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{{Short description|Main-belt asteroid}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox planet
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| minorplanet = yes
| name = 4324 Bickel
| name = 4324 Bickel
| background = #FFFFC0
| background = #D6D6D6
| image =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| caption =
| discovery_ref = &thinsp;<ref name="jpldata" />
| discovery_ref = &thinsp;<ref name="jpldata" />
Line 9: Line 12:
| discoverer = [[Laurence G. Taff|L. G. Taff]]
| discoverer = [[Laurence G. Taff|L. G. Taff]]
| discovery_site = [[Lincoln Laboratory ETS]]
| discovery_site = [[Lincoln Laboratory ETS]]
| mp_name = 4324 Bickel
| mpc_name = (4324) Bickel
| alt_names = {{mp|1981 YA|1}}{{·}}1932 UD<br />1932 WE{{·}}1948 SD<br />{{mp|1948 TK|2}}{{·}}1964 PE<br />1966 DC{{·}}1972 NF<br />{{mp|1973 YR|3}}{{·}}1985 XX<br />A924 YC
| alt_names = {{mp|1981 YA|1}}{{·}}1932 UD<br />1932 WE{{·}}1948 SD<br />{{mp|1948 TK|2}}{{·}}1964 PE<br />1966 DC{{·}}1972 NF<br />{{mp|1973 YR|3}}{{·}}1985 XX<br />A924 YC
| named_after = [[Wolf Bickel]]<br />{{small|(amateur astronomer)}}<ref name="MPC-Bickel" />
| named_after = [[Wolf Bickel]]<br />{{small|(amateur astronomer)}}<ref name="MPC-Bickel" />
| mp_category = [[main-belt]]{{·}}{{small|(inner)}}&thinsp;<ref name="lcdb" />
| mp_category = [[main-belt]]{{·}}{{small|([[Kirkwood gap|middle]])}}
| orbit_ref = &thinsp;<ref name="jpldata" />
| orbit_ref = &thinsp;<ref name="jpldata" />
| epoch = 31 July 2016 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2457600.5)
| epoch = 4 September 2017 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458000.5)
| uncertainty = 0
| uncertainty = 0
| observation_arc = {{nowrap|91.22 yr (33,317 days)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}}
| observation_arc = 92.44 yr (33,765 days)
| aphelion = 3.0529 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| aphelion = 3.0537 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 2.0370 AU
| perihelion = 2.0373 AU
| semimajor = 2.5450 AU
| semimajor = 2.5455 AU
| eccentricity = 0.1996
| eccentricity = 0.1996
| period = 4.06 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1,483 days)
| period = 4.06 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1,483 days)
| mean_anomaly = 223.33[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_anomaly = 320.50[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.2428|sup=ms}} / day
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.2427|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 7.7768°
| inclination = 7.7760°
| asc_node = 292.79°
| asc_node = 292.79°
| arg_peri = 108.77°
| arg_peri = 108.71°
| dimensions = {{val|11.65|0.56}} km<ref name="Masiero-2012" /><br />12.39 km {{small|(calculated)}}<ref name="lcdb" />
| dimensions = {{val|11.65|0.56}} km<ref name="Masiero-2012" /><br />12.39 km {{small|(calculated)}}<ref name="lcdb" />
| rotation = {{val|16}} [[Hour|h]]<ref name="geneva-obs" /><br />{{val|26.5}} h<ref name="Ivanova-2002" /><br />{{val|26.592|0.003}} h<ref name="geneva-obs" />
| rotation = {{val|16}} [[Hour|h]]<ref name="geneva-obs" /><br />{{val|26.5}} h<ref name="Ivanova-2002" /><br />{{val|26.592|0.003}} h<ref name="geneva-obs" />
| albedo = 0.20 {{small|(assumed)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|0.248|0.020}}<ref name="Masiero-2012" />
| albedo = 0.20 {{small|(assumed)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|0.248|0.020}}<ref name="Masiero-2012" />
| spectral_type = [[S-type asteroid|S]]&thinsp;<ref name="lcdb" />
| spectral_type = [[S-type asteroid|S]]&thinsp;<ref name="lcdb" />
| abs_magnitude = 11.80<ref name="Masiero-2012" /><br />11.9<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|12.37|0.29}}<ref name="Veres-2015" />
| abs_magnitude = 11.80<ref name="Masiero-2012" />{{·}}11.9<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" />{{·}}{{val|12.37|0.29}}<ref name="Veres-2015" />
}}
}}


