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{{Short description|Pacific severe tropical storm in 1999}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2022}}


{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{infobox weather event
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{{short description|Pacific tropical storm in 1999}}
{{Infobox Hurricane
| name = Severe Tropical Storm York (Neneng)
| name = Severe Tropical Storm York (Neneng)
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| basin = WPac
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| year = 1999
| image = York_1999-09-15_2000Z.png
| image = York_1999-09-15_2000Z.png
| caption = York at peak intensity over China on September 15
| caption = York at peak intensity over China on September 15
| formed = September 10, 1999
| formed = September 10, 1999
| dissipated = September 17, 1999
| dissipated = September 17, 1999
}}{{infobox weather event/JMA
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| 10-min winds = 55
| 1-min winds = 70
| winds = 55
| pressure = 980
| pressure = 980
}}{{infobox weather event/JTWC
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| winds = 70
| pressure =
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| basin = wpac
}}{{infobox weather event/Effects
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| year = 1999
| fatalities = 35 total
| fatalities = 35 total
| damages = 34
| damage = 34000000
| affected = [[Hong Kong]], [[Portuguese Macau]], South China, [[Philippines]]
| areas = [[Hong Kong]], [[Portuguese Macau]], South China, [[Philippines]]
| refs =
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| Hurricane season = [[1999 Pacific typhoon season]]
}}{{infobox weather event/Footer
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| season = [[1999 Pacific typhoon season]]
}}
}}
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'''Severe Tropical Storm York''' (or '''Typhoon York'''),<ref name="Hong Kong typhoon wind speeds">{{cite web |title=TYPHOONS WHICH REQUIRED THE HURRICANE SIGNAL NO. 10 SINCE 1946 |url=https://www.hko.gov.hk/informtc/historical_tc/metinfo_wind.htm |publisher=Hong Kong Observatory |access-date=September 3, 2023}}</ref> also known in the [[Philippines]] as '''Tropical Depression Neneng''', was a tropical cyclone that formed in September 1999. It brought severe impacts to the Philippines and southeastern [[China]], causing 35 deaths. York is considered the worst tropical cyclone to hit Hong Kong since [[Typhoon Ellen (1983)|1983]]. York was first noted as a tropical disturbance over the [[Philippine Sea]] on September 9, 1999, and became a tropical depression three days later on September 12. Initially, the intensity of the system was that of a weak tropical depression; however, it formed a new center while in the northern [[South China Sea]] west of [[Luzon]] soon after. York intensified into a tropical storm on September 13 and its track was erratic and remained stationary for a while, until it landfalled near [[Hong Kong]] as a minimal typhoon on September 16.<ref name="Hong Kong typhoon wind speeds">{{cite web |title=TYPHOONS WHICH REQUIRED THE HURRICANE SIGNAL NO. 10 SINCE 1946 |url=https://www.hko.gov.hk/informtc/historical_tc/metinfo_wind.htm |publisher=Hong Kong Observatory |access-date=September 3, 2023}}</ref> York then weakened to a tropical storm and quickly degenerated into a remnant area of low pressure soon after on the following day.


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York generated heavy rainfall and flooding when it crossed over the Philippines, which claimed the lives of 18 people. York is particularly noted for leading to the [[Hong Kong Observatory]] issuing the [[Hong Kong tropical cyclone warning signals|highest No. 10 warning]] for the first time since 1983 as well as killing two people in Hong Kong when it passed near the city. A cargo ship reportedly sunk, 18,000 homes lost power in the wake of the storm and 4,000 trees were uprooted in Hong Kong. In [[Macau]], one person was injured and 120 incidents related to the storm were reported. In the Chinese province of [[Guangdong]], fifteen people lost their lives and from the heavy rainfall. Overall, total damages were estimated to be at least $34 million (USD).
⚫
'''Severe Tropical Storm York''', also known in the [[Philippines]] as '''Neneng''' was a storm that formed in September 1999. It brought severe impacts to the [[Philippines]] and southeastern [[China]], causing 35 deaths. Considered as the worst storm to hit Hong Kong since [[Typhoon_Ellen_(1983)|1983]], York was first noted as a tropical disturbance over the [[Philippine Sea]] on September 9th, 1999, and became a tropical depression three days later on September 12. Initially, the initial intensity of the system has been at the lower limit of tropical depression intensity, until the formation of a new center in northern [[South China Sea]] west of [[Luzon]] the following day. Despite identified as a tropical storm the following day, York's track was erratic and remained stationary for a while, until landing near [[Hong Kong]] as a severe tropical storm or minimal typhoon on September 16. Afterward, York weakened to a tropical storm and quickly degenerated into a remnant area of low pressure soon after on the following day.

