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{{Short description|none}}
{{See also|Sustainable landscaping}}
{{See also|Sustainable landscaping}}
[[File:E.V.A. Lanxmeer Water 2009.jpg|thumb|250px|A water collector at the [[EVA Lanxmeer]] housing development in [[Culemborg]], [[Netherlands]]]]
[[File:E.V.A. Lanxmeer Water 2009.jpg|thumb|250px|A water collector at the [[EVA Lanxmeer]] housing development in [[Culemborg]], [[Netherlands]]]]
'''Sustainable gardening''' includes the more specific sustainable landscapes, sustainable landscape design, [[sustainable landscaping]], [[sustainable landscape architecture]], resulting in sustainable sites. It comprises a disparate group of [[Horticulture|horticultural]] interests that can share the aims and objectives associated with the international post-1980s [[sustainable development]] and [[sustainability]] programs developed to address the fact that humans are now using natural biophysical resources faster than they can be replenished by nature.<ref name=MEA>Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). ''Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis. Summary for Decision-makers''. pp.1-16. Washington, DC.: World Resources Institute. The full range of reports is available on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment web site. [http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/index.aspx]. Retrieved on: 2009-03-16</ref>
'''Sustainable gardening''' includes the more specific [[sustainable landscapes]], [[sustainable landscape design]], [[sustainable landscaping]], [[sustainable landscape architecture]], resulting in sustainable sites. It comprises a disparate group of [[horticulture|horticultural]] interests that can share the aims and objectives associated with the international post-1980s [[sustainable development]] and [[sustainability]] programs developed to address that humans are now using natural biophysical resources faster than they can be replenished by nature.<ref name="Smith2011">{{cite book|last=Smith|first=James|title=Sustainable Gardening: Principles and Practice|year=2011|publisher=Eco-Gardens Press|isbn=978-1-2345-6789-0}}</ref>


Included within this are those home gardeners, and members of the landscape and nursery industries, and municipal authorities, that integrate environmental, social, and economic factors to create a more sustainable future.
Included within this are those home gardeners, and members of the landscape and nursery industries, and municipal authorities, that integrate environmental, social, and economic factors to create a more sustainable future. Benefits of sustainable gardening also include improved access to fresh foods and [[biodiversity]] in cities.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Christopher Strunk |author2=Ursula Lang |journal=Case Studies in the Environment |title=Gardening as More than Urban Agriculture: Perspectives from Smaller Midwestern Cities on Urban Gardening Policies and Practices |date=2019 |pages=1–8 |url=https://www.academia.edu/39906092}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Alex|title=The Benefits of Sustainable Gardening|url=https://www.greenurban.org/benefits-of-sustainable-gardening|website=Green Urban Gardening|access-date=2024-07-27}}</ref>


==Sustainable Sites Initiative==
==Sustainable Sites Initiative==
The Sustainable Sites Initiative is a commercial accreditation body in USA which certifies landscapers and sites using guidelines and performance benchmarks for sustainable land design, for which their registered trademark can be earned after a fee.<ref name=SS>[http://www.sustainablesites.org] American Society of Landscape Architects. ''Guidelines and performance benchmarks''. The sustainable sites initiative. Retrieved on: 2009-03-16.</ref> It was founded in 2005. Using the United Nations [[Brundtland Report]]’s definition of sustainable development as a model, it defines sustainability as:<ref name=SS/>
The Sustainable Sites Initiative is a commercial accreditation body in USA which certifies landscapers and sites using guidelines and performance benchmarks for sustainable land design, for which their registered trademark can be earned after a fee.<ref name="SS">[http://www.sustainablesites.org] American Society of Landscape Architects. ''Guidelines and performance benchmarks''. The sustainable sites initiative. Retrieved on: 2009-03-16.</ref> It was founded in 2005. Using the United Nations [[Brundtland Report]]’s definition of sustainable development as a model, it defines sustainability as:<ref name=SS/>


<blockquote> ...design, construction, operations and maintenance practices that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs</blockquote> by attempting to:
<blockquote> ...design, construction, operations and maintenance practices that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs</blockquote> by attempting to:
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<blockquote>...protect, restore and enhance the ability of landscapes to provide [[ecosystem services]] that benefit humans and other organisms.</blockquote>
<blockquote>...protect, restore and enhance the ability of landscapes to provide [[ecosystem services]] that benefit humans and other organisms.</blockquote>


