind. Young plants flower about seven years after germinating from seed.<ref name=Benson2000/><!-- cites para --> Repeated bushfire intervals of less than 10 years' duration are likely to result both in reduced survival of older plants and in [[recruitment (biology)|recruitment]] of seedlings, possibly leading to local extinction in 50&nbsp;years.<ref name=bradstock88/> Intervals of at least 12–13&nbsp;years for low intensity fires and 15&nbsp;years for hotter fires are needed for population stability.<ref name=bradstock90/>
Plants need a lignotuber of {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} diameter to survive low intensity fires. Plants are able to resprout after more intense fires once they reach 15&nbsp;years of age. ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' is also [[serotiny|serotinous]]—the seeds are held on the plant as a canopy-based seedbank and are released after fire.<ref name=Benson2000/> Most seedlings arise within a year of a bushfire, though very few are seen at other times.<ref name=bradstock88>{{cite journal|title= The Survival and Population Response to Frequent Fires of Two Woody Resprouters ''Banksia serrata'' and ''Isopogon anemonifolius'' |author1=Bradstock, R.A. |author2=Myerscough, P.J. | journal= Australian Journal of Botany | volume=36|issue=4| pages=415–31 | year=1988 | doi=10.1071/BT9880415}}</ref> The seedbank is most productive between 25 and 35 years after a previous fire. However, seedlings may be outcompeted by seedlings of obligate seeder species.<ref name=bradstock90/> The seeds of ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' fall directly to the ground or are blown a short distance by wind. Young plants flower about seven years after germinating from seed.<ref name=Benson2000/><!-- cites para --> Repeated bushfire intervals of less than 10 years' duration are likely to result both in reduced survival of older plants and in [[recruitment (biology)|recruitment]] of seedlings, possibly leading to local extinction in 50&nbsp;years.<ref name=bradstock88/> Intervals of at least 12–13&nbsp;years for low intensity fires and 15&nbsp;years for hotter fires are needed for population stability.<ref name=bradstock90/>


[[Leaf spot]]ting is caused by the fungus ''[[Vizella]]''. Flower buds may be damaged by [[weevil]]s.<ref name=Benson2000/>
[[Leaf spot]]ting is caused by the fungus ''[[Vizella]]''. Flower buds may be damaged by [[weevil]]s.<ref name=Benson2000/>
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''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' was first cultivated in the United Kingdom in 1791. Knight reported that it flowered and set seed there.{{sfn|Wrigley|1991|p=426}} With attractive foliage and prominently displayed flowers and cones, ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' adapts readily to cultivation; plants can be grown in [[rock garden]]s, as borders,<ref name=Growing-Native-Plants/> or as a [[Container garden|pot plant]].<ref name=enc/> Garden plants can be variable, with either upright or spreading habits;<ref name=Growing-Native-Plants/> and some maintain a naturally compact habit without pruning.<ref name=enc/> It grows readily in sandy well-drained soil in either a sunny or part-shaded position.<ref name=ANPSA/> The species is suited to [[hardiness zone|USDA hardiness zones]] 9&nbsp;to 11.<ref name=nativeplants>{{cite book|title=Native Plants : The Definitive Guide to Australian Plants|year=2004|publisher=Global Book Publishing Corporation|page=161|isbn=978-1-74048-027-7}}</ref> It is hardy in frosts and dry spells, but produces more flowers with extra moisture.<ref name=Growing-Native-Plants/> It can be pruned heavily once established.<ref name=ANPSA/>
''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' was first cultivated in the United Kingdom in 1791. Knight reported that it flowered and set seed there.{{sfn|Wrigley|1991|p=426}} With attractive foliage and prominently displayed flowers and cones, ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'' adapts readily to cultivation; plants can be grown in [[rock garden]]s, as borders,<ref name=Growing-Native-Plants/> or as a [[Container garden|pot plant]].<ref name=enc/> Garden plants can be variable, with either upright or spreading habits;<ref name=Growing-Native-Plants/> and some maintain a naturally compact habit without pruning.<ref name=enc/> It grows readily in sandy well-drained soil in either a sunny or part-shaded position.<ref name=ANPSA/> The species is suited to [[hardiness zone|USDA hardiness zones]] 9&nbsp;to 11.<ref name=nativeplants>{{cite book|title=Native Plants : The Definitive Guide to Australian Plants|year=2004|publisher=Global Book Publishing Corporation|page=161|isbn=978-1-74048-027-7}}</ref> It is hardy in frosts and dry spells, but produces more flowers with extra moisture.<ref name=Growing-Native-Plants/> It can be pruned heavily once established.<ref name=ANPSA/>


