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{{Short description|Officer in the Indian National Army (INA) and former presidential candidate of India}}
[[Captain]] '''Lakshmi Sahgal''' (or Sehgal) (born [[October 24]], [[1914]]) served in the [[Indian National Army]] (''Azad Hind Fauz'') led by noted freedom fighter [[Subhash Chandra Bose]], during the [[Second World War]] against the [[United Kingdom|British]] in the early and mid [[20th century]].
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lakshmi Sahgal
| image = Lakshmi Sahgal.jpg
| caption = Sahgal at the 18th congress of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in Delhi, 2005
| birth_name = Lakshmi Swaminathan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1914|10|24}}
| birth_place = [[Anakkara (Palakkad)|Anakkara]], [[Ponnani taluk]], [[Malabar District]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br />(present-day [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2012|07|23|1914|10|24}}
| death_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| other_names =
| spouse = {{Unbulleted_list|{{Marriage|P. K. N. Rao||1940}}|{{Marriage|[[Prem Sehgal|Prem Kumar Sahgal]]|1947|1992|end=died}}}}
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| children = 2 (incl. [[Subhashini Ali]])
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Queen Mary's College, Chennai]]|[[Madras Medical College]]}}
| known_for = {{Bulleted_list|[[Revolutionist]]|[[Freedom fighter|Independence activist]]|[[Marxist]]}}
}}


'''Lakshmi Sahgal''' ({{audio|Laxmi Sahgal.ogg|pronunciation}}) (born '''Lakshmi Swaminathan'''; 24 October 1914 – 23 July 2012) was a revolutionary of the [[Indian independence movement]], an officer of the [[Indian National Army]], and the Minister of Women's Affairs in the [[Azad Hind Government|Azad Hind government]]. Lakshmi is commonly referred to in India as '''Captain Lakshmi''', a reference to her rank when taken prisoner in Burma during the Second World War.
She was born as Lakshmi Swaminadhan, daughter of Dr S Swaminadhan, a leading lawyer practising Criminal Law at Madras High Court (now Chennai). Her mother was A V Ammukutty, a social worker and freedom
fighter.


==Early life==
She decided to study medicine because she wanted to be of service to the poor, especially to poor women. As a result, she received an MBBS degree from [[Madras Medical College]] in [[1938]]. A year later, she received
[[File:LakshmiSahgal1945.png|left|thumb|150px|"Capt. Lakshmi" from a 1945 newspaper photograph]]
her diploma in [[gynaecology]] and [[obstetrics]].
Captain Lakshmi was born on 24 October 1914 to S. Swaminathan, a lawyer who practiced criminal law at [[Madras High Court]], and A.V. Ammukutty, better known as [[Ammu Swaminathan]], a social worker and independence activist from an aristocratic [[Nair]] family known as "Vadakkath" family of [[Anakkara (Palakkad)|Anakkara]], [[Ponnani taluk]], [[Malabar District]], [[British Raj|British India]].<ref name=Hindu_fulfilling>{{cite news|last=Kolappan|first=B.|title=A fulfilling journey that began in Madras|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3675707.ece|access-date=24 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 July 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> She is the elder sister of [[Mrinalini Sarabhai]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mrinalini-sarabhai-ammu-swaminathan-lakshmi-sehgal-5172352/ |title=The legacy of Mrinalini Sarabhai's family |date=11 May 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=22 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Menon |first1=Parvathi |title=Captain Lakshmi Sahgal (1914 - 2012) - A life of struggle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/captain-lakshmi-sahgal-1914-2012-a-life-of-struggle/article3672666.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=23 October 2019 |date=23 July 2012}}</ref>


Lakshmi studied in [[Queen Mary's College, Chennai|Queen Mary's College]]<ref name=Hindu_fulfilling/><ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.frontline.in/enwiki/static/html/fl2008/stories/20030425006013300.htm | title=The end of a women's college? | author=Asha Krishnakumar | journal=Frontline | year=2003 | volume=20 | issue=8}}</ref> and later chose to study medicine and received an MBBS degree from [[Madras Medical College]] in 1938. A year later, she received her diploma in [[gynaecology]] and [[obstetrics]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Capt Lakshmi Sehgal, chief of INA women's regiment, passes away at 97|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120723/jsp/frontpage/story_15761639.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726230832/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120723/jsp/frontpage/story_15761639.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 July 2012|access-date=23 July 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=23 July 2012|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> She worked as a doctor in the Government Kasturba Gandhi Hospital located at [[Triplicane]] Chennai.<ref name=Hindu_fulfilling/>
In [[1940]], she left for [[Singapore]] where she established a clinic for the poor mostly migrant labour from [[India]]. She was not only a competent doctor but also played an active role in the India Independence League which contributed greatly to the freedom movement in India.
In 1942 during the historic surrender of Singapore by the British to the [[Japan|Japanese]], she worked hard in serving the Prisoners of war who were hurt during the skirmishes. In the process she came in contact with many Indian Prisoners of War (POWs) who were thinking of forming a Indian army of liberation.