⚫
York generated heavy rainfall and flooding when it crossed over the Philippines, which claimed the lives of 18 people. Particularly noted for leading to the [[Hong Kong Observatory]] issuing the [[Hong_Kong_tropical_cyclone_warning_signals|highest No. 10 warning]] for the first time since 1983, it killed an additional two people in Hong Kong when it passed near the city. A cargo ship were as well reportedly sunk, with some 18,000 homes losing power in the wake of the storm and 4,000 trees uprooted in Hong Kong. Elsewhere in [[Macau]], one person was injured and 120 incidents related to the storm were reported. In the [[China|Chinese]] province of [[Guangdong]], fifteen people lost their lives and produced heavy rainfall. Overall, total damages were estimated to be at least $34 million (USD).


== Meteorological history ==
== Meteorological history ==
{{Storm path|York 1999 track.png}}
{{Storm path|York 1999 track.png}}
On September 5th, 1999, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) began monitoring an area of convection southeast of [[Guam]].<ref name="typhoon2000A"/> Slow development for the low pressure area ensued over the past few days as the low pressure area steadily headed west, but the development of the wave was insufficient to be determined as a tropical cyclone till September 10th where the JTWC issued a formation alert at 0300 UTC.<ref name="YorkATCR">{{cite web|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr.pdf|author=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]|pages=92|title=Typhoon York (21W)|access-date=2022-08-13|work=1999 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report|archive-date=2016-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224234637/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> PAGASA was first to upgrade the invest to a tropical depression and gave the storm the name of '''Neneng'''<ref name="typhoon2000">{{cite web|author=''David Michael V. Padua'', Typhoon2000.ph|title=1999 PAGASA TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK DATA - 11. TROPICAL STORM NENENG (YORK/9915)|url=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/neneng99.txt}}</ref>, with JTWC soon following suit and initiated depression warnings on the tropical depression. The depression initially did not significantly intensify due to land interaction with [[Luzon]]. Yet, good outflow is present in the depression at the time with [[Atmospheric_convection|deep convection]] beginning to wrap around the center.<ref name="typhoon2000A">{{cite web|author=''Gary Padgett'', Typhoon2000.ph|work=MONTHLY GLOBAL TROPICAL CYCLONE SUMMARY, SEPTEMBER, 1999|title=Typhoon York/Neneng (TC-21W / STS 9915)|url=https://www.typhoon2000.ph/sep99.txt|access-date=2022-11-25}}</ref>
On September 5, 1999, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) began monitoring an area of convection southeast of [[Guam]].<ref name="typhoon2000A"/> Slow development for the low pressure area ensued over the next few days as it steadily headed west. The low pressure area slowly developed, however the organization of the wave was insufficient to be considered a tropical cyclone until September 10, when the JTWC issued a formation alert at 0300 UTC.<ref name="YorkATCR">{{cite web|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr.pdf|author=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]|pages=92|title=Typhoon York (21W)|access-date=2022-08-13|work=1999 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report|archive-date=2016-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224234637/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> PAGASA was first to upgrade the invest to a tropical depression and gave the storm the name of ''Neneng'',<ref name="typhoon2000">{{cite web|author=''David Michael V. Padua'', Typhoon2000.ph|title=1999 PAGASA TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK DATA - 11. TROPICAL STORM NENENG (YORK/9915)|url=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/neneng99.txt}}</ref> with JTWC soon following suit and initiating warnings on the tropical depression. The depression did not initially significantly intensify due to land interaction with [[Luzon]]. However, good outflow was present in the depression, and [[Atmospheric convection|deep convection]] began to wrap around the center.<ref name="typhoon2000A">{{cite web|author=Gary Padgett, Typhoon2000.ph|work=MONTHLY GLOBAL TROPICAL CYCLONE SUMMARY, SEPTEMBER, 1999|title=Typhoon York/Neneng (TC-21W / STS 9915)|url=https://www.typhoon2000.ph/sep99.txt|access-date=2022-11-25}}</ref>