[[Plant propagation|Propagation]] is by seed or [[Cutting (plant)|cuttings]] of hardened growth less than a year old.<ref name=ANPSA/> The seed can be collected from the cones and stored; they are best sown in spring or autumn.<ref name=Growing-Native-Plants/> The stems and flowers are long-lasting if put in water.<ref name=Growing-Native-Plants/> The flowers, cones and foliage are used in the cut-flower industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Potential or very new flower crops|work=Growing Australian native flowers commercially|publisher=Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales Government|author1=Gollnow, Bettina|author2=Lidbetter, Jonathan|author3=Worrall, Ross|url=http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/floriculture/australian-south-african/potential|date=22 August 2003|accessdate=11 January 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121647/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/floriculture/australian-south-african/potential|archivedate=22 December 2015}}</ref>
[[Plant propagation|Propagation]] is by seed or [[Cutting (plant)|cuttings]] of hardened growth less than a year old.<ref name=ANPSA/> The seed can be collected from the cones and stored; they are best sown in spring or autumn.<ref name=Growing-Native-Plants/> The stems and flowers are long-lasting if put in water.<ref name=Growing-Native-Plants/> The flowers, cones and foliage are used in the cut-flower industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Potential or very new flower crops|work=Growing Australian native flowers commercially|publisher=Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales Government|author1=Gollnow, Bettina|author2=Lidbetter, Jonathan|author3=Worrall, Ross|url=http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/floriculture/australian-south-african/potential|date=22 August 2003|access-date=11 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121647/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/floriculture/australian-south-african/potential|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>


''Isopogon'' 'Woorikee 2000' is a selected [[Dwarfing|dwarf form]] of ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'', propagated by [[Bill Molyneux]] of Austraflora Nursery in Victoria. It produces abundant flowerheads.<ref name=spencer>{{cite book | title=Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia |volume = 3 | url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=qPTEeJmZ5CQC&pg=PA302&lpg=PA302 | author=Spencer, Roger | page=302 | publisher=UNSW Press | location=Kensington New South Wales | isbn=0-86840-660-0 | year=2002}}</ref> [[Plant Breeders Rights]] were granted in Australia in 1997 and the cultivar became commercially available in 1999.<ref name=spencer/><ref name=IPAustralia>{{cite web|title=Plant Breeders Rights – Database Search|author=IP Australia|url=http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/pbr_db/search.cfm|accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref> Another dwarf cultivar, 'Little Drumsticks', is also sold.<ref name="Wrigley&Fagg 2003">{{cite book|author1=Wrigley, John W.|author2=Fagg, Murray|year=2003|title=Australian Native Plants|edition=5|page=379|publisher=Reed New Holland|location=Frenchs Forest, NSW|isbn=1-876334-90-8}}</ref>
''Isopogon'' 'Woorikee 2000' is a selected [[Dwarfing|dwarf form]] of ''I.&nbsp;anemonifolius'', propagated by [[Bill Molyneux]] of Austraflora Nursery in Victoria. It produces abundant flowerheads.<ref name=spencer>{{cite book | title=Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia |volume = 3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qPTEeJmZ5CQC&pg=PA302 | author=Spencer, Roger | page=302 | publisher=UNSW Press | location=Kensington New South Wales | isbn=0-86840-660-0 | year=2002}}</ref> [[Plant Breeders Rights]] were granted in Australia in 1997 and the cultivar became commercially available in 1999.<ref name=spencer/><ref name=IPAustralia>{{cite web|title=Plant Breeders Rights – Database Search|author=IP Australia|url=http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/pbr_db/search.cfm|access-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> Another dwarf cultivar, 'Little Drumsticks', is also sold.<ref name="Wrigley&Fagg 2003">{{cite book|author1=Wrigley, John W.|author2=Fagg, Murray|year=2003|title=Australian Native Plants|edition=5|page=379|publisher=Reed New Holland|location=Frenchs Forest, NSW|isbn=1-876334-90-8}}</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
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===Cited text===
===Cited text===
{{Refbegin}}
{{Refbegin}}
* <span id="CITEREFWrigley1991">{{cite book |author1=Wrigley, John |author2=Fagg, Murray |title=Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas |year=1991 |publisher=Angus & Robertson |location=Sydney, New South Wales |isbn=0-207-17277-3}}</span>
* {{cite book |last=Wrigley |first=John |others=Illustrated by Murray Fagg |title=Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas |year=1991 |publisher=Angus & Robertson |location=Sydney, New South Wales |isbn=0-207-17277-3}}
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}


