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{{Short description|Boston slave trader and opium smuggler (1764–1854)}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Thomas Handasyd Perkins
| name = Thomas Handasyd Perkins
| honorific_suffix =
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Thomas Handasyd Perkins (1764 – 1854) - Gilbert Stuart.jpg
| image = Thomas Handasyd Perkins (1764 – 1854) - Gilbert Stuart (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| caption = Portrait by [[Gilbert Stuart]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1764|12|15}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1764|12|15}}
| birth_place = [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
| birth_place = [[Boston]], [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1854|1|11|1764|12|15}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1854|1|11|1764|12|15}}
| death_place = [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]
| death_place = [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]
| residence =
| nationality = American
| nationality = American
| education =
| education =
| occupation = Shipping magnate
| occupation = Shipping magnate
| organization =
| spouse = {{marriage|Sarah Elliott<br>|March 25, 1788|1852|reason=her death}}
| organization =
| children = 6
| net_worth = USD $3 million at the time of his death (approximately 1/1116 of US [[Gross national product|GNP]])<ref name=Wealthy100>{{Citation | last1=Klepper | first1=Michael | last2=Gunther | first2=Michael | date=1996 | title=The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates—A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present | publisher=Carol Publishing Group | location=[[Secaucus, New Jersey]] | page=[https://archive.org/details/wealthy100frombe00klep/page/ xiii] | isbn=978-0-8065-1800-8 | oclc=33818143 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/wealthy100frombe00klep/page/ }}</ref>
| spouse = {{marriage|Sarah Elliott<br>|March 25, 1788|1852|reason=her death}}
| parents = James Perkins<br>[[Elizabeth Peck Perkins|Elizabeth Peck]]
⚫
| relatives = [[Edward Clarke Cabot]] (grandson)<br>[[James Elliot Cabot]] (grandson)<br>[[Samuel Cabot III]] (grandson)<br>[[Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz]] (granddaughter)
| children = 6
| parents = James Perkins<br>[[Elizabeth Peck Perkins|Elizabeth Peck]]
⚫
| relatives = [[Edward Clarke Cabot]] (grandson)<br>[[James Elliot Cabot]] (grandson)<br>[[Samuel Cabot III]] (grandson)<br>[[Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz]] (granddaughter)
}}
}}


[[Colonel]] '''Thomas Handasyd Perkins''', also known as '''T. H. Perkins''' (December 15, 1764 – January 11, 1854), was an American merchant, slave trader, smuggler and philanthropist from a wealthy [[Boston Brahmin]] family. Starting with bequests from his grandfather and father-in-law, he amassed a huge fortune. As a young man, he [[Slavery in Haiti|trade slaves]] in [[Saint-Domingiue]], worked as a [[maritime fur trade]]r trading furs [[Maritime fur trade#Northwest Coast|from the American Northwest to China]], and then turned to smuggling [[Turkish opium]] into China.<ref>American Merchants and the China Opium Trade, 1800-1840. Jacques M. Downs. Business History Review, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Winter, 1968)</ref><ref>American Trade in Opium to China, Prior to 1820. Charles C. Stelle. Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Dec., 1940)</ref> His philanthropic contributions include [[Perkins School for the Blind]], renamed in his honor; the [[Boston Museum of Fine Arts]]; [[McLean Hospital]]; along with having a hand in founding the [[Massachusetts General Hospital]].
[[Colonel]] '''Thomas Handasyd Perkins''', also known as '''T. H. Perkins''' (December 15, 1764 – January 11, 1854), was an American merchant, slave trader, smuggler and philanthropist from a wealthy [[Boston Brahmin]] family. Starting with bequests from his grandfather and father-in-law, he amassed a huge fortune. As a young man, he [[Slavery in Haiti|traded slaves]] in [[Saint-Domingue]], worked as a [[maritime fur trade]]r trading furs [[Maritime fur trade#Northwest Coast|from the American Northwest to China]], and then turned to smuggling [[Turkish opium]] into China.<ref>American Merchants and the China Opium Trade, 1800-1840. Jacques M. Downs. Business History Review, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Winter, 1968)</ref><ref>American Trade in Opium to China, Prior to 1820. Charles C. Stelle. Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Dec., 1940)</ref> His philanthropic contributions include the [[Perkins School for the Blind]], renamed in his honor; the [[Boston Museum of Fine Arts]]; [[McLean Hospital]]; along with having a hand in founding the [[Massachusetts General Hospital]].