In 1940, she left for [[Singapore]] after the failure of her marriage to pilot P.K.N. Rao.<ref name=Hindu_fulfilling/> During her stay at Singapore, she met some members of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]'s [[Indian National Army]].<ref name=Hindu_fulfilling/>
[[Subhas Chandra Bose]] arrived in Singapore on July 2, [[1943]]. In the next few days, at all his public meetings, Netaji spoke of his determination to raise a women's regiment, the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, which would also "fight for Indian Independence and make it complete".


===The Azad Hind Fauj===
Lakshmi, was given the rank of Colonel. She was active both militarily and on the medical front. She played a heroic role not only in the fighting but during the days that INA personnel were hunted by the victorious British troops and saved many lives. She was captured and brought to India on March 4, [[1946]] where she received a heroine's welcome. The British realised that keeping her a prisoner would prove counter-productive and she was later released.
{{main|Indian National Army}}
[[File:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and Members of the Azad Hind Fauj.jpg|thumb|left| Captain Lakshmi (third from front-right) with [[Subhash Chandra Bose]]]]
In 1942, during the [[Fall of Singapore|surrender of Singapore]] by the British to the Japanese, Lakshmi aided wounded [[prisoners of war]], many of whom were interested in forming an Indian independence army. Singapore at this time had several nationalist Indians working there including [[K. P. Kesava Menon]], S. C. Guha and N. Raghavan, who formed a Council of Action. Their [[Indian National Army]], or ''Azad Hind Fauj'', however, received no firm commitments or approval from the occupying Japanese forces regarding their participation in the war.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|last=Menon|first=Parvathi|title=Captain Lakshmi Sahgal (1914 - 2012) - A life of struggle|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3672666.ece?homepage=true|access-date=23 July 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 July 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>


It was against this backdrop that Subhash Chandra Bose arrived in Singapore on 2 July 1943, and reorganized the movement. Lakshmi Sahgal wrote later: “At the second mass meeting, Netaji dropped a bombshell by saying that it was his intention to form a women's infantry regiment, named after the Rani of Jhansi who had fought so heroically against the British in 1857… I told him I was ready to join... The date was July 8, 1943”.<ref>{{Cite web |title=My days in the Indian National Army by Lakshmi Sahgal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/my-days-in-the-indian-national-army-by-lakshmi-sahgal-493887 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Women responded enthusiastically to join the all-women brigade and Dr. Lakshmi Swaminathan became Captain Lakshmi, a name and identity that would stay with her for life.<ref name="thehindu" />
Colonel Prem Kumar Sahgal was among those who were released from the Red Fort. In March [[1947]], Colonel Sahgal and Captain Lakshmi were married in [[Lahore]]. (Colonel Sahgal was the son of Justice Achhru Ram Sahgal) After their marriage, they settled down in [[Kanpur]]. In Kanpur she carried on with her medical profession and served the refugees who were arriving in large numbers during the partition.


Captain Lakshmi was the Minister in Charge of Women's Organization in the [[Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]] led by Subash Chandra Bose in Singapore.
In [[1998]], she was awarded the Padma Vibhushan by the President of [[India]]. She afterwards attempted to run for the Presidency, but was soundly defeated.

The INA marched to Burma with the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese army]] in December 1944, but by March 1945, with the tide of war turning against them, the INA leadership decided to beat a retreat before they could enter [[Imphal]]. Captain Lakshmi was arrested by the British in May 1945, remaining in [[Myanmar|Burma]] until March 1946, when she was sent to India – at a time when the [[INA trials]] in Delhi heightened popular discontent with and hastened the end of colonial rule.<ref name="thehindu" />