Latest revision as of 22:20, 16 August 2024

Isopogon anemonifolius
In Royal Botanic Gardens, Cranbourne
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Isopogon
Species:
I. anemonifolius
Binomial name
Isopogon anemonifolius
Synonyms[1]
List
    • Atylus anemonifolius (Salisb.) Kuntze
    • Isopogon anemonifolius (Salisb.) R.Br. isonym
    • Isopogon anemonifolius (Salisb.) Knight f. anemonifolius
    • Isopogon anemonifolius f. simplicifolia Cheel
    • Isopogon anemonifolius (Salisb.) Knight var. anemonifolius
    • Isopogon anemonifolius var. glaber R.Br.
    • Isopogon anemonifolius var. pubescens R.Br.
    • Isopogon anemonifolius var. pubiflorus Benth.
    • Isopogon tridactylidis (Cav.) Roem. & Schult.
    • Protea anemonifolia Salisb.
    • Protea anemonifolius J.Wrigley & Fagg orth. var.
    • Protea apifolia Meisn. nom. inval., pro syn.
    • Protea tridactylides Cav.

Isopogon anemonifolius, commonly known as broad-leaved drumsticks,[2] is a shrub of the family Proteaceae that is native only to eastern New South Wales in Australia. It occurs naturally in woodland, open forest, and heathland on sandstone soils. I. anemonifolius usually ranges between one and two metres in height, and is generally smaller in exposed heathland. Its leaves are divided and narrow, though broader than those of the related Isopogon anethifolius, and have a purplish tinge during the cooler months. The yellow flowers appear during late spring or early summer and are displayed prominently. They are followed by round grey cones, which give the plant its common name drumsticks. The small hairy seeds are found in the old flower parts.[3]

A long-lived plant reaching an age of up to 60 years, I. anemonifolius resprouts from its woody base, known as a lignotuber, after bushfire. Seedlings appear in the year following a fire. Although I. anemonifolius was collected by Daniel Solander in 1770, it was not described until 1796 by Richard Salisbury. Several varieties have been named, though none are now recognised as distinct. It was first cultivated in the United Kingdom in 1791. I. anemonifolius grows readily in the garden if located in a sunny or part-shaded spot with sandy soil and good drainage.

Description

[edit]
The old cone, which gives the plant its common name

Isopogon anemonifolius grows as an evergreen,[4] woody shrub to 1–1.5 m (3+1⁄4–5 ft) in height,[2] but is restricted to approximately 50 cm (1+3⁄4 ft) on exposed heaths and headlands.[5] The leaves are 5–11 cm (2–4+1⁄4 in) long and forked after 2–5 cm (3⁄4–2 in)[2] into three segments, then often forked a second time.[5] The leaf tips are pointed. Leaves can vary markedly on single plants, with some leaves undivided. Leaf surfaces are generally smooth, though occasionally covered with fine hair.[6] Its flat leaves distinguish it from the terete (round in cross-section) leaves of Isopogon anethifolius;[7] they are also broader, at 3–5 mm (1⁄8–3⁄16 in) wide compared with the 1 mm (1⁄25 in) wide leaves of the latter species.[8] The new growth and leaves of I. anemonifolius may be flushed red to purple, particularly in winter.[9][10] The globular inflorescences appear any time from July to January, being most abundant in October.[11] They are 3–4 cm (1+1⁄8–1+5⁄8 in) in diameter, and grow terminally at the tips of branches, or occasionally axillary (arising on short stems off branches).[6] The individual flowers average 1.2 cm (1⁄2 in) long.[5] They are straight stalkless structures arising from a basal scale. The perianth, a tube that envelopes the flower's sexual organs, splits into four segments, revealing a thin delicate style tipped with the stigma. At the ends of the four perianth segments are the male pollen-bearing structures known as anthers.[12] Arranged in a spiral pattern, the flowers open from the bottom of the flowerhead inwards.[7] Flowering is followed by the development of the round fruiting cones, which have a diameter of 1–1.6 cm (3⁄8–5⁄8 in).[2] The seed-bearing nuts are small—less than 4 mm (3⁄16 in) across—and lined with hairs.[6]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander, after collecting a specimen at Botany Bay in 1770 on the first voyage of Captain James Cook, was the first to write of this species. He gave it the name Leucadendron apiifolium, but never officially described it. The specific epithet referred to the similarity of its leaves to Apium (celery).[5]