==Early life==
==Early life==
Perkins was born on December 15, 1764, in [[Boston, Massachusetts]].<ref name="Weeks1897"/> His parents, James Perkins and Elizabeth Peck, had ten children in eighteen years. His nephew [[John Perkins Cushing]] was active in Perkins' China business for 30 years; the town of [[Belmont, Massachusetts]], is named for his estate. His great-nephew [[Charles Callahan Perkins]] became a well known artist, author and philanthropist like his grandfather James Perkins.<ref name="Cary1856"/>
Perkins was born on December 15, 1764, in [[Boston, Massachusetts]].<ref name="Weeks1897"/> His parents, James Perkins and Elizabeth Peck, had ten children in eighteen years. His nephew [[John Perkins Cushing]] was active in Perkins' China business for 30 years; the town of [[Belmont, Massachusetts]], is named for his estate. His great-nephew [[Charles Callahan Perkins]] became a well known artist, author and philanthropist like his grandfather James Perkins.<ref name="Cary1856"/>


When Perkins was twelve, he was in the crowd which first heard the [[Declaration of Independence]] read to the citizens of Boston. The family had planned to send Perkins to [[Harvard College]], but he had no interest in a college education.<ref name="Cary1856">{{cite book|last1=Cary|first1=Thomas Greaves|title=Memoir of Thomas Handasyd Perkins: Containing Extracts from His Diaries and Letters|date=1856|publisher=Little, Brown|url=https://archive.org/details/memoirofthomasha00cary|accessdate=27 October 2017|language=en}}</ref>
When Perkins was twelve, he was in the crowd which first heard the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] read to the citizens of Boston. The family had planned to send Perkins to [[Harvard College]], but he had no interest in a college education.<ref name="Cary1856">{{cite book|last1=Cary|first1=Thomas Greaves|title=Memoir of Thomas Handasyd Perkins: Containing Extracts from His Diaries and Letters|date=1856|publisher=Little, Brown|url=https://archive.org/details/memoirofthomasha00cary|accessdate=27 October 2017|language=en}}</ref>


==Career==
==Career==
In 1779, he began working, and in 1785, when he turned 21, he became legally entitled to a small bequest that had been left to him by his grandfather, Thomas Handasyd Peck, a Boston merchant who dealt largely in furs and hats. Until 1793, Perkins engaged in the [[slave trade]] at [[Cap-Haïtien]] Haiti.<ref name="Cary1856"/>
In 1779, he began working, and in 1785, when he turned 21, he became legally entitled to a small bequest that had been left to him by his grandfather, Thomas Handasyd Peck, a Boston merchant who dealt largely in furs and hats. Until 1793, Perkins engaged in the [[History of slavery|slave trade]] at [[Cap-Haïtien]] Haiti.<ref name="Cary1856"/>


In 1785, when China opened the port of [[Guangzhou|Canton]] to foreign businesses, Perkins became one of the first Boston merchants to engage in the [[Old China Trade|China trade]]. He sailed as [[supercargo]] on the ''Astrea'', captain [[James Magee (sea captain)|James Magee]], owned by [[Elias Hasket Derby]],<ref name="Morison1924">{{cite book|last=Morison|first=Samuel Eliot|title=The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783-1860|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7NcZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA48|accessdate=24 April 2020|date=1924|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|pages=47–49}}</ref> to Canton in 1789 with a cargo including ginseng, cheese, lard, wine, and iron. On the trip back it carried tea and silk cloth.<ref name="Chaitkin2015">{{cite book|last1=Chaitkin|first1=Anton|title=Treason In America: From Aaron Burr To Averell Harriman|date=2015|publisher=Executive Intelligence Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgmDCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT75|accessdate=27 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> In 1815, Perkins and his brother James opened a Mediterranean office to buy Turkish opium for resale in China.<ref name="Cary1856"/>
In 1785, when China opened the port of [[Guangzhou|Canton]] to foreign businesses, Perkins became one of the first Boston merchants to engage in the [[Old China Trade|China trade]]. He sailed as [[supercargo]] on the ''Astrea'', captain [[James Magee (sea captain)|James Magee]], owned by [[Elias Hasket Derby]],<ref name="Morison1924">{{cite book|last=Morison|first=Samuel Eliot|title=The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783-1860|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7NcZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA48|accessdate=24 April 2020|date=1924|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|pages=47–49}}</ref> to Canton in 1789 with a cargo including ginseng, cheese, lard, wine, and iron. On the trip back it carried tea and silk cloth. In 1815, Perkins and his brother James opened a Mediterranean office to buy Turkish opium for resale in China.<ref name="Cary1856"/>