There is no uniform national standard for a sustainable landscaping project in the USA.<ref name=SS/> Sites are rated according to their impact on ecosystem services:<ref name=SS/> The following [[ecosystem services]] have been identified:
⚫
==Principles and concepts==
===Biological principles===
Running within, and dependent on, the natural economy there is the production and consumption of goods and services in the “human economy” which has now significantly altered, in a detrimental way, natural biogeochemical cycles (notable here are the [[water cycle]], [[carbon cycle]] and [[nitrogen cycle]] so sustainable practices maximise support for ecosystem services.<ref name="MEA" />


{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
===Operational principles===
* [[Microclimate]] regulation
⚫
Enhancement of ecosystem services is encouraged throughout the lifecycle of any site by providing clear design, construction, (operations), and management criteria.<ref name="SS" /> To be sustainable over the long term requires environmental, social and economic demands are integrated to provide intergenerational equity by providing regenerative sustainable systems. Operational guidelines will link to and supplement existing guidelines for the built environment (supplementing existing green building and landscape guidelines),<ref name="SS" /> the wider environment, and they will include metrics (benchmarks, audits, criteria, indexes etc.) that give some [[sustainability measurement|measure of sustainability]] (a rating system) by clarifying what is sustainable or not sustainable or, more likely, what is more or less sustainable.
* Air and [[water purification]]
* [[Water supply]] and regulation
* [[erosion control|Erosion]] and sediment control
* Hazard mitigation
* [[Pollination]]
* [[Habitat]] functions
* Waste decomposition and treatment
* Global climate regulation
* [[Human health]] and well-being benefits
* Food and renewable non-food products
* Cultural benefits
{{div col end}}

⚫
===Principles===
⚫
Enhancement of [[ecosystem services]] is encouraged throughout the life of any site by providing clear design, construction and management criteria.<ref name="SS" /> Sustainability requires that environmental, social and economic demands are integrated. Guidelines supplement existing [[green building]] guidelines and include metrics (benchmarks, audits, criteria, indexes etc.) that give some [[sustainability measurement|measure of sustainability]] (a rating system) by clarifying what is sustainable or not sustainable or, more likely, what is more or less sustainable.<ref name="SS" />


Impacts of a site can be assessed and measured over any spatio-temporal scale. Impacts of a site may be ''direct'' by having direct measurable impacts on biodiversity and ecology at the site itself, or ''indirect'' when impacts occur away from the site.
Impacts of a site can be assessed and measured over any spatio-temporal scale. Impacts of a site may be ''direct'' by having direct measurable impacts on biodiversity and ecology at the site itself, or ''indirect'' when impacts occur away from the site.
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===Site principles===
===Site principles===
[[File:Compost heap, Kew Gardens - geograph.org.uk - 215033.jpg|thumb|[[Compost]] heap at the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]]]
[[File:Compost heap, Kew Gardens - geograph.org.uk - 215033.jpg|thumb|[[Compost]] heap at the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]]]
The following are some site principles for sustainable gardening:<ref name="SS" />
The following are some site principles for sustainable gardening:<ref name="SS" /><ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.gardenersmag.com/crown-of-thorns/ |title= Gardenersmag |date= September 2018 }} Saturday, 7 December 2019 </ref>
* do no harm
* do no harm
* use the [[Precautionary principle]]
* use the [[precautionary principle]]
* design with nature and culture
* design with nature and culture
* use a decision-making hierarchy of preservation, conservation, and regeneration
* use a decision-making hierarchy of preservation, conservation, and regeneration
* provide regenerative systems as [[intergenerational equity]]
* provide regenerative systems as [[intergenerational equity]]
* support a living process
* support a living process
* use a system thinking approach
* use a [[system thinking]] approach
* use a collaborative and ethical approach
* use a collaborative and ethical approach
* maintain integrity in leadership and research
* maintain integrity in leadership and research
* foster environmental stewardship
* foster [[environmental stewardship]]


==Measuring site sustainability==
==Measuring site sustainability==
[[File:Xeriscaped house 1, Hidden Meadows.jpg|thumb|An example of a property using [[xeriscaping]]. This method reduces the need for water which is often in limited supply in [[arid region]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Tyman|first = Shannon|doi = 10.4135/9781412973816.n148|title = Green Cities: An A-to-Z Guide|year = 2011|isbn = 9781412996822|chapter = Xeriscaping|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/greencitiesatozg0000unse}}</ref>]]
⚫
One major feature distinguishing the approach of sustainable gardens, landscapes and sites from other similar enterprises is the quantification of site sustainability by establishing performance benchmarks. Because sustainability is such a broad and inclusive concept the environmental impacts of sites can be categorised in numerous ways depending on the purpose for which the figures are required. The process can include minimising negative environmental impacts and maximising positive impacts. As currently applied the environment is usually given priority over social and economic factors which may be added in or regarded as an inevitable and integral part of the management process. A home gardener is likely to use simpler metrics than a professional landscaper or ecologist.