'''4324 Bickel''', provisional designation {{mp|1981 YA|1}}, is a stony [[asteroid]] from the inner regions of the [[asteroid belt]], approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 December 1981, by American astronomer Laurence Taff at [[Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site]], Socorro, in the U.S. state of New Mexico.<ref name="MPC-Bickel" />
'''4324 Bickel''', provisional designation {{mp|1981 YA|1}}, is a stony [[asteroid]] from the middle region of the [[asteroid belt]], approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 December 1981, by American astronomer Laurence Taff at [[Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site]] in Socorro, New Mexico, United States. The asteroid was named after amateur astronomer [[Wolf Bickel]].<ref name="MPC-Bickel" />


== Orbit and classification ==
⚫
The [[S-type asteroid|S-type]] asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0–3.1&nbsp;[[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 4 years and 1 month (1,483 days). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.20 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 8[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> The first [[precovery]] was taken at [[Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory|Heidelberg Observatory]] in 1924, extending the asteroid's [[observation arc]] by 57 years prior to its discovery.<ref name="MPC-Bickel" />


⚫
''Bickel'' orbits the Sun in the [[Kirkwood gap|central]] main-belt at a distance of 2.0–3.1&nbsp;[[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 4 years and 1 month (1,483 days). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.20 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 8[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> It was first identified as {{mp|A924 YC}} at [[Heidelberg Observatory]] in 1924, extending the body's [[observation arc]] by 57 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.<ref name="MPC-Bickel" />
⚫
In September 2001, the first ever conducted photometric observation of this asteroid at the [[Rozhen Observatory]], Bulgaria, rendered a rotational [[light-curve]] with a longer-than-average [[rotation period|period]] of {{val|26.5}} hours and a brightness variation of 0.63 in [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] ({{small|1=[[LCDB quality code|U=2]]}}).<ref name="Ivanova-2002" /> A more refined light-curve was obtained in October 2005, by astronomers Raymond Poncy, Laurent Bernasconi and Rui Goncalves, which gave a period of {{val|26.592|0.003}} hours with an amplitude of 0.72 in magnitude ({{small|1=[[LCDB quality code|U=3]]}}).<ref name="geneva-obs" />


== Physical characteristics ==
⚫
According to observations by NASA's space-based [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]] with its subsequent [[NEOWISE]] mission, the asteroid measures 11.7 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] of 0.248,<ref name="Masiero-2012" /> while the ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a slightly larger diameter of 12.4 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 11.9.<ref name="lcdb" />


''Bickel'' has been characterized as a common [[S-type asteroid]].<ref name="lcdb" />
⚫
The minor planet is named in honor of German amateur astronomer [[Wolf Bickel]] (b.&thinsp;1942) who began observing minor planets at his private [[Bergisch Gladbach Observatory]] in 1995. At the time this minor planet was named, he had discovered more than 540 numbered minor planets.<ref name="MPC-Bickel" /> Naming citation was published on 22 July 2013 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 84378}}).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" /> Bickel has become Germany's most prolific discoverer of asteroids, ahead of (professional) astronomer [[Freimut Börngen]], the first time in 150 years, that an amateur astronomer is ranking first among the German top discoverers.<ref name="VDS" /> His total number of discoveries has since increased to more than 600.<ref name="MPC-Discoverers" />

=== Rotation period ===

⚫
In September 2001, the first ever conducted photometric observation of ''Bickel'' at the [[Rozhen Observatory]], Bulgaria, rendered a rotational [[lightcurve]] with a longer-than-average [[rotation period|period]] of {{val|26.5}} hours and a brightness variation of 0.63 [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=2]]}}).<ref name="Ivanova-2002" /> A more refined lightcurve was obtained in October 2005, by astronomers Raymond Poncy, [[Laurent Bernasconi]] and Rui Goncalves, which gave a well-defined period of {{val|26.592|0.003}} hours with an amplitude of 0.72 magnitude ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3]]}}).<ref name="geneva-obs" />

=== Diameter and albedo ===

⚫
According to observations by NASA's space-based [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]] with its subsequent [[NEOWISE]] mission, ''Bickel'' measures 11.7 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] of 0.248,<ref name="Masiero-2012" /> while the ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a slightly larger diameter of 12.4 kilometers with an [[absolute magnitude]] of 11.9.<ref name="lcdb" />

== Naming ==

This [[minor planet]] was named in honor of German amateur astronomer [[Wolf Bickel]] (born 1942) who began observing minor planets at his private [[Bergisch Gladbach Observatory]] in 1995.<ref name="MPC-Bickel" />