The depression was relocated to the west of [[Luzon]] on September 12th. The former convection quickly dissipated and was absorbed by the new circulation center. Upper-level outflow, benefited by minimal [[Wind_shear|vertical shear]] then became favourable. The depression subsequently reconsolidated in a region of deep depression and intensify into a tropical storm, which it received the name '''York'''<ref name="typhoon2000A"/><ref name="YorkATCR"/>. York's track was relatively erratic<ref name="YorkHKO">{{cite web|author=[[Hong Kong Observatory]]|title=Typhoon York (9915): 12 - 17 September 1999|url=https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/publica/tc/files/tc1999.pdf|accessdate=August 13, 2022|work=Tropical Cyclones in 1999|pages=72–83}}</ref> and remained near stationary on September 13th, with lack of guidance of movement due to the weakening of mid-level [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] over [[southern China]]. <ref name="hkcoc">{{cite web|author=Hong Kong Cyclone Observatory Center|title=經典颱風回顧分析 --- 約克 York (9915)|url=https://www.hkcoc.com/infoofyork/|access-date=2022-08-13}}</ref> Several circulation centers was present at the time.<ref name="typhoon2000A"/>
The depression relocated to the west of Luzon on September 12. The former convection quickly dissipated and was absorbed by the new circulation center. Upper-level outflow, benefited by minimal [[Wind shear|vertical shear]] then became favourable. The depression subsequently reconsolidated and intensified into a tropical storm, receiving the name ''York''.<ref name="typhoon2000A"/><ref name="YorkATCR"/> York's track was relatively erratic,<ref name="YorkHKO">{{cite web|author=[[Hong Kong Observatory]]|title=Typhoon York (9915): 12 - 17 September 1999|url=https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/publica/tc/files/tc1999.pdf|accessdate=August 13, 2022|work=Tropical Cyclones in 1999|pages=72–83}}</ref> and it remained nearly stationary on September 13, with the slow movement due to the weakening of a mid-level [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] over [[southern China]].<ref name="hkcoc">{{cite web|author=Hong Kong Cyclone Observatory Center|title=經典颱風回顧分析 --- 約克 York (9915)|url=https://www.hkcoc.com/infoofyork/|access-date=2022-08-13}}</ref> Several circulation centers were present at the time.<ref name="typhoon2000A"/>


York began to move on a northwesterly course guided by a strengthening yet weak subtropical [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] over southern China on September 14th. However, the movement of York was slow and once almost stationary due to a weak steering flow<ref name="typhoon2000A"/><ref name="hkcoc"/>. On other hand, conditions were relatively conducive at the time, allowing gradual and steady intensification of York. Both the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] (JMA) and [[Hong Kong Observatory]] (HKO) assessed it as a severe tropical storm.<ref name="YorkHKO"/><ref name="JMA">{{cite web|title=Digital Typhoon: Typhoon 199915 (YORK) - Detailed Track Information|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/summary/wnp/l/199915.html.en|access-date=2022-08-13}}</ref>
York began to move on a northwesterly course guided by a strengthening yet weak subtropical ridge over southern China on September 14. However, the movement of York was slow and once almost stationary due to a weak steering flow.<ref name="typhoon2000A"/><ref name="hkcoc"/> On other hand, conditions were relatively conducive at the time, allowing gradual and steady intensification of York. Both the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] (JMA) and Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) assessed it as a severe tropical storm.<ref name="YorkHKO"/><ref name="JMA">{{cite web|title=Digital Typhoon: Typhoon 199915 (YORK) - Detailed Track Information|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/summary/wnp/l/199915.html.en|access-date=2022-08-13}}</ref>


