Mampuru II: Difference between revisions

Mampuru II
Mampuru II
King of the Bapedi
Predecessor	Sekhukhune I
Successor	Kgoloko
Born	1824
Died	22 November 1883 (aged 59)
House	Maroteng
Father	Maripane Thobejane
Mother	Kgomomakatane

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Mampuru II (1824 – 22 November 1883) was a king of the Pedi people in southern Africa. Mampuru was a son of the elder brother of Sekwati (known of Maripane Thobejane) and claimed he had been designated as his successor.

Sekwati died in 1861 and his son, Sekhukhune claimed the throne. Sekhukhune ruled until 1879 when a British-Swazi invasion deposed him and installed Mampuru as king. Mampuru ordered the assassination of Sekhukhune in 1882 for which he was arrested and hanged by the Boer South African Republic the following year. Mampuru is regarded as an early liberation movement icon in South Africa and the prison where he was executed has been renamed in his honour.

Early life

Sekwati died in 1861, but this resulted in a succession crisis.^[1] It was traditional for Pedi rulers to take a timamollo ("candle wife" or "great wife") in addition to their usual wife. The children of the candlewife would be those who succeeded to the throne, ahead of the other descendants.^[1]^[2] Mampuru was the child of the candlewife of Sekwati's elder brother (Maripane Thobejane) , Malekutu, and Sekwati had afterwards married his mother.^[1] Mampuru claimed to have been designated heir by Sekwati, over Sekhukhune, the elder son of Sekwati, and was in possession of the royal insignia.^[2] Sekhukhune claimed that Mampuru's mother was not impregnated by Sekwati and that Sekwati had ordered a commoner to get her pregnant. It was also claimed that Sekwati's marriage to Mampuru's mother was not legitimate as he had not provided the customary present of a black bull.^[1]

Sekhukhune seized power and killed Mampuru's advisers, causing him to flee the realm.^[3] Sekhukhune's reign was generally beneficial for the Pedi, he expanded the realm through conquest and marriage, invested in the mining and agricultural industries and purchased firearms for his army. However he came into conflict with the neighbouring Boer South African Republic (also known as the Transvaal) and the Swazi people in what became known as the Sekhukune War.^[3]

Accession and execution

The British Empire annexed the Transvaal in 1877, and in the aftermath, a combined British-Swazi force invaded the Pedi realm in 1879. Sekhukune was deposed, and the British High Commissioner of Southern Africa, Sir Garnet Wolseley, installed Mampuru in his place.^[4]^[3] The Transvaal regained some independence following the First Boer War of 1880–81, though Britain retained control of foreign affairs and relations with tribal societies.^[5]

Mampuru claimed that Sekhukhune was plotting against him to regain the throne and ordered his murder.^[6]^[3] Sekhukhune was stabbed to death at the Great Place, Manoge, on 13 August 1882.^[4]^[2] Mampuru was afterwards arrested and charged with public violence, revolt, and the murder of Sekhukhune.^[7] He was arrested because of his opposition to the hut tax imposed upon black people by the South African Republic.^[8] Mampuru was stripped naked and hanged in public at the Pretoria Central Prison on 22 November 1883.^[9] The rope broke the first time, and he was dragged back onto the gallows to be hanged again.^[8]

Legacy

Sekhukhune's descendants became king after Mampuru's death, though the rival families maintained their claims through the colonial, apartheid and rainbow (post-1991) eras.^[2] The South African government's Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims ruled on the Pedi succession in 2008. The commission ruled that the Sekhukhune lineage was the legitimate one and confirmed Kgagudi Kenneth Sekhukhune as king.^[2]