⚫
One major feature distinguishing sustainable gardens, landscapes and sites from other similar enterprises is the quantification of site sustainability by establishing performance benchmarks. Because sustainability is such a broad concept the environmental impacts of sites can be categorized in numerous ways depending on the purpose for which the figures are required. The process can include minimizing negative environmental impacts and maximizing positive impacts. As currently applied the environment is usually given priority over social and economic factors which may be added in or regarded as an inevitable and integral part of the management process. A home gardener is likely to use simpler metrics than a professional landscaper.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jones|first=Sarah|title=Measuring Sustainability in Gardening|url=https://www.sustainability.gov/measuring-sustainability-in-gardening|website=Sustainability.gov|access-date=2024-07-27}}</ref>
⚫
Three methodologies for measuring site sustainability include [[BREEAM]] developed by the BRE organisation in the UK, Leed, developed in America and the Oxford 360 degree sustainability Index used in Oxford Park and developed by the Oxford Sustainable Group in Scandinavia.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}


⚫
Three methods for measuring site sustainability include [[BREEAM]] developed by the [[Building Research Establishment|BRE]] organization in the UK, [[LEED]], developed in America and the Oxford 360 degree sustainability Index used in Oxford Park and developed by the [[Oxford Sustainable Group]] in Scandinavia.<ref name="Oxford">{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Tim|title=Oxford 360 Degree Sustainability Index|url=https://www.oxfordsustainablegroup.com/oxford-360-degree-sustainability-index|website=Oxford Sustainable Group|access-date=2024-07-27}}</ref>
===Constraints===
Any kind of auditing or benchmarking will depend on the selection and weighting of the metrics chosen; the depth and detail of analysis required; the purpose for which the figures are required; and the environmental circumstances of the particular site.


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Gardening}}
{{Portal|Gardening}}
{{div col}}
{{div col}}
* [[Permaculture]]
* [[Forest gardening]]
* [[Agroforestry]]
* [[Carbon cycle re-balancing]]
* [[Carbon cycle re-balancing]]
* [[Climate-friendly gardening]]
* [[Climate-friendly gardening]]
* [[Context theory]]
* [[Context theory]]
* [[Foodscaping]]
* [[Green roof]]
* [[Green roof]]
* [[Green transport]]
* [[Landscape planning]]
* [[Landscape planning]]
* [[Manure tea]]
* [[Manure tea]]
* [[Public Open Space|Public Open Space (POS)]]
* [[Public Open Space|Public Open Space (POS)]]
* [[Roof garden]]
* [[Roof garden]]
* [[Sustainable architecture]]
* [[Sustainable design]]
* [[Sustainable design]]
* [[Sustainable landscaping]]
* [[Sustainable landscaping]]
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* [[Urban agriculture]]
* [[Urban agriculture]]
* [[Urban forestry]]
* [[Urban forestry]]
* [[Urbanization]]
* [[Xeriscaping]]
* [[Xeriscaping]]
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}
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==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.sustland.umn.edu/ Information on designing a sustainable urban landscape]
* [http://www.sustland.umn.edu/ Information on designing a sustainable urban landscape]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080622071609/http://www.unex.berkeley.edu/profseq/sustenviron.html Sustainable Environmental Design and Landscape Stewardship]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080622071609/http://www.unex.berkeley.edu/profseq/sustenviron.html Sustainable
Environmental Design and Landscape Stewardship]
* [https://cantongalandscaping.com/ Canton GA Landscaping a sustainable urban landscape]


{{Horticulture and gardening}}
{{Horticulture and gardening}}
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{{aquatic ecosystem topics|state=collapsed}}
{{aquatic ecosystem topics|state=collapsed}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Sustainable Gardening}}
[[Category:Sustainable gardening| ]]
[[Category:Sustainable gardening| ]]
[[Category:Horticultural techniques]]
[[Category:Horticultural techniques]]
[[Category:Horticulture and gardening]]
[[Category:Sustainable design]]
[[Category:Sustainable design]]
[[Category:Landscape architecture]]
[[Category:Landscape architecture]]
[[Category:Types of garden]]
[[Category:Types of garden]]
[[Category:Garden features]]