York once again briefly stalled on September 15<ref name="YorkHKO"/>. However, it continued to strengthen with a broad, ragged [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developing<ref name="typhoon2000A"/>. Consequently, JTWC upgraded York to a typhoon at noon UTC, with HKO following suit later with support of ground observations<ref name="YorkATCR"/><ref name="YorkHKO"/>. JMA, however, never recognized it as a typhoon.<ref name="JMA"/> The ridge further re-established itself which shifted York's motion to more west-northwesterly as it heads near [[Hong Kong]]. Pressure in [[Waglan Island]] reached 971&nbsp;[[pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[bar (unit)|mbar]]; 28.67&nbsp;[[inches of mercury|inHg]]) at around 0000UTC on September 16.<ref name="YorkHKO"/> Maximum sustained winds of York peaked at 130km/h (80mph/70kt).<ref name="YorkATCR"/><ref name="typhoon2000A"/> Ultimately, York passed near [[Lantau Island]] of Hong Kong and eventually made landfall in [[Zhuhai]]. Once over land, York diminished rapidly and dissipated into a low pressure area over China the next day.
York once again briefly stalled on September 15.<ref name="YorkHKO"/> However, it continued to strengthen with a broad, ragged [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developing.<ref name="typhoon2000A"/> Consequently, the JTWC upgraded York to a typhoon at noon UTC, with the HKO following suit later with support of ground observations.<ref name="YorkATCR"/><ref name="YorkHKO"/> The JMA, however, never recognized it as a typhoon.<ref name="JMA"/> The ridge re-strengthened which caused York to move west-northwesterly as it headed near Hong Kong. Pressure at [[Waglan Island]] reached {{convert|971|hPa|inHg|abbr=on}} around 0000 UTC on September 16.<ref name="YorkHKO"/> Maximum sustained winds of York peaked at {{convert|130|km/h|mph kn}}.<ref name="YorkATCR"/><ref name="typhoon2000A"/> Ultimately, York passed near [[Lantau Island]] of Hong Kong and eventually made landfall in [[Zhuhai]]. Once over land, York deteriorated rapidly and dissipated into a low pressure area over China the next day.


== Impact ==
== Impact ==
===The Philippines===
===Philippines===
As the developing depression crossed the Philippines, it brought heavy showers of up to 400&nbsp;mm (16&nbsp;inches), which caused some flooding in the [[Cagayan Valley]]<ref name="YorkUSDA">{{cite web|url=http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/waob/weather_weekly//1990s/1999/weather_weekly-09-14-1999.pdf#page=26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060919103011/http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/waob/weather_weekly//1990s/1999/weather_weekly-09-14-1999.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-09-19 |format=pdf |page=26 |title=Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin |author=USDA |author2=[[NOAA]] |date=1999-09-14 |access-date=2022-08-13 |author-link=United States Department of Agriculture }}</ref> Eighteen&nbsp;people were killed in landslides in northern Luzon.
As the developing depression crossed the Philippines, it brought heavy showers of up to {{convert|400|mm|in|abbr=on}}, which caused some flooding in the [[Cagayan Valley]].<ref name="YorkUSDA">{{cite web|url=http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/waob/weather_weekly//1990s/1999/weather_weekly-09-14-1999.pdf#page=26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060919103011/http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/waob/weather_weekly//1990s/1999/weather_weekly-09-14-1999.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-09-19 |format=pdf |page=26 |title=Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin |author=USDA |author2=[[NOAA]] |date=1999-09-14 |access-date=2022-08-13 |author-link=United States Department of Agriculture }}</ref> Eighteen people were killed in landslides in northern Luzon.