Perkins was also a major industrial investor within Massachusetts. He owned the [[Granite Railway]], the first commercial American railroad, which was built to carry granite from [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] quarries to Charlestown for construction of the [[Bunker Hill Monument]] and other city buildings in Boston. He also held significant holdings in the Elliot textile mills in [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]], the mills at [[Holyoke, Massachusetts|Holyoke]] and [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]], New England canals and railroads, and lead and iron mines including the Monkton Iron Company in [[Vergennes, Vermont|Vergennes]], [[Vermont]]. In addition, Perkins was politically active in the [[Federalist Party]], serving terms as state senator and representative from 1805&ndash;1817. Additionally, he invested in many of [[Lowell mills|the mills]] on [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell, MA]] including Appleton Mills.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Legendary locals of Lowell, Massachusetts|last=M.|first=Rosenberg, Chaim|year = 2013|isbn=9781467100489|oclc=854956846}}</ref>
Perkins was also a major industrial investor within Massachusetts. He owned the [[Granite Railway]], the first commercial American railroad, which was built to carry granite from [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]] quarries to Charlestown for construction of the [[Bunker Hill Monument]] and other city buildings in Boston. He also held significant holdings in the Elliot textile mills in [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]], the mills at [[Holyoke, Massachusetts|Holyoke]] and [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]], New England canals and railroads, and lead and iron mines including the Monkton Iron Company in [[Vergennes, Vermont|Vergennes]], [[Vermont]]. In addition, Perkins was politically active in the [[Federalist Party]], serving terms as state senator and representative from 1805&ndash;1817. Additionally, he invested in many of [[Lowell mills|the mills]] on [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell, MA]] including Appleton Mills.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Legendary locals of Lowell, Massachusetts|last=M.|first=Rosenberg, Chaim|year = 2013|publisher=Arcadia |isbn=9781467100489|oclc=854956846}}</ref>


===Philanthropy===
===Philanthropy===
In later years Perkins became a philanthropist. In 1826, he and his brother, James Perkins, contributed half the sum of $30,000 that was needed for an addition to the [[Boston Athenaeum]], and the old Boston Athenaeum Gallery of Art was moved to James Perkins's home.<ref>The Philanthropy Hall of Fame, [http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/hall_of_fame/thomas_perkins Thomas Perkins]</ref><ref name="Athenaeum1907">{{cite book|last1=Athenaeum|first1=Boston|last2=Bolton|first2=Charles Knowles|title=The Athenaeum Centenary|date=1907|publisher=Boston athenaeum|url=https://archive.org/details/athenaeumcentena0000bost|page=[https://archive.org/details/athenaeumcentena0000bost/page/172 172]|language=en}}</ref> The [[Perkins School for the Blind]], still in existence in [[Watertown, Massachusetts]], was renamed in his honor after he donated his Boston mansion to the financially troubled "Massachusetts Asylum for the Blind" in 1832. He was also a major benefactor to the Boston [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Museum of Fine Arts]], [[McLean Hospital]], and helped to found the [[Massachusetts General Hospital]].<ref name="Cutter1910"/>
In later years Perkins became a philanthropist. In 1826, he and his brother, James Perkins, contributed half the sum of $30,000 that was needed for an addition to the [[Boston Athenaeum]], and the old Boston Athenaeum Gallery of Art was moved to James Perkins's home.<ref>The Philanthropy Hall of Fame, [http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/hall_of_fame/thomas_perkins Thomas Perkins]</ref><ref name="Athenaeum1907">{{cite book|last1=Athenaeum|first1=Boston|last2=Bolton|first2=Charles Knowles|title=The Athenaeum Centenary|date=1907|publisher=Boston athenaeum|url=https://archive.org/details/athenaeumcentena0000bost|page=[https://archive.org/details/athenaeumcentena0000bost/page/172 172]|isbn=9780839801955 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Perkins School for the Blind]], still in existence in [[Watertown, Massachusetts]], was renamed in his honor after he donated his Boston mansion to the financially troubled "Massachusetts Asylum for the Blind" in 1832. He was also a major benefactor to the Boston [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Museum of Fine Arts]], [[McLean Hospital]], and helped to found the [[Massachusetts General Hospital]].<ref name="Cutter1910"/>