==Later years==
In 1971, Lakshmi joined the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. During the [[Bangladesh liberation war|Bangladesh crisis]], she organised relief camps and medical aid in Calcutta for refugees who streamed into India from Bangladesh. She was one of the founding members of [[All India Democratic Women's Association]] in 1981 and led many of its activities and campaigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilnadu.com/personalities/lakshmi-sehgal.html|title=Lakshmi Sehgal|publisher=Tamilnadu.com|date=24 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411215433/http://tamilnadu.com/personalities/lakshmi-sehgal.html|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> She led a medical team to Bhopal after the gas tragedy in December 1984, worked towards restoring peace in Kanpur following the anti-Sikh riots of 1984 and was arrested for her participation in a campaign against the Miss World competition in Bangalore in 1996.<ref name="thehindu" /> She was still seeing patients regularly at her clinic in Kanpur in 2006, at the age of 92.<ref name="thehindu" />

In [[2002 Indian presidential election]], four leftist parties{{spaced ndash}}the [[Communist Party of India]], the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]], and the [[All India Forward Bloc]]{{spaced ndash}}nominated Sahgal as a candidate in the presidential elections. She was the sole opponent of [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]], who emerged victorious.<ref>{{cite news|title=Freedom fighter Captain Lakshmi Sehgal dead|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/node/142996|access-date=23 July 2012|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=23 July 2012|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204429/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/node/142996|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Lakshmi married [[Prem Sehgal|Prem Kumar Sahgal]] in March 1947 in [[Lahore]]. After their marriage, they settled in [[Kanpur]], where she continued with her medical practice and aided the refugees who were arriving in large numbers following the [[Partition of India]]. They had two daughters: [[Subhashini Ali]] and Anisa Puri.

Subhashini is a prominent communist politician and labour activist. According to Ali, Lakshmi was an [[atheist]]. The filmmaker [[Shaad Ali]] is her grandson.<ref>{{cite news|title=Freedom fighter Captain Lakshmi Sehgal passes away|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/national/freedom-fighter-captain-lakshmi-sehgal-passes-away-33204.html | work=The Times Of India}}</ref>

==Death==
On 19 July 2012, Sahgal had a cardiac arrest and died on 23 July 2012 at 11:20 A.M. at the age of 97 at Kanpur.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Captain-Lakshmi-Sahgal-passes-away/articleshow/15103237.cms | title=Captain Lakshmi Sahgal passes away
| date= 23 July 2012 | work=The Times Of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=PTI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/exemplary-life-capt-lakshmi-sehgal-met-patients-till-the-end/article3673445.ece |title=Exemplary life: Capt Lakshmi Sehgal met patients till the end |work=The Hindu |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=31 March 2014}}</ref> Her body was donated to [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College]] for medical research.<ref>{{cite news|author=TAPAS CHAKRABORTY |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120724/jsp/northeast/story_15763592.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728134353/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120724/jsp/northeast/story_15763592.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 July 2012 |title=Lakshmi Sehgal no more |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=24 July 2012 |access-date=31 March 2014}}</ref>

==Awards==
In 1998, Sahgal was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]] by Indian president [[K. R. Narayanan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lakshmi-sahgal-19142012/article3657355.ece#im-image-0 |title=Lakshmi Sahgal (1914-2012) |date=23 July 2012 |work=The Hindu }}</ref> In 2010, she was bestowed with [[honorary doctorate]] by [[University of Calicut]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-12-02 |title=Mammootty Conferred D.Litt by Calicut University |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/mammootty-conferred-dlitt-by-calicut-university/703504 |access-date=2020-11-05 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[Rajeshwari Sachdev]] played the role of Captain Sahgal in 2004 film ''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]''.<ref>https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/bravely-told-heroic-tale/cid/968821 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> Shruthi Seth played the role of Sahgal in 2020 [[Amazon Prime Video]] series ''[[The Forgotten Army - Azaadi Ke Liye]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/forgotten-army-azaadi-ke-liye-review-earnest-forgettable-116713|title=The Forgotten Army- Azaadi Ke Liye' review: Earnest but forgettable|first=Saraswati|last=Datar|date=24 January 2020|work=The News Minute|quote=Lakshmi Sahgal (played by Shruti Seth), one of the most iconic figures of the INA is included in the story, but never introduced using subtitles or any other device. I had to wait for the end credits to confirm that Shruti was playing Ms Sahgal and not another female officer.}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian National Army]]
* [[Janaky Athi Nahappan]]
* [[Rasammah Bhupalan]]
* [[Ethnic communities in Kanpur]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
*Subhashini Ali [http://www.india-seminar.com/2004/540/540%20subhashini%20ali.htm Lakshmi Sahgal: A life in service]
*Indra Guptha ''India's 50 Most Illustrious Women'' {{ISBN|81-88086-19-3}}
*[[Peter W. Fay|Peter Fay]] ''The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942-1945''