=== Hong Kong and Macao ===
=== Hong Kong and Macao ===
[[File:Typhoon York 1999.jpg|thumb|York making landfall in Hong Kong on September 16]]
Upon making landfall at west of Hong Kong, winds gusted to 234 km/h (145 mph) at [[Waglan Island]] with hourly sustained winds of 169 km/h (105 mph) recorded. Hurricane-force 10-minute sustained winds were recorded in [[Cheung Chau]] and [[Sai Kung Town|Sai Kung]], with storm-force sustained winds also recorded in [[Tsing Yi]], [[North Point]] and [[Star Ferry Pier, Tsim Sha Tsui|Tsim Sha Tsui Ferry Pier]], making York one of the strongest storm that affected Hong Kong in post-war period, with near impact in comparison to [[Typhoon Wanda (1962)|Typhoon Wanda of 1962]] and [[Typhoon Mangkhut (2018)|Typhoon Mangkhut of 2018]].<ref name="Hato and Mangkhut analysis part I">{{cite journal|last1=Choy|first1=Chun Wing|last2=Lau|first2=Dick Shum|last3=He|first3=Yuheng|date=2020-07-06|title=Super typhoons Hato (1713) and Mangkhut (1822), part I: analysis of maximum intensity and wind structure|url=https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wea.3797|journal=Royal Meteorological Society|doi=10.1002/wea.3797|s2cid=225565234 |access-date=2020-10-02|language=en|archive-date=2022-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609190555/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wea.3797}}</ref> Overall in Hong Kong, strong storm to hurricane-force winds were recorded. Both [[Hong Kong Observatory]] (HKO) and [[Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau]] (SMG) issued [[Hong_Kong_tropical_cyclone_warning_signals|the No.10 hurricane signal]], which lasted 11 and 8.5 hours respectively, both post-war records in terms of lasting time.
Upon making landfall at west of Hong Kong, winds gusted to {{convert|234|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} at Waglan Island with 10-minute sustained winds of {{convert|169|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} recorded. Sustained hurricane-force winds were also recorded in [[Cheung Chau]] and [[Sai Kung Town|Sai Kung]], with storm-force sustained winds also recorded in [[Tsing Yi]], [[North Point]] and [[Star Ferry Pier, Tsim Sha Tsui|Tsim Sha Tsui Ferry Pier]], making York one of the strongest storms to affect Hong Kong after [[World War II]], with impacts rivaling [[Typhoon Wanda (1962)|Typhoon Wanda of 1962]] and [[Typhoon Mangkhut (2018)|Typhoon Mangkhut of 2018]].<ref name="Hato and Mangkhut analysis part I">{{cite journal|last1=Choy|first1=Chun Wing|last2=Lau|first2=Dick Shum|last3=He|first3=Yuheng|date=2020-07-06|title=Super typhoons Hato (1713) and Mangkhut (1822), part I: analysis of maximum intensity and wind structure|journal=Royal Meteorological Society|doi=10.1002/wea.3797|s2cid=225565234 |language=en|doi-access=free}}</ref> Overall in Hong Kong, strong storm to hurricane-force winds were recorded. Both the HKO and [[Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau]] (SMG) issued the No.10 hurricane signal, which lasted 11 and 8.5 hours respectively, both post-WWII records in terms of length.


In Hong Kong, a man was found dead in [[Cheung Chau]] 64 hours after being swept away by waves. Another man was killed by debris blown by high winds in [[Tseung Kwan O]]. Injuries tallied to 500 in the city in which 11 were severely injured, making York the storm that led to most injuries in the city since World War II. In [[Wan Chai]], more than 400 pieces of glass were blown off from several buildings. A tower cane collapsed and hit a nearby building in the same region, forcing 25 people to evacuate due to suspected gas leak. 64 reported flooding cases were reported during York, with over 340 hectares of farmland flooded and forced over 300 people to evacuate. A total of more than 800 signboards more than 4,000 trees collapsed, with a large number of roads blocked by fallen trees and tattered signboards seen everywhere on the streets. <ref name="newsfile">{{cite news |title=颱風約克襲港 |url=http://news.tvb.com/programmes/newsfile/5bb570a3e60383e71316f2f3/颱風約克襲港 |accessdate=Aug 13, 2022 |work=[[TVB]] News Files |date=2018-10-04}}</ref> Electrical shortages were reported in several places in Hong Kong, with water shortages as well reported in [[Sai Kung Town|Sai Kung]] and [[Cheung Chau]]. Transportation came to a stall with at least 470 flights delayed or cancelled due to bad weather, affecting 80 thousand passengers. Damages could total to as high as several billion Hong Kong dollars. <ref name="YorkHKO"/>
In Hong Kong, a man was found dead in Cheung Chau 64 hours after being swept away by waves. Another man was killed by debris blown by high winds in [[Tseung Kwan O]]. Injuries reached to 500 in the city in which 11 were severely injured, making York the storm that led to most injuries in the city since World War II. In [[Wan Chai]], more than 400 pieces of glass were blown off from several buildings. A tower crane collapsed and hit a nearby building in the same region, forcing 25 people to evacuate due to a suspected gas leak. 64 reported flooding cases were reported during York, with over 340 hectares of farmland flooded, forcing over 300 people to evacuate. A total of more than 800 signboards and more than 4,000 trees collapsed, with a large number of roads blocked by fallen trees, and tattered signboards seen everywhere on the streets.<ref name="newsfile">{{cite news |title=颱風約克襲港 |url=http://news.tvb.com/programmes/newsfile/5bb570a3e60383e71316f2f3/颱風約克襲港 |accessdate=Aug 13, 2022 |work=[[TVB]] News Files |date=2018-10-04}}</ref> Electrical shortages were reported in several places in Hong Kong, with water shortages also reported in Sai Kung and Cheung Chau. Transportation came to a halt with at least 470 flights delayed or cancelled due to bad weather, affecting 80 thousand passengers. Damages could total to as high as several billion Hong Kong dollars.<ref name="YorkHKO"/>