==Gloucester Sea Serpent==
==Gloucester Sea Serpent==
[[File:1817 Gloucester sea serpent.jpg|thumb|right|The Gloucester sea serpent of 1817]]
[[File:1817 Gloucester sea serpent.jpg|thumb|right|The Gloucester sea serpent of 1817]]
Thomas Perkins was also involved in the 1817 [[Gloucester sea serpent]] sightings in [[Gloucester, Massachusetts|Gloucester]] Harbor, an event whose academic legacy would not be felt until the old age of his great-grandson [[Godfrey Lowell Cabot]].<ref name="Max Hall 1964">About the Exhibits by Elizabeth Hall and Max Hall (Museum of Comparative Zoology "Agazziz Museum" Harvard University. Third Edition, Copyright 1964, 1975, 1985, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College</ref> Throughout the summer of 1817, a sea serpent was reportedly seen by hundreds of people, including the crews of four whaling boats,.<ref name="newenglandhistoricalsociety.com">New England Historical Society: The Great New England Sea Serpents - http://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/great-new-england-sea-serpents/</ref> Described as "a sixty-foot-long creature" by coastal vessel captain Parson Bentley, a skeptical Colonel Perkins decided to attempt to observe it himself.<ref name="Seaburg, C. 1971">Seaburg, C., Paterson, Stanley, & Chandler, Alfred D. (1971). Merchant prince of Boston, Colonel T. H. Perkins, 1764-1854 (Harvard studies in business history ; 26). [Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press].</ref>
Thomas Perkins was also involved in the 1817 [[Gloucester sea serpent]] sightings in [[Gloucester, Massachusetts|Gloucester]] Harbor, an event whose academic legacy would not be felt until the old age of his great-grandson [[Godfrey Lowell Cabot]].<ref name="Max Hall 1964">About the Exhibits by Elizabeth Hall and Max Hall (Museum of Comparative Zoology "Agazziz Museum" Harvard University. Third Edition, Copyright 1964, 1975, 1985, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College</ref> Throughout the summer of 1817, a sea serpent was reportedly seen by hundreds of people, including the crews of four whaling boats.<ref name="newenglandhistoricalsociety.com">New England Historical Society: The Great New England Sea Serpents - http://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/great-new-england-sea-serpents/</ref> Described as "a sixty-foot-long creature" by coastal vessel captain Parson Bentley, a skeptical Colonel Perkins decided to attempt to observe it himself.<ref name="Seaburg, C. 1971">Seaburg, C., Paterson, Stanley, & Chandler, Alfred D. (1971). Merchant prince of Boston, Colonel T. H. Perkins, 1764-1854 (Harvard studies in business history; 26). [Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press].</ref>
{{blockquote|When they arrived at Gloucester, they found everybody on the alert. Many said they had seen "him" — though nobody claimed they had actually gotten close enough to verify the gender. The sea was perfectly smooth. Lee and Perkins picked out an advantageous spot on a point of land projecting into the harbor. Perkins had brought a powerful spyglass with him just in case. Scanning the water, he suddenly noticed an "agitation" at the harbor entrance, "like that which follows a small vessel going five or six miles an hour through the water." Knowing of no shoal where the "agitation" was, he exclaimed to Lee that he had no doubt but that he had seen the sea serpent in pursuit of fish. Lee had not been looking in that direction, and by the time he did, the "agitation" had ceased. In a few minutes, however, the colonel saw on the opposite side of the harbor, "at about two miles distance from where I had first seen, or thought I saw, the snake" the same object moving rapidly up the harbor on the western shore. Now Lee saw it too. As the object approached them, they observed that its motion was not like that of a common snake, either on land or in the water, "but evidently the verticle movement of the caterpillar." As nearly as the colonel could judge, about forty feet of the creature's body was visible at any one time.<ref name="Seaburg, C. 1971"/><ref name="Max Hall 1964"/>}}
{{blockquote|When they arrived at Gloucester, they found everybody on the alert. Many said they had seen "him" — though nobody claimed they had actually gotten close enough to verify the gender. The sea was perfectly smooth. Lee and Perkins picked out an advantageous spot on a point of land projecting into the harbor. Perkins had brought a powerful spyglass with him just in case. Scanning the water, he suddenly noticed an "agitation" at the harbor entrance, "like that which follows a small vessel going five or six miles an hour through the water." Knowing of no shoal where the "agitation" was, he exclaimed to Lee that he had no doubt but that he had seen the sea serpent in pursuit of fish. Lee had not been looking in that direction, and by the time he did, the "agitation" had ceased. In a few minutes, however, the colonel saw on the opposite side of the harbor, "at about two miles distance from where I had first seen, or thought I saw, the snake" the same object moving rapidly up the harbor on the western shore. Now Lee saw it too. As the object approached them, they observed that its motion was not like that of a common snake, either on land or in the water, "but evidently the verticle movement of the caterpillar." As nearly as the colonel could judge, about forty feet of the creature's body was visible at any one time.<ref name="Seaburg, C. 1971"/><ref name="Max Hall 1964"/>}}