⚫
At the time this minor planet was named, he had discovered more than 540 numbered minor planets.<ref name="MPC-Bickel" /> The official naming citation was published by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on 22 July 2013 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 84378}}).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" /> Bickel has become Germany's most prolific discoverer of asteroids, ahead of (professional) astronomer [[Freimut Börngen]], the first time in 150 years, that an amateur astronomer is ranking first among the German top discoverers.<ref name="VDS" /> His total number of discoveries has since increased to more than 600.<ref name="MPC-Discoverers" />


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist
{{reflist|30em|refs=
|refs=


<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type = 2016-03-11 last obs.
|type = 2017-06-02 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 4324 Bickel (1981 YA1)
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 4324 Bickel (1981 YA1)
|url = http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2004324
|url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2004324
|publisher = Jet Propulsion Laboratory
|publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|accessdate = April 2016}}</ref>
|access-date = 20 June 2017}}</ref>


<ref name="MPC-Bickel">{{cite web
<ref name="MPC-Bickel">{{cite web
|title = 4324 Bickel (1981 YA1)
|title = 4324 Bickel (1981 YA1)
|work = Minor Planet Center
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=4324
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=4324
|accessdate = April 2016}}</ref>
|access-date = 5 April 2016}}</ref>


<ref name="MPC-Discoverers">{{cite web
<ref name="MPC-Discoverers">{{cite web
|title = Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)
|title = Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)
|work = Minor Planet Center
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/MPDiscsNum.html
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/MPDiscsNum.html
|date = 23 March 2016
|date = 23 March 2016
|accessdate = April 2016}}</ref>
|access-date = 5 April 2016}}</ref>


<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
|title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
|title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
|work = Minor Planet Center
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
|accessdate = May 2016}}</ref>
|access-date = 17 May 2016}}</ref>


<ref name="geneva-obs">{{cite web
<ref name="geneva-obs">{{cite web
|title = Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (4324) Bickel
|title = Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (4324) Bickel
|last = Behrend |first = Raoul
|last = Behrend |first = Raoul
|publisher = Geneva Observatory
|publisher = [[Geneva Observatory]]
|url = http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page4cou.html#004324
|url = http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page4cou.html#004324
|accessdate = May 2016}}</ref>
|access-date = 17 May 2016}}</ref>


<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
|title = LCDB Data for (4324) Bickel
|title = LCDB Data for (4324) Bickel
|publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
|publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=4324%7CBickel
|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=4324%7CBickel
|accessdate = May 2016}}</ref>
|access-date = 17 May 2016}}</ref>


<ref name="VDS">{{cite web
<ref name="VDS">{{cite web
Line 95: Line 111:
|format = PDF
|format = PDF
|date = April 2013
|date = April 2013
|accessdate = April 2016}}</ref>
|access-date = 5 April 2016}}</ref>


<ref name="Masiero-2012">{{cite journal
<ref name="Masiero-2012">{{cite journal
Line 116: Line 132:
|doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8
|doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8
|arxiv = 1209.5794
|arxiv = 1209.5794
|access-date= May 2016}}</ref>
|access-date= 17 May 2016}}</ref>


<ref name="Ivanova-2002">{{Cite journal
<ref name="Ivanova-2002">{{Cite journal
Line 129: Line 145:
|pages = 505–508
|pages = 505–508
|bibcode = 2002ESASP.500..505I
|bibcode = 2002ESASP.500..505I
|access-date= May 2016}}</ref>
|access-date= 17 May 2016}}</ref>


<ref name="Veres-2015">{{cite journal
<ref name="Veres-2015">{{cite journal
Line 159: Line 175:
|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007
|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007
|arxiv = 1506.00762
|arxiv = 1506.00762
|access-date= May 2016}}</ref>
|access-date= 17 May 2016}}</ref>


}} <!-- end of reflist -->
}} <!-- end of reflist -->
Line 165: Line 181:
== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.vds-astro.de/fuer-mitglieder/vds-journal.html VdS-Journal – Vereinigung der Sternfreunde]
* [http://www.vds-astro.de/fuer-mitglieder/vds-journal.html VdS-Journal – Vereinigung der Sternfreunde]
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info])
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }})
* [https://books.google.se/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
* [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
* [http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|4324}}
* {{JPL small body|title=4324 Bickel (1981 YA1)|id=2004324}}
* {{JPL small body}}