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.suryakumari.com/articles/lakshmi.html Lakshmi Sehgal: A life of struggle and sacrifice - by Sambhavika Sharma]
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/04inter.htm Rediff interview 2002]
* [http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2511/stories/20080606251101100.htm The Pioneers: The Pioneers: Dr. Lakshmi Sehgal]
* [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/despite-differences-india-is-one-captain-laxmi-sehgal/389553/0 Indian Express Interview: Despite differences, India is one: Captain Laxmi Sehgal]
* [http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/freedom-fighter-captain-lakshmi-sahgal-dies-246468 Freedom fighter Captain Lakshmi Sahgal dies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226035528/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/freedom-fighter-captain-lakshmi-sahgal-dies-493851 |date=26 December 2018 }}, NDTV
* [http://www.economist.com/node/21559891 Captain Lakshmi], ''The Economist'', 4 August 2012
{{Azad Hind Fauj}}
{{Subhas Chandra Bose}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahgal, Lakshmi}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Azad Hind]]
[[Category:Candidates for President of India]]
[[Category:Female revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Indian communists]]
[[Category:Indian gynaecologists]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Indian National Army personnel]]
[[Category:Indian rebels]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian women gynaecologists]]
[[Category:Indian women in World War II]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madras Medical College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Subhas Chandra Bose]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]

Latest revision as of 19:17, 17 August 2024

Lakshmi Sahgal
Sahgal at the 18th congress of Communist Party of India (Marxist) in Delhi, 2005
Born
Lakshmi Swaminathan

(1914-10-24)24 October 1914
Anakkara, Ponnani taluk, Malabar District, British India
(present-day Palakkad, Kerala, India)
Died23 July 2012(2012-07-23) (aged 97)
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
NationalityIndian
Alma mater
Known for
Spouses
  • P. K. N. Rao
    ​
    (before 1940)​
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1947; died 1992)​
Children2 (incl. Subhashini Ali)

Lakshmi Sahgal (pronunciationⓘ) (born Lakshmi Swaminathan; 24 October 1914 – 23 July 2012) was a revolutionary of the Indian independence movement, an officer of the Indian National Army, and the Minister of Women's Affairs in the Azad Hind government. Lakshmi is commonly referred to in India as Captain Lakshmi, a reference to her rank when taken prisoner in Burma during the Second World War.

Early life

[edit]
"Capt. Lakshmi" from a 1945 newspaper photograph

Captain Lakshmi was born on 24 October 1914 to S. Swaminathan, a lawyer who practiced criminal law at Madras High Court, and A.V. Ammukutty, better known as Ammu Swaminathan, a social worker and independence activist from an aristocratic Nair family known as "Vadakkath" family of Anakkara, Ponnani taluk, Malabar District, British India.[1] She is the elder sister of Mrinalini Sarabhai.[2][3]

Lakshmi studied in Queen Mary's College[1][4] and later chose to study medicine and received an MBBS degree from Madras Medical College in 1938. A year later, she received her diploma in gynaecology and obstetrics.[5] She worked as a doctor in the Government Kasturba Gandhi Hospital located at Triplicane Chennai.[1]

In 1940, she left for Singapore after the failure of her marriage to pilot P.K.N. Rao.[1] During her stay at Singapore, she met some members of Subhas Chandra Bose's Indian National Army.[1]

The Azad Hind Fauj

[edit]
Main article: Indian National Army
Captain Lakshmi (third from front-right) with Subhash Chandra Bose

In 1942, during the surrender of Singapore by the British to the Japanese, Lakshmi aided wounded prisoners of war, many of whom were interested in forming an Indian independence army. Singapore at this time had several nationalist Indians working there including K. P. Kesava Menon, S. C. Guha and N. Raghavan, who formed a Council of Action. Their Indian National Army, or Azad Hind Fauj, however, received no firm commitments or approval from the occupying Japanese forces regarding their participation in the war.[6]

It was against this backdrop that Subhash Chandra Bose arrived in Singapore on 2 July 1943, and reorganized the movement. Lakshmi Sahgal wrote later: “At the second mass meeting, Netaji dropped a bombshell by saying that it was his intention to form a women's infantry regiment, named after the Rani of Jhansi who had fought so heroically against the British in 1857… I told him I was ready to join... The date was July 8, 1943”.[7] Women responded enthusiastically to join the all-women brigade and Dr. Lakshmi Swaminathan became Captain Lakshmi, a name and identity that would stay with her for life.[6]

Captain Lakshmi was the Minister in Charge of Women's Organization in the Provisional Government of Free India led by Subash Chandra Bose in Singapore.