The location of Mampuru's remains is not known, though the South African government committed to look for them in January 2019.^[9] Mampuru has been described as one of South Africa's first liberation icons.^[8] Potgieter Street in Pretoria was renamed in his honour in 2007 and an annual Mampuru II day is held in January.^[10]^[6] On 10 April 2013 the prison where he was killed was renamed "Kgosi Mampuru II" in his honour.^[7]^[8] In February 2018 a statue of Mampuru was proposed to be erected in Church Square, Pretoria where it will stand opposite one of Paul Kruger who was President of the South African Republic at the time of Mampuru's execution.^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Chiefs in South Africa: Law, Culture, and Power in the Post-Apartheid Era. Springer. 2016. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-137-06460-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Determination on Bapedi Paramountcy" (PDF). Government of South Africa. a Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Morris, Michael (25 November 2016). "#Castle350: Bapedi king fought colonial expansion". IOL South Africa. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b Theal, George McCall (1919). History of South Africa from 1873 to 1884: Twelve Eventful Years, with Continuation of the History of Galekaland, Tembuland, Pondoland, and Betshuanaland Until the Annexation of Those Territories to the Cape Colony, and of Zululand Until Its Annexation to Natal. G. Allen & Unwin Limited. p. 275.
^ "The Boer Wars". BBC History. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b Motseo, Thapelo (30 January 2019). "Kgoshi Mampuru II Day attracts thousands". Sekhukhune Times. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b Hlahla, Patrick (11 April 2013). "Pretoria jail named after Mampuru II". IOL South Africa. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Pretorius, Wim (23 March 2016). "Laying the gallows' ghosts to rest". News24. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Royal remembrance for slain Kgoshikgolo Mampuru II of the Bapedi". Department of Correctional Services. Republic of South Africa. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
^ Ndlazi, Sakhile (2 May 2018). "Shedding light on heroes honoured on SA streets". IOL South Africa. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
^ "Transforming Pretoria's heritage landscape". IOL South Africa. 26 February 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2020.

[chiefs-1] Chiefs in South Africa: Law, Culture, and Power in the Post-Apartheid Era. Springer. 2016. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-137-06460-8.

[suc-2] "Determination on Bapedi Paramountcy" (PDF). Government of South Africa. a Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims. Retrieved 22 April 2020.

[morris-3] Morris, Michael (25 November 2016). "#Castle350: Bapedi king fought colonial expansion". IOL South Africa. Retrieved 21 April 2020.

[theal-4] Theal, George McCall (1919). History of South Africa from 1873 to 1884: Twelve Eventful Years, with Continuation of the History of Galekaland, Tembuland, Pondoland, and Betshuanaland Until the Annexation of Those Territories to the Cape Colony, and of Zululand Until Its Annexation to Natal. G. Allen & Unwin Limited. p. 275.

[5] "The Boer Wars". BBC History. Retrieved 22 April 2020.

[mot-6] Motseo, Thapelo (30 January 2019). "Kgoshi Mampuru II Day attracts thousands". Sekhukhune Times. Retrieved 21 April 2020.

[hla-7] Hlahla, Patrick (11 April 2013). "Pretoria jail named after Mampuru II". IOL South Africa. Retrieved 21 April 2020.

[pret-8] Pretorius, Wim (23 March 2016). "Laying the gallows' ghosts to rest". News24. Retrieved 21 April 2020.

[dcs-9] "Royal remembrance for slain Kgoshikgolo Mampuru II of the Bapedi". Department of Correctional Services. Republic of South Africa. Retrieved 21 April 2020.

[10] Ndlazi, Sakhile (2 May 2018). "Shedding light on heroes honoured on SA streets". IOL South Africa. Retrieved 21 April 2020.

