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'''''Hoilungia''''' is genus that contains one of the simplest animals and belongs to the [[phylum]] [[Placozoa]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Charlie |date=2018-10-06 |title=Simplest Animal Reveals Hidden Diversity |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/worlds-simplest-animal-reveals-hidden-diversity/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Scientific American |language=en |via=Quanta Magazine}}</ref><ref name=WoRMS>{{BioRef|WoRMS|title=''Hoilungia hongkongensis'' Eitel, Schierwater & Wörheide, 2018|id=1316502 |db=World Placozoa Database |access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref> Described in 2018, it has only [[Monotypic taxon|one named species]], '''''H. hongkongensis''''', although there are possible other species.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal | |
'''''Hoilungia''''' is a genus that contains one of the simplest animals and belongs to the [[phylum]] [[Placozoa]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Charlie |date=2018-10-06 |title=Simplest Animal Reveals Hidden Diversity |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/worlds-simplest-animal-reveals-hidden-diversity/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Scientific American |language=en |via=Quanta Magazine}}</ref><ref name=WoRMS>{{BioRef|WoRMS|title=''Hoilungia hongkongensis'' Eitel, Schierwater & Wörheide, 2018|id=1316502 |db=World Placozoa Database |access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref> Described in 2018, it has only [[Monotypic taxon|one named species]], '''''H. hongkongensis''''', although there are possible other species.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Eitel |first1=Michael |last2=Francis |first2=Warren R. |last3=Varoqueaux |first3=Frédérique |last4=Daraspe |first4=Jean |last5=Osigus |first5=Hans-Jürgen |last6=Krebs |first6=Stefan |last7=Vargas |first7=Sergio |last8=Blum |first8=Helmut |last9=Williams |first9=Gray A. |last10=Schierwater |first10=Bernd |last11=Wörheide |first11=Gert |display-authors=8 |date=2018 |title=Comparative genomics and the nature of placozoan species |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=e2005359 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.2005359 |pmc=6067683 |pmid=30063702 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The animal superficially resembles another placozoan, ''[[Trichoplax adhaerens]]'', but genetically distinct from it as [[mitochondrial DNA]] analysis revealed.<ref name=":0" /> |
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''Hoilungia'' was discovered in brackish water from mangrove swamps in Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite news |vauthors=Wood C |title=World's simplest animal reveals hidden diversity |publisher=Quanta Magazine |date=6 October 2018 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/worlds-simplest-animal-reveals-hidden-diversity/}}</ref> These organisms are generally found in the [[biofilm]] surfaces in tropical and subtropical environments. Phylogenetically, they are placed closest to [[cnidarian]]s. They are diploblastic animals and are believed to have dorso-ventral polarity along top and bottom body layers. Their body is overtly similar to oral-aboral axis of cnidarians |
''Hoilungia'' was discovered in brackish water from mangrove swamps in Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite news |vauthors=Wood C |title=World's simplest animal reveals hidden diversity |publisher=Quanta Magazine |date=6 October 2018 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/worlds-simplest-animal-reveals-hidden-diversity/}}</ref> These organisms are generally found in the [[biofilm]] surfaces in tropical and subtropical environments. Phylogenetically, they are placed closest to [[cnidarian]]s. They are diploblastic animals and are believed to have dorso-ventral polarity along top and bottom body layers. Their body is overtly similar to oral-aboral axis of cnidarians.<ref name="DuBuc_2019">{{cite journal |vauthors=DuBuc TQ, Ryan JF, Martindale MQ |title="Dorsal-Ventral" Genes Are Part of an Ancient Axial Patterning System: Evidence from Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa) |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=966–973 |date=May 2019 |pmid=30726986 |pmc=6501881 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msz025}}</ref> |
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==Discovery== |
==Discovery== |