Perkins' published report of his experience became part of his family's lore and, two years later in 1819 his daughter and son-in-law Eliza and [[Samuel Cabot Jr.]] were among the many who reported sighting a sea serpent off the coast of [[Nahant, Massachusetts|Nahant]]<ref name="newenglandhistoricalsociety.com"/><ref name="Seaburg, C. 1971"/> This news caused a "sea serpent mania" along the coast of Massachusetts but, most importantly, it sparked an interest in such fabled creatures in Eliza and Samuel Cabot Jr.'s grandson Godfrey Lowell Cabot.<ref name="Max Hall 1964"/> While in his nineties, Godfrey Cabot sponsored the restoration of the Harvard [[Museum of Comparative Zoology]] (MCZ) complete [[Kronosaurus]] skeleton. Having again been interested in sea serpents since childhood and thus often questioning MCZ director [[Alfred Romer]] about the existence and reports of sea serpents, it thus occurred to Dr. Romer to tell Mr. Cabot about the unexcavated Kronosaurus skeleton in the museum closet. Godfrey Cabot then asked how much a restoration would cost and "Romer, pulling a figure out of the musty air, replied, 'Oh, about $10,000.'" Romer may not have been serious but the philanthropist clearly was because the check for said sum came shortly thereafter.<ref name="Max Hall 1964"/>
Perkins' published report of his experience became part of his family's lore and, two years later in 1819 his daughter and son-in-law Eliza and [[Samuel Cabot Jr.]] were among the many who reported sighting a sea serpent off the coast of [[Nahant, Massachusetts|Nahant]]<ref name="newenglandhistoricalsociety.com"/><ref name="Seaburg, C. 1971"/> This news caused a "sea serpent mania" along the coast of Massachusetts but, most importantly, it sparked an interest in such fabled creatures in Eliza and Samuel Cabot Jr.'s grandson Godfrey Lowell Cabot.<ref name="Max Hall 1964"/> While in his nineties, Godfrey Cabot sponsored the restoration of the Harvard [[Museum of Comparative Zoology]]'s (MCZ) complete [[Kronosaurus]] skeleton. Having again been interested in sea serpents since childhood and thus often questioning MCZ director [[Alfred Romer]] about the existence and reports of sea serpents, it thus occurred to Dr. Romer to tell Mr. Cabot about the unexcavated Kronosaurus skeleton in the museum closet. Godfrey Cabot then asked how much a restoration would cost and "Romer, pulling a figure out of the musty air, replied, 'Oh, about $10,000.'" Romer may not have been serious but the philanthropist clearly was because the check for said sum came shortly thereafter.<ref name="Max Hall 1964"/>


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
Line 73: Line 72:


;Sources
;Sources
* {{cite book |author=Thomas G. Cary |title=Memoir of T. H. Perkins |year=1856 |url=https://archive.org/stream/memthomashand00caryrich#page/n11/mode/2up }}
* {{cite book |author=Thomas G. Cary |title=Memoir of T. H. Perkins |year=1856 |publisher=Boston, Little, Brown |url=https://archive.org/stream/memthomashand00caryrich#page/n11/mode/2up }}
* Carl Seaburg and Stanley Paterson, ''[https://archive.org/stream/merchantprinceof00carl/merchantprinceof00carl_djvu.txt Merchant Prince of Boston. Colonel T.H. Perkins], 1764&ndash;1854'', 1971.
* Carl Seaburg and Stanley Paterson, ''[https://archive.org/stream/merchantprinceof00carl/merchantprinceof00carl_djvu.txt Merchant Prince of Boston. Colonel T.H. Perkins], 1764&ndash;1854'', 1971.
* {{cite book |last=Hunt |first=Freeman |year=1858 |title=Lives of American Merchants |volume=1 |chapter=Thomas Handasyd Perkins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IygKAAAAIAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Hunt |first=Freeman |year=1858 |title=Lives of American Merchants |volume=1 |chapter=Thomas Handasyd Perkins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IygKAAAAIAAJ }}
* Perkins and Company, Canton 1803-1827. Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Mar., 1932). {{JSTOR|3110803}}.
* Perkins and Company, Canton 1803–1827. Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Mar., 1932). {{JSTOR|3110803}}.