[11] "Transforming Pretoria's heritage landscape". IOL South Africa. 26 February 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2020.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
+{{Infobox royalty
-[[Kgosi]] '''Mampuru II''' (died 22 November 1883) was a king of the [[Pedi people]] in southern Africa.  Mampuru was a son of the elder brother of Kgosi [[Sewati]] and claimed he had been designated as his successor.  Sewati died in 1861 and his son, [[Sekhukhune]] claimed the throne.  Sekhukhune ruled until 1879 when a British-Swazi invasion deposed him and installed Mampuru as king.  Mampuru ordered the assassination of Sekhukhune in 1882 for which he was arrested and hanged by the Boer [[South African Republic]] the following year.  Mampuru is regarded as an early liberation movement icon in South Africa and the prison where he was executed has been renamed in his honour.
+| name         = Mampuru II
+| image        =
+| succession   = King of the [[Pedi people|Bapedi
+]]
+| reign        =
+| predecessor  = [[Sekhukhune|Sekhukhune I]]
+| successor    = Kgoloko
+| birth_name   =
+| birth_date   = 1824
+| death_date   = {{death date and given age|1883|11|22|59|df=y}}
+| father       = [[Sekwati|Maripane
+                 Thobejane]]
+| mother       = Kgomomakatane
+| consort      =
+| spouse       =
+| house        = Maroteng
+| issue        =
+| religion     =
+}}
+'''Mampuru II''' (1824 – 22 November 1883) was a king of the [[Pedi people]] in southern Africa. Mampuru was a son of the elder brother of Sekwati (known of Maripane Thobejane) and claimed he had been designated as his successor.
+Sekwati died in 1861 and his son, [[Sekhukhune]] claimed the throne. Sekhukhune ruled until 1879 when a British-Swazi invasion deposed him and installed Mampuru as king. Mampuru ordered the assassination of Sekhukhune in 1882 for which he was arrested and hanged by the [[Boers|Boer]] [[South African Republic]] the following year. Mampuru is regarded as an early liberation movement icon in [[South Africa]] and the prison where he was executed has been renamed in his honour.
 == Early life ==
 [[File:LL1882 pg008 SIKUKUNI.jpg|thumb|[[Sekhukhune]], Mampuru's step brother and rival]]
-The king ([[kgosi]]) of the [[Pedi people]]  [[Sekwati]] died in 1861 but this resulted in a [[succession crisis]].<ref name=chiefs>{{cite book |title=Chiefs in South Africa: Law, Culture, and Power in the Post-Apartheid Era |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-06460-8 |page=221 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lk0BDgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>  It was traditional for Pedi rulers to take a ''timamollo'' ("candle wife" or "great wife") in addition to their usual wife.  The children of the candle wife would be those who succeeded to the throne, ahead of the other descendants.<ref name=chiefs/><ref name=suc/>  Mampuru was the child of the candle wife of Sekwati's elder brother, Malekutu and Sewati had afterwards married his mother.<ref name=chiefs/>  Mampuru claimed to have been designated heir by Sekwati, over [[Sekhukhune]] - the elder son of Sekwati, and was in possession of the royal insignia.<ref name=suc/>  Sekhukhune claimed that Mampuru's mother was not impregnated by Malekutu and that Sekwati had ordered a commoner to get her pregnant.  It was also claimed that Sekwati's marriage to Mampuru's mother was not legitimate as he had not provided the customary present of a black bull.<ref name=chiefs/>
+[[Sekwati]] died in 1861, but this resulted in a [[succession crisis]].<ref name=chiefs>{{cite book |title=Chiefs in South Africa: Law, Culture, and Power in the Post-Apartheid Era |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-06460-8 |page=221 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk0BDgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> It was traditional for Pedi rulers to take a ''timamollo'' ("candle wife" or "great wife") in addition to their usual wife. The children of the candlewife would be those who succeeded to the throne, ahead of the other descendants.<ref name=chiefs/><ref name=suc/> Mampuru was the child of the candlewife of Sekwati's elder brother (Maripane Thobejane) , Malekutu, and Sekwati had afterwards married his mother.<ref name=chiefs/> Mampuru claimed to have been designated heir by Sekwati, over [[Sekhukhune]], the elder son of Sekwati, and was in possession of the royal insignia.<ref name=suc/>  Sekhukhune claimed that Mampuru's mother was not impregnated by Sekwati and that Sekwati had ordered a commoner to get her pregnant.  It was also claimed that Sekwati's marriage to Mampuru's mother was not legitimate as he had not provided the customary present of a black bull.<ref name=chiefs/>
 Sekhukhune seized power and killed Mampuru's advisers, causing him to flee the realm.<ref name=morris>{{cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Michael |title=#Castle350: Bapedi king fought colonial expansion |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/news/castle350-bapedi-king-fought-colonial-expansion-2093337 |accessdate=21 April 2020 |work=IOL South Africa |date=25 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref>  Sekhukhune's reign was generally beneficial for the Pedi, he expanded the realm through conquest and marriage, invested in the mining and agricultural industries and purchased firearms for his army.  However he came into conflict with the neighbouring Boer [[South African Republic]] (also known as the Transvaal) and the [[Swazi people]] in what became known as the [[South_African_Republic#Sekhukune_War,_1876|Sekhukune War]].<ref name=morris/>