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''Trichoplax adhaerens'' was discovered by the German zoologist [[Franz Eilhard Schulze]] in 1883. But its identification as to what kind of animal it was (systematic position) was not known.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schierwater |first1=Bernd |last2=Osigus |first2=Hans-Jürgen |last3=Bergmann |first3=Tjard |last4=Blackstone |first4=Neil W. |last5=Hadrys |first5=Heike |last6=Hauslage |first6=Jens |last7=Humbert |first7=Patrick O. |last8=Kamm |first8=Kai |last9=Kvansakul |first9=Marc |last10=Wysocki |first10=Kathrin |last11=DeSalle |first11=Rob |display-authors=8 |date=2021 |title=The enigmatic Placozoa part 1: Exploring evolutionary controversies and poor ecological knowledge |journal=BioEssays |volume=43 |issue=10 |pages=e2100080 |doi=10.1002/bies.202100080 |pmid=34472126|s2cid=237387715 |doi-access=free |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/The_enigmatic_Placozoa_part_1_Exploring_evolutionary_controversies_and_poor_ecological_knowledge/17119121/1/files/31651655.pdf }}</ref> Another German, [[Karl Gottlieb Grell]], discovered the diversity of these animals and created a new phylum Placozoa, in 1971. Grell derived the name from the placula hypothesis, [[Otto Bütschli]]'s notion on the [[Urmetazoan|origin of metazoans]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schierwater |first1=Bernd |last2=DeSalle |first2=Rob |date=2018 |title=Placozoa |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=R97–R98 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.042|pmid=29408263 |s2cid=235331464 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018CBio...28..R97S }}</ref> |
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Over a long time, only a single species of placozoan clades, ''[[Trichoplax|Trichoplax adhaerens]]'', was described but lately, it has been found that the relatively newer species, ''Hoilungia hongkongensis'' is a result of reproductive isolation mechanism of speciation.<ref name=":1" /> |
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The advent of molecular techniques allowed genetic analysis of placozoans. The first important report in 2004 by a team of zoologists at the Institute of Animal Ecology & Cell Biology in Hannover, Germany, led by Allen G. Collins and Bernd Schierwater, indicated that placozoans known under ''T. adhaerens'' could be genetically many species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Voigt |first1=Oliver |last2=Collins |first2=Allen G. |last3=Pearse |first3=Vicki Buchsbaum |last4=Pearse |first4=John S. |last5=Ender |first5=Andrea |last6=Hadrys |first6=Heike |last7=Schierwater |first7=Bernd |date=2004 |title=Placozoa – no longer a phylum of one |journal=Current Biology |volume=14 |issue=22 |pages=R944–945 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2004.10.036 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=15556848|s2cid=11539852 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2004CBio...14.R944V }}</ref> Schierwater, teaming up with Michael Eitel and [[Gert Wörheide]] from the [[Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München]], made further studies and found that the specimen H13 was a different placozoan animal for which they introduced the genus ''Hoilungia'', and the species ''H. hongkongensis,'' in 2018.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> |
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=== Etymology === |
=== Etymology === |
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The genus name is derived from the phrase "hoi lung", which means "sea dragon" in Cantonese. The species name is after Hong Kong from where it was discovered.<ref name=":0" /> |
The genus name is derived from the phrase "hoi lung", which means "sea dragon" in Cantonese. The species name is after Hong Kong from where it was discovered.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Biology == |
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=== Structure === |
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[[File:Hoilungia structure.jpg|thumb|Ultrastructure of ''Hoilungia Hongkongensis.'' The upper epithelium (blue bar) with monociliated cells (light blue). The intermediate layer (green bar) consists of nonciliated fiber cells (labeled “fc” in light green). The lower epithelium (orange bar) is mostly made up of monociliated cylinder cells (light red). Scale bar is 2 μm.]] |
[[File:Hoilungia structure.jpg|thumb|Ultrastructure of ''Hoilungia Hongkongensis.'' The upper epithelium (blue bar) with monociliated cells (light blue). The intermediate layer (green bar) consists of nonciliated fiber cells (labeled “fc” in light green). The lower epithelium (orange bar) is mostly made up of monociliated cylinder cells (light red). Scale bar is 2 μm.]] |
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''Hoilungia'' do not have well-defined body plan, |
''Hoilungia'' do not have well-defined body plan much like [[amoebas]], unicellular eukaryotes. As Andrew Masterson reported, "[as other placozoans] they are as close as it is possible to get to being simply a little living blob."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masterson |first=Andrew |date=2018-08-01 |title=Simple organisms not so simple, after all |url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/science/biology/simple-organisms-not-so-simple-after-all/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Cosmos Magazine |language=en-AU}}</ref> An individual body measures about 0.55 mm in diameter.<ref name=":1" /> There are no body parts; as Eitel described: "There's no mouth, there's no back, no nerve cells, nothing."<ref name=":0" /> |