In 1796, English botanist Richard Salisbury published a formal description of the species,[13] from a specimen collected in Port Jackson (Sydney).[14] He gave it the name Protea anemonifolia, the specific epithet derived from anemone and folium, the latter meaning "leaf", highlighting the resemblance of its leaves to those of anemones.[15] The common name drumsticks is derived from their globular cones.[16]

In 1799, the Spanish botanist Antonio José Cavanilles described Protea tridactylides,[17] later identified as a junior synonym by Salisbury and the English horticulturalist Joseph Knight.[18] Salisbury founded the new genus Atylus in 1807 to remove this and other species from Protea, but did not make proper combinations for them in the new genus.[19] It gained its current name in 1809 when it was redescribed as the anemone-leaved isopogon (Isopogon anemonefolius) in the controversial work On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae,[18][20] published under Knight's name but written by Salisbury.[21] [a] Scottish naturalist Robert Brown had written of the genus Isopogon but Salisbury and Knight had hurried out their work before Brown's. Brown's description appeared in his paper On the natural order of plants called Proteaceae, subsequently published as "On the Proteaceae of Jussieu" in the Transactions of the Linnean Society in 1810.[23]

In 1891, German botanist Otto Kuntze published Revisio generum plantarum, his response to what he perceived as a lack of method in existing nomenclatural practice.[24] He revived the genus Atylus on the grounds of priority,[25] and correctly made the combination Atylus anemonifolius.[26] However, Kuntze's revisionary program was not accepted by the majority of botanists.[24] Ultimately, the genus Isopogon was nomenclaturally conserved over Atylus by the International Botanical Congress of 1905.[27]

Several varieties have been described but have been synonymised with I. anemonifolius or recognised as distinct species. Brown described varieties glaber, identified by wholly smooth leaves and branches, and pubescens, with leaves and branches covered in fine pale grey hairs, in 1830.[28] English botanist George Bentham tentatively described variety pubiflorus in his 1870 work Flora Australiensis. He queried that it may have been from Sydney, and had a slightly hairy perianth.[29] These are not regarded as distinct.[6] Victorian Government botanist Ferdinand von Mueller described I. anemonifolius var. tenuifolius in 1870,[29] now recognised as I. prostratus. Australian botanist Edwin Cheel described forma simplicifolia in 1923, from collections from Mount Victoria and Hornsby. He described it as having mostly unlobed (simple) leaves compared with the typical form.[30] His variety ceratophylloides is now a separate species, I. petiolaris.[31]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]
The red winter leaf colours

I. anemonifolius is found along the east coast of New South Wales, from near the Victorian border almost to (and possibly reaching) Queensland. It is most common between Smoky Cape and Ulladulla. There is an outlying population in the vicinity of Torrington in the New England region.[2] It occurs naturally from sea level to 1200 m (4000 ft) and is found on low-nutrient sandstone soils in heathland and dry sclerophyll woodland, particularly along ridges or tops of hills.[11] Typical woodland trees it is associated with include the scribbly gums Eucalyptus haemastoma and E. sclerophylla, yertchuk (E. consideniana), yellow bloodwood (Corymbia eximia), red bloodwood (C. gummifera) and smooth-barked apple (Angophora costata), and heathland plants such as rusty banksia (Banksia oblongifolia), swamp banksia (B. paludosa), mountain devil (Lambertia formosa), conesticks (Petrophile pulchella), tick bush (Kunzea ambigua), forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa) and Hakea laevipes.[11]