In Macao, York led to violent winds in the town, with sustained winds of 108 km/h (67 mph) and gusts as high as 181 km/h (112 mph) recorded in [[Taipa Grande]]. 120 incidents of different kinds were reported during the storm, with a chimney collapsing in Zona Norte.<ref name="sina">{{cite web |url=http://news.sina.com.cn/china/1999-9-17/15408.html |title=澳门悬挂十号飓风讯号 |publisher=[[Sina Corporation]]/[[Phoenix Television]] |date=1999-09-17|accessdate=Aug 13, 2022 |archive-date=2014-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145425/http://news.sina.com.cn/china/1999-9-17/15408.html}}</ref> At least one injury were reported during the storm. Transportation came to a complete halt with schools, shops and most casinos temporarily closed. 30 flights were cancelled or delayed.
In Macao, York led to violent winds, with sustained winds of {{convert|108|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and gusts as high as {{convert|181|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} recorded in [[Taipa Grande]]. 120 incidents were reported during the storm, with a chimney collapsing in Zona Norte.<ref name="sina">{{cite web |url=http://news.sina.com.cn/china/1999-9-17/15408.html |title=澳门悬挂十号飓风讯号 |publisher=[[Sina Corporation]]/[[Phoenix Television]] |date=1999-09-17|accessdate=Aug 13, 2022 |archive-date=2014-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145425/http://news.sina.com.cn/china/1999-9-17/15408.html}}</ref> At least one injury was reported during the storm. Transportation came to a complete halt with schools, shops and most casinos temporarily closed. 30 flights were cancelled or delayed.


=== Mainland China ===
=== Mainland China ===
Throughout the affected areas, at least 15 deaths and 700 injuries were reported. Direct economic damages tallied up to 200 million [[Renminbi|RMD]] (30 million USD) in mainland China. <ref name="YorkHKO"/> Zhuhai was particularly affected due to York landing at [[Xiangzhou_District,_Zhuhai|Xiangzhou District]] in the city, with a total of 71 people injuries that require hospital treatment reported in Zhuhai. Schools and work were largely suspended, with transportation as well coming to a halt. Electricity shortages were recorded which affected thousands of civilians. 900 trees and 400 scaffolds, billboards and windows were blown down by high winds. The direct economic losses caused by York to Zhuhai amounted to about 100 million [[Renminbi|RMD]]. <ref name="md">{{citation|title="珠海陸海空交通幾陷癱瘓 大橋封閉水電通訊受破壞"|author=[[Macau Daily Times]]|date=1999-09-17}}</ref>
Throughout the affected areas, at least 15 deaths and 700 injuries were reported. Direct economic damages added up to 200 million [[Renminbi|RMD]] (US$30 million) in mainland China.<ref name="YorkHKO"/> Zhuhai was particularly affected due to York landfalling at [[Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai|Xiangzhou District]] in the city, with a total of 71 people injuries that required hospital treatment reported in Zhuhai. School, work, and transport were suspended. Electricity shortages were recorded, which affected thousands of civilians. Billboards, windows, 900 trees, and 400 scaffolds were blown down by high winds. The direct economic losses in Zhuhai amounted to about 100 million RMD.<ref name="md">{{citation|title="珠海陸海空交通幾陷癱瘓 大橋封閉水電通訊受破壞"|author=[[Macau Daily Times]]|date=1999-09-17}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 54: Line 60:
*[[Typhoon Ellen (1983)]]
*[[Typhoon Ellen (1983)]]
*[[Typhoon Becky (1993)]]
*[[Typhoon Becky (1993)]]
*[[Typhoon Vicente]]
*[[Typhoon Hato]]
*[[Typhoon Hato]]
*[[Typhoon Mangkhut]]
*[[Typhoon Mangkhut]]
*[[Typhoon Saola (2023)]]


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 17:01, 17 August 2024

Severe Tropical Storm York (Neneng)
York at peak intensity over China on September 15
Meteorological history
FormedSeptember 10, 1999
DissipatedSeptember 17, 1999
Severe tropical storm
10-minute sustained (JMA)
Highest winds100 km/h (65 mph)
Lowest pressure980 hPa (mbar); 28.94 inHg
Category 1-equivalent typhoon
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds130 km/h (80 mph)
Overall effects
Fatalities35 total
Damage$34 million (1999 USD)
Areas affectedHong Kong, Portuguese Macau, South China, Philippines
Part of the 1999 Pacific typhoon season