{{Minor planets navigator|4323 Hortulus|4325 Guest}}
{{Minor planets navigator |4323 Hortulus |number=4324 |4325 Guest}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Bickel}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bickel}}
[[Category:Main-belt asteroids|004324]]
[[Category:Background asteroids|004324]]
[[Category:Numbered minor planets|004324]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Laurence G. Taff]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Laurence G. Taff]]
[[Category:Asteroids named for people]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1981|19811224]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1981|19811224]]

Latest revision as of 14:34, 17 August 2024

4324 Bickel
Discovery [1]
Discovered byL. G. Taff
Discovery siteLincoln Laboratory ETS
Discovery date24 December 1981
Designations
(4324) Bickel
Named after
Wolf Bickel
(amateur astronomer)[2]
1981 YA1 · 1932 UD
1932 WE · 1948 SD
1948 TK2 · 1964 PE
1966 DC · 1972 NF
1973 YR3 · 1985 XX
A924 YC
main-belt · (middle)
Orbital characteristics [1]
Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc92.44 yr (33,765 days)
Aphelion3.0537 AU
Perihelion2.0373 AU
2.5455 AU
Eccentricity0.1996
4.06 yr (1,483 days)
320.50°
0° 14m 33.72s / day
Inclination7.7760°
292.79°
108.71°
Physical characteristics
Dimensions11.65±0.56 km[3]
12.39 km (calculated)[4]
16 h[5]
26.5 h[6]
26.592±0.003 h[5]
0.20 (assumed)[4]
0.248±0.020[3]
S [4]
11.80[3] · 11.9[1][4] · 12.37±0.29[7]

4324 Bickel, provisional designation 1981 YA1, is a stony asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 December 1981, by American astronomer Laurence Taff at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico, United States. The asteroid was named after amateur astronomer Wolf Bickel.[2]

Orbit and classification

[edit]

Bickel orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,483 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic.[1] It was first identified as A924 YC at Heidelberg Observatory in 1924, extending the body's observation arc by 57 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.[2]

Physical characteristics

[edit]

Bickel has been characterized as a common S-type asteroid.[4]

Rotation period

[edit]

In September 2001, the first ever conducted photometric observation of Bickel at the Rozhen Observatory, Bulgaria, rendered a rotational lightcurve with a longer-than-average period of 26.5 hours and a brightness variation of 0.63 magnitude (U=2).[6] A more refined lightcurve was obtained in October 2005, by astronomers Raymond Poncy, Laurent Bernasconi and Rui Goncalves, which gave a well-defined period of 26.592±0.003 hours with an amplitude of 0.72 magnitude (U=3).[5]

Diameter and albedo

[edit]

According to observations by NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Bickel measures 11.7 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.248,[3] while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a slightly larger diameter of 12.4 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.9.[4]

Naming

[edit]

This minor planet was named in honor of German amateur astronomer Wolf Bickel (born 1942) who began observing minor planets at his private Bergisch Gladbach Observatory in 1995.[2]

At the time this minor planet was named, he had discovered more than 540 numbered minor planets.[2] The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 22 July 2013 (M.P.C. 84378).[8] Bickel has become Germany's most prolific discoverer of asteroids, ahead of (professional) astronomer Freimut Börngen, the first time in 150 years, that an amateur astronomer is ranking first among the German top discoverers.[9] His total number of discoveries has since increased to more than 600.[10]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 4324 Bickel (1981 YA1)" (2017-06-02 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e "4324 Bickel (1981 YA1)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Nugent, C.; et al. (November 2012). "Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 759 (1): 5. arXiv:1209.5794. Bibcode:2012ApJ...759L...8M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "LCDB Data for (4324) Bickel". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  5. ^ a b c Behrend, Raoul. "Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (4324) Bickel". Geneva Observatory. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  6. ^ a b Ivanova, V. G.; Apostolovska, G.; Borisov, G. B.; Bilkina, B. I. (November 2002). "Results from photometric studies of asteroids at Rozhen National Observatory, Bulgaria". In: Proceedings of Asteroids: 505–508. Bibcode:2002ESASP.500..505I. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  7. ^ Veres, Peter; Jedicke, Robert; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Granvik, Mikael; Bolin, Bryce; et al. (November 2015). "Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results". Icarus. 261: 34–47. arXiv:1506.00762. Bibcode:2015Icar..261...34V. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  8. ^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  9. ^ "Bickel überholt Börngen – die erfolgreichsten deutschen Kleinplanetenentdecker" [Bickel overtakes Börgen – Most prolific German discoverers of minor planets] (PDF). VdS-Journal – Vereinigung der Sternfreunde. April 2013. pp. 80–83. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  10. ^ "Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)". Minor Planet Center. 23 March 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
[edit]
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