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As do other placozoans, ''Hoilungia'' has only three anatomical parts as tissue layers inside its body: the upper, intermediate (middle) and lower [[Epithelium|epithelia]]. There are at least six different cell types.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Romanova |first1=Daria Y. |last2=Varoqueaux |first2=Frédérique |last3=Daraspe |first3=Jean |last4=Nikitin |first4=Mikhail A. |last5=Eitel |first5=Michael |last6=Fasshauer |first6=Dirk |last7=Moroz |first7=Leonid L. |date=2021 |title=Hidden cell diversity in Placozoa: ultrastructural insights from Hoilungia hongkongensis |journal=Cell and Tissue Research |volume=385 |issue=3 |pages=623–637 |doi=10.1007/s00441-021-03459-y |pmc=8523601 |pmid=33876313}}</ref> The upper epithelium is the thinnest portion and essentially comprises flat cells with their cell body hanging underneath the surface, and each cell having a [[cilium]].<ref name=":1" /> Crystal cells are sparsely distributed near the marginal edge. Few cells have unusually large number of [[mitochondria]].<ref name=":3" /> The middle layer is the thickest made up of numerous fiber cells, which contain mitochondrial complexes, vacuoles and [[Endosymbiont|endosymbiotic bacteria]] in the [[endoplasmic reticulum]]. The lower epithelium consists of numerous monociliated cylinder cells along with a few endocrine-like gland cells and lipophil cells. Each lipophil cell contains numerous middle-sized granules, one of which is a [[secretory granule]].<ref name=":1" /> |
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The body axes of ''Hoilungia'' and ''Trichoplax'' are overtly similar to the oral–aboral axis of [[cnidarians]],<ref name="DuBuc_2019" /> animals from another phylum with which they are most closely related.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Laumer |first1=Christopher E. |last2=Fernández |first2=Rosa |last3=Lemer |first3=Sarah |last4=Combosch |first4=David |last5=Kocot |first5=Kevin M. |last6=Riesgo |first6=Ana |last7=Andrade |first7=Sónia C. S. |last8=Sterrer |first8=Wolfgang |last9=Sørensen |first9=Martin V. |last10=Giribet |first10=Gonzalo |date=2019-07-10 |title=Revisiting metazoan phylogeny with genomic sampling of all phyla |journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences |volume=286 |issue=1906 |pages=20190831 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2019.0831 |issn=1471-2954 |pmc=6650721 |pmid=31288696}}</ref> Structurally, they can not be distinguished from other placozoans, so that identification is purely on genetic (mitochondrial DNA) differences.<ref name=":1" /> Genome sequencing has shown that ''Hoilungia'' have 164 unique genes and 9 uniquely missing genes compared to other placozoans.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Tessler |first1=Michael |last2=Neumann |first2=Johannes S. |last3=Kamm |first3=Kai |last4=Osigus |first4=Hans-Jürgen |last5=Eshel |first5=Gil |last6=Narechania |first6=Apurva |last7=Burns |first7=John A. |last8=DeSalle |first8=Rob |last9=Schierwater |first9=Bernd |date=2022-12-08 |title=Phylogenomics and the first higher taxonomy of Placozoa, an ancient and enigmatic animal phylum |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2022.1016357 |issn=2296-701X |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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=== Nutrition === |
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''Hoilungia'' feed on algae, bacteria, yeast and other byproducts of biofilms. They feed from lower tissue layer which has various peptidergic gland cells.<ref name=":1" /> |
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=== Reproduction === |
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''Hoilungia'' reproduce asexually through [[binary fission]] and [[budding]]. They might also reproduce sexually.<ref name=":1" /> |
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==Evolutionary history== |
==Evolutionary history== |
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''Hoilungia'' and ''Trichoplax'' are considered one of the earliest branching animal lineages, and have relatively simple morphologies their complexity of NO-cGMP-mediated signaling is greater to those in vertebrates. This evidence has been found in their DNA by experimentation using ultra-sensitive capillary electrophoresis assays.<ref name=":1" /> The genomes of ''H. hongkongensis'' and other placozoans add support to the phylogenetic placement of the Placozoa as the most ancient (basal) animals in the tree of life.<ref name=":2" /> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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[[Category:Monotypic animal genera]] |
[[Category:Monotypic animal genera]] |
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[[Category:Animals described in 2018]] |
[[Category:Animals described in 2018]] |
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[[Category:Parazoa]] |
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{{animal-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 18:05, 17 August 2024
| Hoilungia | |
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| Microscopic image of Hoilungia hongkongensis. Scale bar is 0.2 mm. | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Placozoa |