@@ Line 10: / Line 33: @@
 == Accession and execution ==
 [[File:IY188 pg461 EXECUTION OF MAMPOER (18. Nov. 1883).jpg|thumb|Mampuru's execution]]
-The British Empire annexed the Transvaal in 1877 and in the aftermath a combined  British-Swazi force invaded the Pedi realm in 1879. Sekhukune was deposed and the British  High Commissioner of Southern Africa, Sir Garnet Wolseley, installed Mampuru in his place.<ref name=theal>{{cite book |last1=Theal |first1=George McCall |title=History of South Africa from 1873 to 1884: Twelve Eventful Years, with Continuation of the History of Galekaland, Tembuland, Pondoland, and Betshuanaland Until the Annexation of Those Territories to the Cape Colony, and of Zululand Until Its Annexation to Natal |date=1919 |publisher=G. Allen & Unwin Limited |page=275 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XUxCAAAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name=morris/>  The Transvaal regained some independence following the [[First Boer War]] of 1880-81 though Britain retained control of foreign affairs and relations with tribal societies.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Boer Wars |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/boer_wars_01.shtml |website=BBC History |accessdate=22 April 2020}}</ref>
+The British Empire annexed the Transvaal in 1877, and in the aftermath, a combined British-Swazi force invaded the Pedi realm in 1879. Sekhukune was deposed, and the British High Commissioner of Southern Africa, Sir Garnet Wolseley, installed Mampuru in his place.<ref name=theal>{{cite book |last1=Theal |first1=George McCall |title=History of South Africa from 1873 to 1884: Twelve Eventful Years, with Continuation of the History of Galekaland, Tembuland, Pondoland, and Betshuanaland Until the Annexation of Those Territories to the Cape Colony, and of Zululand Until Its Annexation to Natal |date=1919 |publisher=G. Allen & Unwin Limited |page=275 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XUxCAAAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name=morris/> The Transvaal regained some independence following the [[First Boer War]] of 1880–81, though Britain retained control of foreign affairs and relations with tribal societies.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Boer Wars |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/boer_wars_01.shtml |website=BBC History |accessdate=22 April 2020}}</ref>
-Mampuru claimed that Sekhukhune was plotting against him to regain the throne and ordered his murder.<ref name=mot>{{cite news |last1=Motseo |first1=Thapelo |title=Kgoshi Mampuru II Day attracts thousands |url=https://sekhukhunetimes.co.za/2019/01/30/kgoshi-mampuru-ii-day-attracts-thousands/ |accessdate=21 April 2020 |work=Sekhukhune Times |date=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=morris/>  He was stabbed to death at the Great Place, Manoge on 13 August 1882.<ref name=theal/><ref name=suc/>  Mampuru was afterwards arrested and charged with public violence, revolt and the murder of Sekhukhune.<ref name=hla>{{cite news |last1=Hlahla |first1=Patrick |title=Pretoria jail named after Mampuru II |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/pretoria-jail-named-after-mampuru-ii-1498632 |accessdate=21 April 2020 |work=IOL South Africa |date=11 April 2013 |language=en}}</ref>  There have also been claims that he was arrested because of his opposition to a [[hut tax]] imposed upon black people by the South African Republic.<ref name=pret>{{cite news |last1=Pretorius |first1=Wim |title=Laying the gallows' ghosts to rest |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/laying-the-gallows-ghosts-to-rest-20160323 |accessdate=21 April 2020 |work=News24 |date=23 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref>  Mampuru was stripped naked and hanged in public at the Pretoria Central Prison on 22 November 1883.<ref name=dcs/> The rope broke the first time and he was dragged back onto the gallows to be hanged again.<ref name=pret/>
+Mampuru claimed that Sekhukhune was plotting against him to regain the throne and ordered his murder.<ref name=mot>{{cite news |last1=Motseo |first1=Thapelo |title=Kgoshi Mampuru II Day attracts thousands |url=https://sekhukhunetimes.co.za/2019/01/30/kgoshi-mampuru-ii-day-attracts-thousands/ |accessdate=21 April 2020 |work=Sekhukhune Times |date=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=morris/> Sekhukhune was stabbed to death at the Great Place, Manoge, on 13 August 1882.<ref name=theal/><ref name=suc/> Mampuru was afterwards arrested and charged with public violence, revolt, and the murder of Sekhukhune.<ref name=hla>{{cite news |last1=Hlahla |first1=Patrick |title=Pretoria jail named after Mampuru II |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/pretoria-jail-named-after-mampuru-ii-1498632 |accessdate=21 April 2020 |work=IOL South Africa |date=11 April 2013 |language=en}}</ref> He was arrested because of his opposition to the [[hut tax]] imposed upon black people by the South African Republic.<ref name=pret>{{cite news |last1=Pretorius |first1=Wim |title=Laying the gallows' ghosts to rest |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/laying-the-gallows-ghosts-to-rest-20160323 |accessdate=21 April 2020 |work=News24 |date=23 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Mampuru was stripped naked and hanged in public at the [[Pretoria Central Prison]] on 22 November 1883.<ref name=dcs/> The rope broke the first time, and he was dragged back onto the gallows to be hanged again.<ref name=pret/>