Ecology

[edit]
Fluffy seed pods can be seen in the old cones, Wybung Head

I. anemonifolius is a long-lived plant, with a lifespan of 60 years. It resprouts from its woody base, known as a lignotuber, approximately two months after being burnt in a bushfire. The resultant new growth takes two years to flower,[11] though older plants with larger lignotubers are able to re-grow more quickly. I. anemonifolius is slow-growing; a 1990 field study in Brisbane Water National Park found that the lignotuber grew at a rate of 0.173 cm per existing cm of lignotuber per year, yielding a lignotuber of around 1 cm (3⁄8 in) in diameter at 10 years of age and 5 cm (2.0 in) diameter at 20 years of age. The largest lignotubers found have a diameter of 40 cm (16 in).[32]

Plants need a lignotuber of 2 cm (3⁄4 in) diameter to survive low intensity fires. Plants are able to resprout after more intense fires once they reach 15 years of age. I. anemonifolius is also serotinous—the seeds are held on the plant as a canopy-based seedbank and are released after fire.[11] Most seedlings arise within a year of a bushfire, though very few are seen at other times.[33] The seedbank is most productive between 25 and 35 years after a previous fire. However, seedlings may be outcompeted by seedlings of obligate seeder species.[32] The seeds of I. anemonifolius fall directly to the ground or are blown a short distance by wind. Young plants flower about seven years after germinating from seed.[11] Repeated bushfire intervals of less than 10 years' duration are likely to result both in reduced survival of older plants and in recruitment of seedlings, possibly leading to local extinction in 50 years.[33] Intervals of at least 12–13 years for low intensity fires and 15 years for hotter fires are needed for population stability.[32]

Leaf spotting is caused by the fungus Vizella. Flower buds may be damaged by weevils.[11]

Cultivation

[edit]
'Woorikee 2000'
'Little Drumsticks'

I. anemonifolius was first cultivated in the United Kingdom in 1791. Knight reported that it flowered and set seed there.[34] With attractive foliage and prominently displayed flowers and cones, I. anemonifolius adapts readily to cultivation; plants can be grown in rock gardens, as borders,[15] or as a pot plant.[10] Garden plants can be variable, with either upright or spreading habits;[15] and some maintain a naturally compact habit without pruning.[10] It grows readily in sandy well-drained soil in either a sunny or part-shaded position.[16] The species is suited to USDA hardiness zones 9 to 11.[35] It is hardy in frosts and dry spells, but produces more flowers with extra moisture.[15] It can be pruned heavily once established.[16]

Propagation is by seed or cuttings of hardened growth less than a year old.[16] The seed can be collected from the cones and stored; they are best sown in spring or autumn.[15] The stems and flowers are long-lasting if put in water.[15] The flowers, cones and foliage are used in the cut-flower industry.[36]