| Class: | Uniplacotomia |
| Order: | Hoilungea |
| Family: | Hoilungidae |
| Genus: | Hoilungia Eitel, Schierwater & Wörheide, 2018 |
| Species: | H. hongkongensis
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| Binomial name | |
| Hoilungia hongkongensis Eitel, Schierwater & Wörheide, 2018
| |
Hoilungia is a genus that contains one of the simplest animals and belongs to the phylum Placozoa.[1][2] Described in 2018, it has only one named species, H. hongkongensis, although there are possible other species.[3] The animal superficially resembles another placozoan, Trichoplax adhaerens, but genetically distinct from it as mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed.[1]
Hoilungia was discovered in brackish water from mangrove swamps in Hong Kong.[4] These organisms are generally found in the biofilm surfaces in tropical and subtropical environments. Phylogenetically, they are placed closest to cnidarians. They are diploblastic animals and are believed to have dorso-ventral polarity along top and bottom body layers. Their body is overtly similar to oral-aboral axis of cnidarians.[5]
Discovery
[edit]Trichoplax adhaerens was discovered by the German zoologist Franz Eilhard Schulze in 1883. But its identification as to what kind of animal it was (systematic position) was not known.[6] Another German, Karl Gottlieb Grell, discovered the diversity of these animals and created a new phylum Placozoa, in 1971. Grell derived the name from the placula hypothesis, Otto Bütschli's notion on the origin of metazoans.[7]
The advent of molecular techniques allowed genetic analysis of placozoans. The first important report in 2004 by a team of zoologists at the Institute of Animal Ecology & Cell Biology in Hannover, Germany, led by Allen G. Collins and Bernd Schierwater, indicated that placozoans known under T. adhaerens could be genetically many species.[8] Schierwater, teaming up with Michael Eitel and Gert Wörheide from the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, made further studies and found that the specimen H13 was a different placozoan animal for which they introduced the genus Hoilungia, and the species H. hongkongensis, in 2018.[1][3]
Etymology
[edit]The genus name is derived from the phrase "hoi lung", which means "sea dragon" in Cantonese. The species name is after Hong Kong from where it was discovered.[1]
Biology
[edit]Structure
[edit]
Hoilungia do not have well-defined body plan much like amoebas, unicellular eukaryotes. As Andrew Masterson reported, "[as other placozoans] they are as close as it is possible to get to being simply a little living blob."[9] An individual body measures about 0.55 mm in diameter.[3] There are no body parts; as Eitel described: "There's no mouth, there's no back, no nerve cells, nothing."[1]
As do other placozoans, Hoilungia has only three anatomical parts as tissue layers inside its body: the upper, intermediate (middle) and lower epithelia. There are at least six different cell types.[10] The upper epithelium is the thinnest portion and essentially comprises flat cells with their cell body hanging underneath the surface, and each cell having a cilium.[3] Crystal cells are sparsely distributed near the marginal edge. Few cells have unusually large number of mitochondria.[10] The middle layer is the thickest made up of numerous fiber cells, which contain mitochondrial complexes, vacuoles and endosymbiotic bacteria in the endoplasmic reticulum. The lower epithelium consists of numerous monociliated cylinder cells along with a few endocrine-like gland cells and lipophil cells. Each lipophil cell contains numerous middle-sized granules, one of which is a secretory granule.[3]
The body axes of Hoilungia and Trichoplax are overtly similar to the oral–aboral axis of cnidarians,[5] animals from another phylum with which they are most closely related.[11] Structurally, they can not be distinguished from other placozoans, so that identification is purely on genetic (mitochondrial DNA) differences.[3] Genome sequencing has shown that Hoilungia have 164 unique genes and 9 uniquely missing genes compared to other placozoans.[12]
Nutrition
[edit]Hoilungia feed on algae, bacteria, yeast and other byproducts of biofilms. They feed from lower tissue layer which has various peptidergic gland cells.[3]
Reproduction
[edit]Hoilungia reproduce asexually through binary fission and budding. They might also reproduce sexually.[3]
Evolutionary history
[edit]Hoilungia and Trichoplax are considered one of the earliest branching animal lineages, and have relatively simple morphologies their complexity of NO-cGMP-mediated signaling is greater to those in vertebrates. This evidence has been found in their DNA by experimentation using ultra-sensitive capillary electrophoresis assays.[3] The genomes of H. hongkongensis and other placozoans add support to the phylogenetic placement of the Placozoa as the most ancient (basal) animals in the tree of life.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Wood, Charlie (2018-10-06). "Simplest Animal Reveals Hidden Diversity". Scientific American. Retrieved 2023-06-02 – via Quanta Magazine.