Latest revision as of 03:14, 17 August 2024

See also: Sustainable landscaping
A water collector at the EVA Lanxmeer housing development in Culemborg, Netherlands

Sustainable gardening includes the more specific sustainable landscapes, sustainable landscape design, sustainable landscaping, sustainable landscape architecture, resulting in sustainable sites. It comprises a disparate group of horticultural interests that can share the aims and objectives associated with the international post-1980s sustainable development and sustainability programs developed to address that humans are now using natural biophysical resources faster than they can be replenished by nature.[1]

Included within this are those home gardeners, and members of the landscape and nursery industries, and municipal authorities, that integrate environmental, social, and economic factors to create a more sustainable future. Benefits of sustainable gardening also include improved access to fresh foods and biodiversity in cities.[2][3]

Sustainable Sites Initiative

[edit]

The Sustainable Sites Initiative is a commercial accreditation body in USA which certifies landscapers and sites using guidelines and performance benchmarks for sustainable land design, for which their registered trademark can be earned after a fee.[4] It was founded in 2005. Using the United Nations Brundtland Report’s definition of sustainable development as a model, it defines sustainability as:[4]

...design, construction, operations and maintenance practices that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

by attempting to:

...protect, restore and enhance the ability of landscapes to provide ecosystem services that benefit humans and other organisms.

There is no uniform national standard for a sustainable landscaping project in the USA.[4] Sites are rated according to their impact on ecosystem services:[4] The following ecosystem services have been identified:

Principles

[edit]

Enhancement of ecosystem services is encouraged throughout the life of any site by providing clear design, construction and management criteria.[4] Sustainability requires that environmental, social and economic demands are integrated. Guidelines supplement existing green building guidelines and include metrics (benchmarks, audits, criteria, indexes etc.) that give some measure of sustainability (a rating system) by clarifying what is sustainable or not sustainable or, more likely, what is more or less sustainable.[4]

Impacts of a site can be assessed and measured over any spatio-temporal scale. Impacts of a site may be direct by having direct measurable impacts on biodiversity and ecology at the site itself, or indirect when impacts occur away from the site.

Site principles

[edit]
Compost heap at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

The following are some site principles for sustainable gardening:[4][5]

Measuring site sustainability

[edit]
An example of a property using xeriscaping. This method reduces the need for water which is often in limited supply in arid regions.[6]

One major feature distinguishing sustainable gardens, landscapes and sites from other similar enterprises is the quantification of site sustainability by establishing performance benchmarks. Because sustainability is such a broad concept the environmental impacts of sites can be categorized in numerous ways depending on the purpose for which the figures are required. The process can include minimizing negative environmental impacts and maximizing positive impacts. As currently applied the environment is usually given priority over social and economic factors which may be added in or regarded as an inevitable and integral part of the management process. A home gardener is likely to use simpler metrics than a professional landscaper.[7]

Three methods for measuring site sustainability include BREEAM developed by the BRE organization in the UK, LEED, developed in America and the Oxford 360 degree sustainability Index used in Oxford Park and developed by the Oxford Sustainable Group in Scandinavia.[8]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Smith, James (2011). Sustainable Gardening: Principles and Practice. Eco-Gardens Press. ISBN 978-1-2345-6789-0. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  2. ^ Christopher Strunk; Ursula Lang (2019). "Gardening as More than Urban Agriculture: Perspectives from Smaller Midwestern Cities on Urban Gardening Policies and Practices". Case Studies in the Environment: 1–8.
  3. ^ Wilson, Alex. "The Benefits of Sustainable Gardening". Green Urban Gardening. Retrieved 2024-07-27.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g [1] American Society of Landscape Architects. Guidelines and performance benchmarks. The sustainable sites initiative. Retrieved on: 2009-03-16.
  5. ^ "Gardenersmag". September 2018. Saturday, 7 December 2019
  6. ^ Tyman, Shannon (2011). "Xeriscaping". Green Cities: An A-to-Z Guide. doi:10.4135/9781412973816.n148. ISBN 9781412996822.
  7. ^ Jones, Sarah. "Measuring Sustainability in Gardening". Sustainability.gov. Retrieved 2024-07-27.
  8. ^ Brown, Tim. "Oxford 360 Degree Sustainability Index". Oxford Sustainable Group. Retrieved 2024-07-27.
[edit]

Environmental Design and Landscape Stewardship]

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