Isopogon 'Woorikee 2000' is a selected dwarf form of I. anemonifolius, propagated by Bill Molyneux of Austraflora Nursery in Victoria. It produces abundant flowerheads.[37] Plant Breeders Rights were granted in Australia in 1997 and the cultivar became commercially available in 1999.[37][38] Another dwarf cultivar, 'Little Drumsticks', is also sold.[39]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The first component of compound words were later ruled to end in 'i' under the International Code of Nomenclature.[22]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Isopogon anemonifolius". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e Harden, Gwen. "New South Wales Flora Online: Isopogon anemonifolius". Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  3. ^ "Isopogon anemonifolius". anbg.gov.au.
  4. ^ Bob Saunders, "Isopogon anemonifolius", Plantfinder
  5. ^ a b c d Wrigley 1991, p. 427.
  6. ^ a b c d "Isopogon anemonifolius (Salisb.) Knight". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
  7. ^ a b Fairley, Alan; Moore, Philip (1985). "Isopogon and Petrophile of New South Wales". Australian Plants. 13 (104): 147–54.
  8. ^ Harden, Gwen J. "Genus Isopogon". PlantNET: New South Wales Flora Online. Sydney, Australia: Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
  9. ^ Rowell, Raymond J. (1980). Ornamental Flowering Shrubs in Australia. Australia: AH & AW Reed Pty Ltd. p. 166. ISBN 0-589-50177-1.
  10. ^ a b c Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (1990). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 5. Port Melbourne: Lothian Press. p. 440. ISBN 0-85091-285-7.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (2000). "Ecology of Sydney plant species: Part 7b Dicotyledon families Proteaceae to Rubiaceae" (PDF). Cunninghamia. 6 (4): 1017–1202 [1089–90]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2015.
  12. ^ Wrigley 1991, pp. 425–26.
  13. ^ "Protea anemonifolia Salisb". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  14. ^ Salisbury, Richard Anthony (1796). Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium (in Latin). London, United Kingdom: Self-. p. 48.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Beeton Irene (10 January 2016) [1971]. "Isopogon anemonifolius drumsticks". Growing Native Plants. (online version at www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian National Botanic Gardens, Australian Government. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  16. ^ a b c d Walters, Brian (December 2008). "Isopogon anemonifolius". Australian Native Plant Society (Australia). Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  17. ^ Cavanilles, Antonio José (1799). Anales de historia natural. Vol. 1. Madrid, Spain: Imprenta Real por P. J. Pereyra. pp. 235–36.
  18. ^ a b Knight, Joseph (1809). On the Cultivation of the Plants Belonging to the Natural Order of Proteeae. London, United Kingdom: W. Savage. p. 93.
  19. ^ Hooker, William (1805). The Paradisus Londinensis. Vol. 1. London, United Kingdom: D. N. Shury.
  20. ^ "Isopogon anemonifolius (Salisb.) Knight". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  21. ^ Boulger, George Simonds (1897). "Salisbury, Richard Anthony" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 50. London: Smith, Elder & Co. sources: [Banks's manuscript Correspondence, vol. x.; Preface to the Genera of Plants; Journal of Botany, 1886.]
  22. ^ International Association for Plant Taxonomy (2012). "Article 60". International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). Melbourne, Victoria: Eighteenth International Botanical Congress.
  23. ^ Brown, Robert (1810). "On the Proteaceae of Jussieu". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 10 (1): 15–226 [71–72]. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1810.tb00013.x.
  24. ^ a b Erickson, Robert F. "Kuntze, Otto (1843–1907)". Botanicus.org. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  25. ^ Kuntze, Otto (1891). Revisio generum plantarum:vascularium omnium atque cellularium multarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum in itinere mundi collectarum. Leipzig, Germany: A. Felix. p. 578. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  26. ^ "Atylus anemonifolius (Salisb.) Kuntze". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  27. ^ "Congrès international de Botanique de Vienne". Bulletin de la Société botanique de France. 52: LIV. 1905.
  28. ^ Brown, Robert (1830). Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae. London, United Kingdom: Richard Taylor. p. 8.
  29. ^ a b Bentham, George (1870). Flora Australiensis: Volume 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae. Vol. 5. London, United Kingdom: L. Reeve & Co. p. 347.
  30. ^ Cheel, Edwin (1923). "New or noteworthy Plants from the National Herbarium, Sydney". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 48 (4): 682.
  31. ^ "Isopogon petiolaris A.Cunn. ex R.Br". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
  32. ^ a b c Bradstock, R.A. (1990). "Demography of woody plants in relation to fire: Banksia serrata Lf. and Isopogon anemonifolius (Salisb.) Knight". Austral Ecology. 15 (1): 117–32. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1990.tb01026.x.
  33. ^ a b Bradstock, R.A.; Myerscough, P.J. (1988). "The Survival and Population Response to Frequent Fires of Two Woody Resprouters Banksia serrata and Isopogon anemonifolius". Australian Journal of Botany. 36 (4): 415–31. doi:10.1071/BT9880415.
  34. ^ Wrigley 1991, p. 426.
  35. ^ Native Plants : The Definitive Guide to Australian Plants. Global Book Publishing Corporation. 2004. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-74048-027-7.
  36. ^ Gollnow, Bettina; Lidbetter, Jonathan; Worrall, Ross (22 August 2003). "Potential or very new flower crops". Growing Australian native flowers commercially. Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales Government. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  37. ^ a b Spencer, Roger (2002). Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia. Vol. 3. Kensington New South Wales: UNSW Press. p. 302. ISBN 0-86840-660-0.
  38. ^ IP Australia. "Plant Breeders Rights – Database Search". Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  39. ^ Wrigley, John W.; Fagg, Murray (2003). Australian Native Plants (5 ed.). Frenchs Forest, NSW: Reed New Holland. p. 379. ISBN 1-876334-90-8.

Cited text

[edit]
  • Wrigley, John (1991). Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas. Illustrated by Murray Fagg. Sydney, New South Wales: Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0-207-17277-3.
[edit]
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