 ==Legacy ==
-Sekhukhune's descendants became king after Mampuru's death, though the rival families maintained their claims through the colonial, [[apartheid]] and rainbow (post-1991) eras.<ref name=suc/>  The South African government's Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims ruled on the Pedi succession in 2008.  The commission ruled that the Sekhukhune lineage was the legitimate one and confirmed Kgagudi Kenneth Sekhukhune as king.<ref name=suc>{{cite web |title=Determination on Bapedi Paramountcy |url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/determination-bapedi-paramountcy.pdf |website=Government of South Africa |publisher=a Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims |accessdate=22 April 2020}}</ref>
+Sekhukhune's descendants became king after Mampuru's death, though the rival families maintained their claims through the colonial, [[apartheid]] and rainbow (post-1991) eras.<ref name=suc/> The South African government's Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims ruled on the Pedi succession in 2008.  The commission ruled that the Sekhukhune lineage was the legitimate one and confirmed Kgagudi Kenneth Sekhukhune as king.<ref name=suc>{{cite web |title=Determination on Bapedi Paramountcy |url= https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/determination-bapedi-paramountcy.pdf |website=Government of South Africa |publisher=a Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims |accessdate=22 April 2020}}</ref>
+The location of Mampuru's remains is not known, though the South African government committed to look for them in January 2019.<ref name=dcs>{{cite web |title=Royal remembrance for slain Kgoshikgolo Mampuru II of the Bapedi |url=http://www.dcs.gov.za/?page_id=3881 |website=Department of Correctional Services |publisher=Republic of South Africa |accessdate=21 April 2020}}</ref> Mampuru has been described as one of South Africa's first liberation icons.<ref name=pret/> Potgieter Street in Pretoria was renamed in his honour in 2007 and an annual Mampuru II day is held in January.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ndlazi |first1=Sakhile |title=Shedding light on heroes honoured on SA streets |url=https://www.iol.co.za/pretoria-news/shedding-light-on-heroes-honoured-on-sa-streets-14740182 |accessdate=21 April 2020 |work=IOL South Africa |date=2 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=mot/> On 10 April 2013 the prison where he was killed was renamed "Kgosi Mampuru II" in his honour.<ref name=hla/><ref name=pret/> In February 2018 a statue of Mampuru was proposed to be erected in Church Square, Pretoria where it will stand opposite one of [[Paul Kruger]] who was President of the South African Republic at the time of Mampuru's execution.<ref>{{cite news |title=Transforming Pretoria's heritage landscape |url= https://www.iol.co.za/pretoria-news/opinion/transforming-pretorias-heritage-landscape-13490847 |accessdate=21 April 2020 |work=IOL South Africa |date=26 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
+== See also ==
-The location of Mampuru's remains is not known, though the South African government committed to look for them in January 2019.<ref name=dcs>{{cite web |title=Royal remembrance for slain Kgoshikgolo Mampuru II of the Bapedi |url=http://www.dcs.gov.za/?page_id=3881 |website=Department of Correctional Services |publisher=Republic of South Africa |accessdate=21 April 2020}}</ref>  Mampuru has been described as one of South Africa's first liberation icons.<ref name=pret/>  Potgieter Street in Pretoria was renamed in his honour in 2007 and an annual Mampuru II day is held in January.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ndlazi |first1=Sakhile |title=Shedding light on heroes honoured on SA streets |url=https://www.iol.co.za/pretoria-news/shedding-light-on-heroes-honoured-on-sa-streets-14740182 |accessdate=21 April 2020 |work=IOL South Africa |date=2 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=mot/>  On 10 April 2013 the prison where he was killed was renamed "Kgosi Mampuru II" in his honour.<ref name=hla/><ref name=pret/>  In February 2018 a statue of Mampuru was proposed to be erected in Church Square, Pretoria where it will stand opposite one of [[Paul Kruger]] who was President of the South African Republic at the time of Mampuru's execution.<ref>{{cite news |title=Transforming Pretoria's heritage landscape |url=https://www.iol.co.za/pretoria-news/opinion/transforming-pretorias-heritage-landscape-13490847 |accessdate=21 April 2020 |work=IOL South Africa |date=26 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
+* [[Sekwati]]
+* [[Sekhukhune II]]
+* [[Nyabêla|Nyabela]]
+* [[Pedi people]]
 == References ==
@@ Line 26: / Line 55: @@
 [[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
 [[Category:People executed by South Africa by hanging]]
-[[Category:Monarchies of South Africa]]
+[[Category:Bapedi monarchy]]