Severe Tropical Storm York (or Typhoon York),[1] also known in the Philippines as Tropical Depression Neneng, was a tropical cyclone that formed in September 1999. It brought severe impacts to the Philippines and southeastern China, causing 35 deaths. York is considered the worst tropical cyclone to hit Hong Kong since 1983. York was first noted as a tropical disturbance over the Philippine Sea on September 9, 1999, and became a tropical depression three days later on September 12. Initially, the intensity of the system was that of a weak tropical depression; however, it formed a new center while in the northern South China Sea west of Luzon soon after. York intensified into a tropical storm on September 13 and its track was erratic and remained stationary for a while, until it landfalled near Hong Kong as a minimal typhoon on September 16.[1] York then weakened to a tropical storm and quickly degenerated into a remnant area of low pressure soon after on the following day.

York generated heavy rainfall and flooding when it crossed over the Philippines, which claimed the lives of 18 people. York is particularly noted for leading to the Hong Kong Observatory issuing the highest No. 10 warning for the first time since 1983 as well as killing two people in Hong Kong when it passed near the city. A cargo ship reportedly sunk, 18,000 homes lost power in the wake of the storm and 4,000 trees were uprooted in Hong Kong. In Macau, one person was injured and 120 incidents related to the storm were reported. In the Chinese province of Guangdong, fifteen people lost their lives and from the heavy rainfall. Overall, total damages were estimated to be at least $34 million (USD).

Meteorological history

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Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On September 5, 1999, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring an area of convection southeast of Guam.[2] Slow development for the low pressure area ensued over the next few days as it steadily headed west. The low pressure area slowly developed, however the organization of the wave was insufficient to be considered a tropical cyclone until September 10, when the JTWC issued a formation alert at 0300 UTC.[3] PAGASA was first to upgrade the invest to a tropical depression and gave the storm the name of Neneng,[4] with JTWC soon following suit and initiating warnings on the tropical depression. The depression did not initially significantly intensify due to land interaction with Luzon. However, good outflow was present in the depression, and deep convection began to wrap around the center.[2]

The depression relocated to the west of Luzon on September 12. The former convection quickly dissipated and was absorbed by the new circulation center. Upper-level outflow, benefited by minimal vertical shear then became favourable. The depression subsequently reconsolidated and intensified into a tropical storm, receiving the name York.[2][3] York's track was relatively erratic,[5] and it remained nearly stationary on September 13, with the slow movement due to the weakening of a mid-level ridge over southern China.[6] Several circulation centers were present at the time.[2]

York began to move on a northwesterly course guided by a strengthening yet weak subtropical ridge over southern China on September 14. However, the movement of York was slow and once almost stationary due to a weak steering flow.[2][6] On other hand, conditions were relatively conducive at the time, allowing gradual and steady intensification of York. Both the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) assessed it as a severe tropical storm.[5][7]

York once again briefly stalled on September 15.[5] However, it continued to strengthen with a broad, ragged eye developing.[2] Consequently, the JTWC upgraded York to a typhoon at noon UTC, with the HKO following suit later with support of ground observations.[3][5] The JMA, however, never recognized it as a typhoon.[7] The ridge re-strengthened which caused York to move west-northwesterly as it headed near Hong Kong. Pressure at Waglan Island reached 971 hPa (28.7 inHg) around 0000 UTC on September 16.[5] Maximum sustained winds of York peaked at 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph; 70 kn).[3][2] Ultimately, York passed near Lantau Island of Hong Kong and eventually made landfall in Zhuhai. Once over land, York deteriorated rapidly and dissipated into a low pressure area over China the next day.

Impact

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Philippines

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As the developing depression crossed the Philippines, it brought heavy showers of up to 400 mm (16 in), which caused some flooding in the Cagayan Valley.[8] Eighteen people were killed in landslides in northern Luzon.