==External links==
==External links==
* Massachusetts Historical Society [http://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0268 Thomas Handasyd Perkins papers, 1783-1892] guide
* Massachusetts Historical Society [http://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0268 Thomas Handasyd Perkins papers, 1783-1892] guide
* [http://www.bostonathenaeum.org/james-perkins-1822-gilbert-stuart Portrait] of James Perkins, brother of T.H. Perkins
* [http://www.bostonathenaeum.org/james-perkins-1822-gilbert-stuart Portrait] of James Perkins, brother of T.H. Perkins
* {{findagrave|25176594}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:McLean Hospital people]]
[[Category:McLean Hospital people]]
[[Category:18th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:18th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:19th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:19th-century American slave traders]]
[[Category:American slave traders]]
[[Category:18th-century American slave traders]]

Latest revision as of 02:25, 19 August 2024

Thomas Handasyd Perkins
Portrait by Gilbert Stuart
Born(1764-12-15)December 15, 1764
Boston, Province of Massachusetts Bay
DiedJanuary 11, 1854(1854-01-11) (aged 89)
Brookline, Massachusetts
NationalityAmerican
OccupationShipping magnate
Spouse
Sarah Elliott
​
​
(m. 1788; died 1852)​
Children6
Parent(s)James Perkins
Elizabeth Peck
RelativesEdward Clarke Cabot (grandson)
James Elliot Cabot (grandson)
Samuel Cabot III (grandson)
Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz (granddaughter)

Colonel Thomas Handasyd Perkins, also known as T. H. Perkins (December 15, 1764 – January 11, 1854), was an American merchant, slave trader, smuggler and philanthropist from a wealthy Boston Brahmin family. Starting with bequests from his grandfather and father-in-law, he amassed a huge fortune. As a young man, he traded slaves in Saint-Domingue, worked as a maritime fur trader trading furs from the American Northwest to China, and then turned to smuggling Turkish opium into China.[1][2] His philanthropic contributions include the Perkins School for the Blind, renamed in his honor; the Boston Museum of Fine Arts; McLean Hospital; along with having a hand in founding the Massachusetts General Hospital.

Early life

[edit]

Perkins was born on December 15, 1764, in Boston, Massachusetts.[3] His parents, James Perkins and Elizabeth Peck, had ten children in eighteen years. His nephew John Perkins Cushing was active in Perkins' China business for 30 years; the town of Belmont, Massachusetts, is named for his estate. His great-nephew Charles Callahan Perkins became a well known artist, author and philanthropist like his grandfather James Perkins.[4]

When Perkins was twelve, he was in the crowd which first heard the Declaration of Independence read to the citizens of Boston. The family had planned to send Perkins to Harvard College, but he had no interest in a college education.[4]

Career

[edit]

In 1779, he began working, and in 1785, when he turned 21, he became legally entitled to a small bequest that had been left to him by his grandfather, Thomas Handasyd Peck, a Boston merchant who dealt largely in furs and hats. Until 1793, Perkins engaged in the slave trade at Cap-Haïtien Haiti.[4]

In 1785, when China opened the port of Canton to foreign businesses, Perkins became one of the first Boston merchants to engage in the China trade. He sailed as supercargo on the Astrea, captain James Magee, owned by Elias Hasket Derby,[5] to Canton in 1789 with a cargo including ginseng, cheese, lard, wine, and iron. On the trip back it carried tea and silk cloth. In 1815, Perkins and his brother James opened a Mediterranean office to buy Turkish opium for resale in China.[4]

Perkins was also a major industrial investor within Massachusetts. He owned the Granite Railway, the first commercial American railroad, which was built to carry granite from Quincy quarries to Charlestown for construction of the Bunker Hill Monument and other city buildings in Boston. He also held significant holdings in the Elliot textile mills in Newton, the mills at Holyoke and Lowell, New England canals and railroads, and lead and iron mines including the Monkton Iron Company in Vergennes, Vermont. In addition, Perkins was politically active in the Federalist Party, serving terms as state senator and representative from 1805–1817. Additionally, he invested in many of the mills on Lowell, MA including Appleton Mills.[6]

Philanthropy

[edit]