- ^ World Placozoa Database. "Hoilungia hongkongensis Eitel, Schierwater & Wörheide, 2018". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Eitel, Michael; Francis, Warren R.; Varoqueaux, Frédérique; Daraspe, Jean; Osigus, Hans-Jürgen; Krebs, Stefan; Vargas, Sergio; Blum, Helmut; et al. (2018). "Comparative genomics and the nature of placozoan species". PLOS Biology. 16 (7): e2005359. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2005359. PMC 6067683. PMID 30063702.
- ^ Wood C (6 October 2018). "World's simplest animal reveals hidden diversity". Quanta Magazine.
- ^ a b DuBuc TQ, Ryan JF, Martindale MQ (May 2019). ""Dorsal-Ventral" Genes Are Part of an Ancient Axial Patterning System: Evidence from Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 36 (5): 966–973. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz025. PMC 6501881. PMID 30726986.
- ^ Schierwater, Bernd; Osigus, Hans-Jürgen; Bergmann, Tjard; Blackstone, Neil W.; Hadrys, Heike; Hauslage, Jens; Humbert, Patrick O.; Kamm, Kai; et al. (2021). "The enigmatic Placozoa part 1: Exploring evolutionary controversies and poor ecological knowledge" (PDF). BioEssays. 43 (10): e2100080. doi:10.1002/bies.202100080. PMID 34472126. S2CID 237387715.
- ^ Schierwater, Bernd; DeSalle, Rob (2018). "Placozoa". Current Biology. 28 (3): R97 – R98. Bibcode:2018CBio...28..R97S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.042. PMID 29408263. S2CID 235331464.
- ^ Voigt, Oliver; Collins, Allen G.; Pearse, Vicki Buchsbaum; Pearse, John S.; Ender, Andrea; Hadrys, Heike; Schierwater, Bernd (2004). "Placozoa – no longer a phylum of one". Current Biology. 14 (22): R944–945. Bibcode:2004CBio...14.R944V. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.10.036. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 15556848. S2CID 11539852.
- ^ Masterson, Andrew (2018-08-01). "Simple organisms not so simple, after all". Cosmos Magazine. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
- ^ a b Romanova, Daria Y.; Varoqueaux, Frédérique; Daraspe, Jean; Nikitin, Mikhail A.; Eitel, Michael; Fasshauer, Dirk; Moroz, Leonid L. (2021). "Hidden cell diversity in Placozoa: ultrastructural insights from Hoilungia hongkongensis". Cell and Tissue Research. 385 (3): 623–637. doi:10.1007/s00441-021-03459-y. PMC 8523601. PMID 33876313.
- ^ Laumer, Christopher E.; Fernández, Rosa; Lemer, Sarah; Combosch, David; Kocot, Kevin M.; Riesgo, Ana; Andrade, Sónia C. S.; Sterrer, Wolfgang; Sørensen, Martin V.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2019-07-10). "Revisiting metazoan phylogeny with genomic sampling of all phyla". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 286 (1906): 20190831. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0831. ISSN 1471-2954. PMC 6650721. PMID 31288696.
- ^ a b Tessler, Michael; Neumann, Johannes S.; Kamm, Kai; Osigus, Hans-Jürgen; Eshel, Gil; Narechania, Apurva; Burns, John A.; DeSalle, Rob; Schierwater, Bernd (2022-12-08). "Phylogenomics and the first higher taxonomy of Placozoa, an ancient and enigmatic animal phylum". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 10. doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.1016357. ISSN 2296-701X.