Hong Kong and Macao

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York making landfall in Hong Kong on September 16

Upon making landfall at west of Hong Kong, winds gusted to 234 km/h (145 mph) at Waglan Island with 10-minute sustained winds of 169 km/h (105 mph) recorded. Sustained hurricane-force winds were also recorded in Cheung Chau and Sai Kung, with storm-force sustained winds also recorded in Tsing Yi, North Point and Tsim Sha Tsui Ferry Pier, making York one of the strongest storms to affect Hong Kong after World War II, with impacts rivaling Typhoon Wanda of 1962 and Typhoon Mangkhut of 2018.[9] Overall in Hong Kong, strong storm to hurricane-force winds were recorded. Both the HKO and Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau (SMG) issued the No.10 hurricane signal, which lasted 11 and 8.5 hours respectively, both post-WWII records in terms of length.

In Hong Kong, a man was found dead in Cheung Chau 64 hours after being swept away by waves. Another man was killed by debris blown by high winds in Tseung Kwan O. Injuries reached to 500 in the city in which 11 were severely injured, making York the storm that led to most injuries in the city since World War II. In Wan Chai, more than 400 pieces of glass were blown off from several buildings. A tower crane collapsed and hit a nearby building in the same region, forcing 25 people to evacuate due to a suspected gas leak. 64 reported flooding cases were reported during York, with over 340 hectares of farmland flooded, forcing over 300 people to evacuate. A total of more than 800 signboards and more than 4,000 trees collapsed, with a large number of roads blocked by fallen trees, and tattered signboards seen everywhere on the streets.[10] Electrical shortages were reported in several places in Hong Kong, with water shortages also reported in Sai Kung and Cheung Chau. Transportation came to a halt with at least 470 flights delayed or cancelled due to bad weather, affecting 80 thousand passengers. Damages could total to as high as several billion Hong Kong dollars.[5]

In Macao, York led to violent winds, with sustained winds of 108 km/h (67 mph) and gusts as high as 181 km/h (112 mph) recorded in Taipa Grande. 120 incidents were reported during the storm, with a chimney collapsing in Zona Norte.[11] At least one injury was reported during the storm. Transportation came to a complete halt with schools, shops and most casinos temporarily closed. 30 flights were cancelled or delayed.

Mainland China

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Throughout the affected areas, at least 15 deaths and 700 injuries were reported. Direct economic damages added up to 200 million RMD (US$30 million) in mainland China.[5] Zhuhai was particularly affected due to York landfalling at Xiangzhou District in the city, with a total of 71 people injuries that required hospital treatment reported in Zhuhai. School, work, and transport were suspended. Electricity shortages were recorded, which affected thousands of civilians. Billboards, windows, 900 trees, and 400 scaffolds were blown down by high winds. The direct economic losses in Zhuhai amounted to about 100 million RMD.[12]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "TYPHOONS WHICH REQUIRED THE HURRICANE SIGNAL NO. 10 SINCE 1946". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved September 3, 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Gary Padgett, Typhoon2000.ph. "Typhoon York/Neneng (TC-21W / STS 9915)". MONTHLY GLOBAL TROPICAL CYCLONE SUMMARY, SEPTEMBER, 1999. Retrieved November 25, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b c d Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Typhoon York (21W)" (PDF). 1999 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. p. 92. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  4. ^ David Michael V. Padua, Typhoon2000.ph. "1999 PAGASA TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK DATA - 11. TROPICAL STORM NENENG (YORK/9915)".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Hong Kong Observatory. "Typhoon York (9915): 12 - 17 September 1999" (PDF). Tropical Cyclones in 1999. pp. 72–83. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  6. ^ a b Hong Kong Cyclone Observatory Center. "經典颱風回顧分析 --- 約克 York (9915)". Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  7. ^ a b "Digital Typhoon: Typhoon 199915 (YORK) - Detailed Track Information". Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  8. ^ USDA; NOAA (September 14, 1999). "Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin" (PDF). p. 26. Archived from the original (pdf) on September 19, 2006. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  9. ^ Choy, Chun Wing; Lau, Dick Shum; He, Yuheng (July 6, 2020). "Super typhoons Hato (1713) and Mangkhut (1822), part I: analysis of maximum intensity and wind structure". Royal Meteorological Society. doi:10.1002/wea.3797. S2CID 225565234.
  10. ^ "颱風約克襲港". TVB News Files. October 4, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  11. ^ "澳门悬挂十号飓风讯号". Sina Corporation/Phoenix Television. September 17, 1999. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  12. ^ Macau Daily Times (September 17, 1999), "珠海陸海空交通幾陷癱瘓 大橋封閉水電通訊受破壞"
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