In later years Perkins became a philanthropist. In 1826, he and his brother, James Perkins, contributed half the sum of $30,000 that was needed for an addition to the Boston Athenaeum, and the old Boston Athenaeum Gallery of Art was moved to James Perkins's home.[7][8] The Perkins School for the Blind, still in existence in Watertown, Massachusetts, was renamed in his honor after he donated his Boston mansion to the financially troubled "Massachusetts Asylum for the Blind" in 1832. He was also a major benefactor to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, McLean Hospital, and helped to found the Massachusetts General Hospital.[9]

Gloucester Sea Serpent

[edit]
The Gloucester sea serpent of 1817

Thomas Perkins was also involved in the 1817 Gloucester sea serpent sightings in Gloucester Harbor, an event whose academic legacy would not be felt until the old age of his great-grandson Godfrey Lowell Cabot.[10] Throughout the summer of 1817, a sea serpent was reportedly seen by hundreds of people, including the crews of four whaling boats.[11] Described as "a sixty-foot-long creature" by coastal vessel captain Parson Bentley, a skeptical Colonel Perkins decided to attempt to observe it himself.[12]

When they arrived at Gloucester, they found everybody on the alert. Many said they had seen "him" — though nobody claimed they had actually gotten close enough to verify the gender. The sea was perfectly smooth. Lee and Perkins picked out an advantageous spot on a point of land projecting into the harbor. Perkins had brought a powerful spyglass with him just in case. Scanning the water, he suddenly noticed an "agitation" at the harbor entrance, "like that which follows a small vessel going five or six miles an hour through the water." Knowing of no shoal where the "agitation" was, he exclaimed to Lee that he had no doubt but that he had seen the sea serpent in pursuit of fish. Lee had not been looking in that direction, and by the time he did, the "agitation" had ceased. In a few minutes, however, the colonel saw on the opposite side of the harbor, "at about two miles distance from where I had first seen, or thought I saw, the snake" the same object moving rapidly up the harbor on the western shore. Now Lee saw it too. As the object approached them, they observed that its motion was not like that of a common snake, either on land or in the water, "but evidently the verticle movement of the caterpillar." As nearly as the colonel could judge, about forty feet of the creature's body was visible at any one time.[12][10]

Perkins' published report of his experience became part of his family's lore and, two years later in 1819 his daughter and son-in-law Eliza and Samuel Cabot Jr. were among the many who reported sighting a sea serpent off the coast of Nahant[11][12] This news caused a "sea serpent mania" along the coast of Massachusetts but, most importantly, it sparked an interest in such fabled creatures in Eliza and Samuel Cabot Jr.'s grandson Godfrey Lowell Cabot.[10] While in his nineties, Godfrey Cabot sponsored the restoration of the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology's (MCZ) complete Kronosaurus skeleton. Having again been interested in sea serpents since childhood and thus often questioning MCZ director Alfred Romer about the existence and reports of sea serpents, it thus occurred to Dr. Romer to tell Mr. Cabot about the unexcavated Kronosaurus skeleton in the museum closet. Godfrey Cabot then asked how much a restoration would cost and "Romer, pulling a figure out of the musty air, replied, 'Oh, about $10,000.'" Romer may not have been serious but the philanthropist clearly was because the check for said sum came shortly thereafter.[10]

Personal life

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On March 25, 1788, Perkins married Sarah "Sally" Elliott (1768–1852) in Boston, Massachusetts. Together, they had the following children:[13][9]

  • Elizabeth Perkins (1791–1885),[14] who married Samuel Cabot Jr. (1784–1863).[15]
  • Sarah Eliot Perkins (1793–1856)[16]
  • Col. Thomas Handasyd Perkins, Jr. (1796–1850), who was known as "Short-arm Tom" and who married Jane Frances Rebecca Dumaresq (1799–1856),[17] the "famous beauty of Kennebec."[18]
  • Mary Ann Cushing Perkins (1798–1880), who married Thomas Graves Cary (1791–1859).[3]
  • Caroline Perkins (1800–1867), who married William Howard Gardiner (1797–1880), son of Bishop John Sylvester John Gardiner.[13][19]
  • Nancy Cushing Perkins (1806–1889), who married William Ferdinand Cary (1796–1881).[3]

Upon retirement, Perkins built a summer home on Swan Island in the Kennebec River near Richmond, Maine. He helped the island achieve independent municipal status by paying legal fees for its charter and the town was renamed Perkins in gratitude. It is now Perkins Township, a ghost town.

Colonel Perkins died on January 11, 1854, in Brookline, Massachusetts, and is buried in the family plot at Mount Auburn Cemetery.