The INA marched to Burma with the Japanese army in December 1944, but by March 1945, with the tide of war turning against them, the INA leadership decided to beat a retreat before they could enter Imphal. Captain Lakshmi was arrested by the British in May 1945, remaining in Burma until March 1946, when she was sent to India – at a time when the INA trials in Delhi heightened popular discontent with and hastened the end of colonial rule.[6]

Later years

[edit]

In 1971, Lakshmi joined the Communist Party of India (Marxist). During the Bangladesh crisis, she organised relief camps and medical aid in Calcutta for refugees who streamed into India from Bangladesh. She was one of the founding members of All India Democratic Women's Association in 1981 and led many of its activities and campaigns.[8] She led a medical team to Bhopal after the gas tragedy in December 1984, worked towards restoring peace in Kanpur following the anti-Sikh riots of 1984 and was arrested for her participation in a campaign against the Miss World competition in Bangalore in 1996.[6] She was still seeing patients regularly at her clinic in Kanpur in 2006, at the age of 92.[6]

In 2002 Indian presidential election, four leftist parties – the Communist Party of India, the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the Revolutionary Socialist Party, and the All India Forward Bloc – nominated Sahgal as a candidate in the presidential elections. She was the sole opponent of A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, who emerged victorious.[9]

Personal life

[edit]

Lakshmi married Prem Kumar Sahgal in March 1947 in Lahore. After their marriage, they settled in Kanpur, where she continued with her medical practice and aided the refugees who were arriving in large numbers following the Partition of India. They had two daughters: Subhashini Ali and Anisa Puri.

Subhashini is a prominent communist politician and labour activist. According to Ali, Lakshmi was an atheist. The filmmaker Shaad Ali is her grandson.[10]

Death

[edit]

On 19 July 2012, Sahgal had a cardiac arrest and died on 23 July 2012 at 11:20 A.M. at the age of 97 at Kanpur.[11][12] Her body was donated to Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College for medical research.[13]

Awards

[edit]

In 1998, Sahgal was awarded the Padma Vibhushan by Indian president K. R. Narayanan.[14] In 2010, she was bestowed with honorary doctorate by University of Calicut.[15]

[edit]

Rajeshwari Sachdev played the role of Captain Sahgal in 2004 film Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero.[16] Shruthi Seth played the role of Sahgal in 2020 Amazon Prime Video series The Forgotten Army - Azaadi Ke Liye.[17]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Kolappan, B. (24 July 2012). "A fulfilling journey that began in Madras". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  2. ^ "The legacy of Mrinalini Sarabhai's family". The Indian Express. 11 May 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  3. ^ Menon, Parvathi (23 July 2012). "Captain Lakshmi Sahgal (1914 - 2012) - A life of struggle". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  4. ^ Asha Krishnakumar (2003). "The end of a women's college?". Frontline. 20 (8).
  5. ^ "Capt Lakshmi Sehgal, chief of INA women's regiment, passes away at 97". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. 23 July 2012. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  6. ^ a b c d e Menon, Parvathi (23 July 2012). "Captain Lakshmi Sahgal (1914 - 2012) - A life of struggle". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  7. ^ "My days in the Indian National Army by Lakshmi Sahgal". NDTV.com. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  8. ^ "Lakshmi Sehgal". Tamilnadu.com. 24 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013.
  9. ^ "Freedom fighter Captain Lakshmi Sehgal dead". Deccan Chronicle. 23 July 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  10. ^ "Freedom fighter Captain Lakshmi Sehgal passes away". The Times Of India.
  11. ^ "Captain Lakshmi Sahgal passes away". The Times Of India. 23 July 2012.
  12. ^ PTI (23 July 2012). "Exemplary life: Capt Lakshmi Sehgal met patients till the end". The Hindu. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  13. ^ TAPAS CHAKRABORTY (24 July 2012). "Lakshmi Sehgal no more". Telegraphindia.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  14. ^ "Lakshmi Sahgal (1914-2012)". The Hindu. 23 July 2012.
  15. ^ "Mammootty Conferred D.Litt by Calicut University". Outlook India. 2 December 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  16. ^ https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/bravely-told-heroic-tale/cid/968821 [bare URL]
  17. ^ Datar, Saraswati (24 January 2020). "The Forgotten Army- Azaadi Ke Liye' review: Earnest but forgettable". The News Minute. Lakshmi Sahgal (played by Shruti Seth), one of the most iconic figures of the INA is included in the story, but never introduced using subtitles or any other device. I had to wait for the end credits to confirm that Shruti was playing Ms Sahgal and not another female officer.
[edit]
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