Descendants

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Through his son, he was the grandfather of Louisa Perkins, who married prominent Boston painter William Morris Hunt.[20]

Through his daughter Elizabeth, he was the grandfather of seven grandsons, including Edward Clarke Cabot (b. 1818), an architect and artist, James Elliot Cabot (b. 1821), a philosopher and author, and Samuel Cabot III, a surgeon and ornithologist.[21][22]

Through his daughter Mary Ann, he was the grandfather of Mary Cary, who married Harvard Professor Cornelius Conway Felton (later president of Harvard University), and Elizabeth Cabot Cary (1822–1907), the co-founder and first president of Radcliffe College, who married Louis Agassiz (1807–1873), a Swiss-American biologist and geologist.[3]

Through his daughter Caroline, he was the grandfather of William Prescott Gardiner (1824–1860), Edward Gardiner (1825–1859), a co-founder of the American Society of Civil Engineers and Architects and the American Institute of Architects, Mary Cary Gardiner (1827–1863), John Sylvester Gardiner (1830–1856), Caroline Louisa Gardiner (1832–1888), and Charles Perkins Gardiner (1836–1864).[19]

References

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Notes
  1. ^ American Merchants and the China Opium Trade, 1800-1840. Jacques M. Downs. Business History Review, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Winter, 1968)
  2. ^ American Trade in Opium to China, Prior to 1820. Charles C. Stelle. Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Dec., 1940)
  3. ^ a b c d Weeks, Lyman Horace (1897). Prominent families of New York; being an account in biographical form of individuals and families distinguished as representatives of the social, professional and civic life of New York city. New York, The Historical company. p. 18. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d Cary, Thomas Greaves (1856). Memoir of Thomas Handasyd Perkins: Containing Extracts from His Diaries and Letters. Little, Brown. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  5. ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1924). The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783-1860. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 47–49. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  6. ^ M., Rosenberg, Chaim (2013). Legendary locals of Lowell, Massachusetts. Arcadia. ISBN 9781467100489. OCLC 854956846.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ The Philanthropy Hall of Fame, Thomas Perkins
  8. ^ Athenaeum, Boston; Bolton, Charles Knowles (1907). The Athenaeum Centenary. Boston athenaeum. p. 172. ISBN 9780839801955.
  9. ^ a b Cutter, William Richard; Adams, William Frederick (1910). Genealogical and Personal Memoirs Relating to the Families of the State of Massachusetts. Lewis historical publishing Company. p. 2193. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  10. ^ a b c d About the Exhibits by Elizabeth Hall and Max Hall (Museum of Comparative Zoology "Agazziz Museum" Harvard University. Third Edition, Copyright 1964, 1975, 1985, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College
  11. ^ a b New England Historical Society: The Great New England Sea Serpents - http://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/great-new-england-sea-serpents/
  12. ^ a b c Seaburg, C., Paterson, Stanley, & Chandler, Alfred D. (1971). Merchant prince of Boston, Colonel T. H. Perkins, 1764-1854 (Harvard studies in business history; 26). [Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press].
  13. ^ a b Biographical Sketches of Representative Citizens of the State of Maine. Boston: New England Historical Publishing Company. 1903. p. 158. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  14. ^ Cott, Nancy F. (1997). The Bonds of Womanhood: "woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835. Yale University Press. p. 208. ISBN 0300072988. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  15. ^ Thwing, Annie H. (1907). The Hon. Jonathan Jackson and Hannah (Tracy) Jackson, Their Ancestors and Descendants. T.R. Marvin & Son, printers. p. 66. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  16. ^ "Sarah Elliot, George... and Cabot Perkins". npg.si.edu. Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  17. ^ Gardner, Lillian May Stickney; Gardner, Charles Morris (1907). Gardner History and Genealogy. Erie Printing Company. pp. 173–174. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  18. ^ Nason, Emma Huntington (1908). Old Colonial Houses in Maine Built Prior to 1776. Press of the Kennebec journal. p. 94. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  19. ^ a b Robinson, Caroline Elizabeth Rodman (1919). The Gardiners of Narragansett: Being a Genealogy of the Descendants of George Gardniner. The editor. pp. 177–178. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  20. ^ The History of the Descendants of John Dwight of Dedham, Mass., Benjamin Woodbridge Dwight, J.F. Trow & Co., New York, 1874
  21. ^ "Cabot, Samuel". Merchant Biographies. Adam Matthew Digital. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  22. ^ Eliot, Samuel Atkins (1911). Biographical History of Massachusetts: Biographies and Autobiographies of the Leading Men in the State. Massachusetts Biographical Society. p. 66. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
Sources
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